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Angku H, Verma R, Mahalingam K, Naik A, Angmo D, Gupta S, Sihota R, Dada T. Evaluation of Visual Cortex Activity Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Primary Open Angle and Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma: A Pilot Study. J Glaucoma 2024; 33:624-631. [PMID: 38747728 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000002427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
PRCIS Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to assess visual cortical activity in patients with primary open angle (POAG) and primary angle closure (PACG) glaucomas. There was decreased activity in the visual cortex of glaucoma patients correlating with the severity of glaucoma. OBJECTIVE To evaluate visual cortex activity using fNIRS in POAG and PACG compared with healthy controls. METHODS A total of 30 POAGs, 31 PACGs, and 30 healthy aged-matched controls from a single centre were recruited in this cross-sectional observational pilot study with purposive sampling. The POAG and PACG groups were age-matched but were not matched for disease severity at recruitment. All participants underwent fNIRS testing using a multichannel continuous-wave near-infrared system NIRSport 8×7 device (NIRx Medizintechnik GmbH). The visual cortex activity was evaluated in terms of the maximum amplitude of change in oxyhemoglobin (OxyHb) concentration over 10 seconds, and a comparison was done among 3 groups. Both POAG and PACG groups were combined (termed as glaucoma group) to assess the relationship of visual cortical activity with disease severity (by visual field defect (mean deviation) and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness). RESULTS All participants showed the characteristic response of increased OxyHb and decreased deoxyhemoglobin during stimulus presentation. The maximum amplitude of change in OxyHb concentration over 10 seconds was significantly lower in both POAG and PACG groups compared with control in the right and left middle occipital gyri ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between PACG and POAG. Importantly, there was a negative correlation between the visual cortex activity with the visual field defects (mean deviation; P < 0.05) and a positive correlation with retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in the glaucoma group ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In patients with glaucoma, a reduction in visual cortical activity was observed, which may be indicative of neuronal degeneration occurring in the occipital cortex. Disease severity in glaucoma appears to be closely correlated with visual cortex activity. fNIRS can serve as a useful neuroimaging modality for assessing the hemodynamic and neurodegenerative changes in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hage Angku
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Verma
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Karthikeyan Mahalingam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anand Naik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dewang Angmo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shikha Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramanjit Sihota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tanuj Dada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Wei W, Zhang Y, Li L, Yang J. SOX9 depletion attenuates retinal ganglion cell ferroptosis through blocking ERK/p38 signaling. Tissue Cell 2024; 87:102315. [PMID: 38335885 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2024.102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal ischemia-refusion (I/R) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. This study aims to explore the regulatory role of SOX9 in retinal I/R injury, and attempts to elucidate its potential regulatory mechanism. METHODS Retinal I/R injury model was established in vivo, and the histological changes was examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunofluorescent assay was performed to examine SOX9 expression. Oxygenation-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced retinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in 661 W cells was constructed as an in vitro cellular model of glaucoma. The production of cytokines, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the antioxidant enzymes were assessed by their commercial kits. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid ROS was detected using DCFH-DA and C11-BODIPY 581/591 staining, respectively. Lipid peroxidation and Fe2+ level were detected to assess the ferroptosis level. Protein expression was examined by western blot. LM22B-10, the agonist of ERK signaling, was used to pretreat 661 W cells for mechanism investigation. RESULTS SOX9 was aberrantly upregulated following retinal I/R injury both in vivo and in vitro. SOX9 knockdown exerted a protective role against OGD/R-triggered oxidative stress, inflammatory response and ferroptosis in 661 W cells. Further, ERK/p38 signaling was activated in 661 W cells following OGD/R induction, which was repressed by SOX9 knockdown, and the ERK signaling agonist partially counteracted the protective role of SOX9 knockdown against oxidative stress, inflammatory response and ferroptosis in OGD/R-induced 661 W cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, inhibiting SOX9 to block oxidative stress, inflammation and ferroptosis by inactivating ERK/p38 signaling might be effective to prevent retinal I/R injury, thereby alleviating glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Ophthalmology Department, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Ophthalmology Department, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Langen Li
- Ophthalmology Department, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Hohhot 010017, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Neurology Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010059, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.
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Lindner T, Schmidl D, Peschorn L, Pai V, Popa-Cherecheanu A, Chua J, Schmetterer L, Garhöfer G. Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Glaucoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1149. [PMID: 37631064 PMCID: PMC10460067 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. To date, intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor in glaucoma treatment, but even in treated patients, the disease can progress. Cannabinoids, which have been known to lower IOP since the 1970s, have been shown to have beneficial effects in glaucoma patients beyond their IOP-lowering properties. In addition to the classical cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, knowledge of non-classical cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system has increased in recent years. In particular, the CB2 receptor has been shown to mediate anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective properties, which may represent a promising therapeutic target for neuroprotection in glaucoma patients. Due to their vasodilatory effects, cannabinoids improve blood flow to the optic nerve head, which may suggest a vasoprotective potential and counteract the altered blood flow observed in glaucoma patients. The aim of this review was to assess the available evidence on the effects and therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in glaucoma patients. The pharmacological mechanisms underlying the effects of cannabinoids on IOP, neuroprotection, and ocular hemodynamics have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Lindner
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Doreen Schmidl
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Laura Peschorn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Viktoria Pai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
| | - Alina Popa-Cherecheanu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emergency University Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania;
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Jacqueline Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore;
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Leopold Schmetterer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 169856, Singapore;
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- SERI-NTU Advanced Ocular Engineering (STANCE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Garhöfer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.L.); (D.S.); (L.P.); (V.P.); (L.S.)
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Proteomic Analysis of Retinal Tissue in an S100B Autoimmune Glaucoma Model. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010016. [PMID: 35053014 PMCID: PMC8773367 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to damage of retinal ganglion cells and the optic nerve. Patients display altered antibody profiles and increased antibody titer, e.g., against S100B. To identify the meaning of these antibodies, animals were immunized with S100B. Retinal ganglion cell loss, optic nerve degeneration, and increased glial cell activity were noted. Here, we aimed to gain more insights into the pathophysiology from a proteomic point of view. Hence, rats were immunized with S100B, while controls received sodium chloride. After 7 and 14 days, retinae were analyzed through mass spectrometry and immunohistology. Using data-independent acquisition-based mass spectrometry, we identified more than 1700 proteins on a high confidence level for both study groups, respectively. Of these 1700, 43 proteins were significantly altered in retinae after 7 days and 67 proteins revealed significant alterations at 14 days. For example, α2-macroglobulin was found significantly increased not only by mass spectrometry analysis, but also with immunohistological staining in S100B retinae at 7 and 14 days. All in all, the identified proteins are often associated with the immune system, such as heat shock protein 60. Once more, these data underline the important role of immunological factors in glaucoma pathogenesis.
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Dada T, Lahri B, Mahalingam K, Shakrawal J, Kumar A, Sihota R, Yadav RK. Beneficial effect of mindfulness based stress reduction on optic disc perfusion in primary open angle glaucoma: A randomized controlled trial. J Tradit Complement Med 2021; 11:581-586. [PMID: 34765522 PMCID: PMC8572716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of visual impairment worldwide. Next to intraocular pressure (IOP), vascular factors play a major role in glaucoma. Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) has been shown to reduce the IOP, normalize the stress biomarkers, modulate gene expression, and also improve the quality of life. This study was aimed to assess the effect of MBSR in optic disc perfusion of patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Experimental procedure POAG patients with controlled IOP (<21 mmHg) were randomised in to intervention group (n = 30) and control group (n = 30). Both the groups continued their routine glaucoma medications while the intervention group practiced 45 min of MBSR every day in addition. IOP and optic disc perfusion using OCT-Angiography were recorded at baseline and at 6 weeks for both the groups. Results The mean age of the participants were 53.23 ± 8.4yr in intervention and 50.23 ± 7.3yr in the control group (p = 0.06). All the baseline parameters were comparable in both groups. After MBSR, in the intervention group there was a significant reduction of IOP (p=0.001), increase in circum-papillary vessel density in superior quadrant (15.8%-17.4%, p=0.02) and nasal quadrant (14.2%-16.5%, p=0.01), increase in circum papillary vascular perfusion, in superior quadrant (38.9%-41.1%, p<0.001), in temporal quadrant (42.2%-44.5%, p<0.001), in inferior quadrant (40.1%-43.8%, p<0.001), and in nasal quadrant (40.6%-42.8%, p<0.001). There was also a significant increase in Flux Index after 6weeks (0.38-0.40, p<0.001). Conclusion MBSR can reduce barotrauma and improve optic disc perfusion in POAG patients and serve as a useful adjunct to the standard medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuj Dada
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Brajesh Lahri
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Karthikeyan Mahalingam
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Shakrawal
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Atul Kumar
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramanjit Sihota
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Raj Kumar Yadav
- Integral Health Clinic, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Vernazza S, Oddone F, Tirendi S, Bassi AM. Risk Factors for Retinal Ganglion Cell Distress in Glaucoma and Neuroprotective Potential Intervention. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7994. [PMID: 34360760 PMCID: PMC8346985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are a population of neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) extending with their soma to the inner retina and with their axons to the optic nerve. Glaucoma represents a group of neurodegenerative diseases where the slow progressive death of RGCs results in a permanent loss of vision. To date, although Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) is considered the main therapeutic target, the precise mechanisms by which RGCs die in glaucoma have not yet been clarified. In fact, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG), which is the most common glaucoma form, also occurs without elevated IOP. This present review provides a summary of some pathological conditions, i.e., axonal transport blockade, glutamate excitotoxicity and changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines along the RGC projection, all involved in the glaucoma cascade. Moreover, neuro-protective therapeutic approaches, which aim to improve RGC degeneration, have also been taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vernazza
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (S.T.); (A.M.B.)
| | | | - Sara Tirendi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (S.T.); (A.M.B.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (S.T.); (A.M.B.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Maresova K, Lestak J, Fus M, Weissova I. Effect of prostaglandins and beta blockers on progression of hypertensive and normotensive glaucomas. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2021; 165:189-191. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2020.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Fan Y, Wang J, He N, Feng H. PLK2 protects retinal ganglion cells from oxidative stress by potentiating Nrf2 signaling via GSK-3β. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22815. [PMID: 34047419 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has been established as a main contributor to retinal degeneration in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Polo-like kinase 2 (PLK2) has recently been reported to be a potent antioxidant protein that enhances cell survival in response to oxidative stress. To date, the involvement of PLK2 in RGC-associated oxidative stress is undermined. In the present work, we evaluated whether PLK2 regulates oxidative stress evoked by hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) in RGCs. PLK2 expression was induced by H2 O2 stimulation in RGCs. Upregulation of PLK2 had a profoundly cytoprotective effect on H2 O2 -stimulated RGCs by attenuating cellular apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Further data revealed that upregulation of PLK2 strikingly enhanced the activation of Nrf2 signaling. Moreover, PLK2 overexpression promoted glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β phosphorylation, whereas PLK2 knockdown reduced the levels of GSK-3β phosphorylation. Notably, GSK-3β inhibition using a chemical inhibitor markedly abrogated the suppressive effects of PLK2 knockdown on Nrf2 activation. Repression of Nrf2 blocked the PLK2 overexpression-induced protective effects in H2 O2 -stimulated RGCs. Overall, this study elucidates that upregulation of PLK2 protects RGCs against H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress injury by upregulating Nrf2 activation via modulation of GSK-3β phosphorylation. These findings underline the pivotal role of PLK2 in mediating oxidative stress-evoked retinal degeneration in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhi Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianming Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haixiao Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Peter M, Panonnummal R. A Review on Newer Ocular Drug Delivery Systems with an Emphasis on Glaucoma. Adv Pharm Bull 2021; 11:399-413. [PMID: 34513615 PMCID: PMC8421633 DOI: 10.34172/apb.2021.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an irreversible condition resulting from the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP); which leads to permanent loss of vision with the destruction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The IOP elevations are controlled in normal by the physiological flow of aqueous humour. A population with age above 40 is more susceptible to glaucoma. Other factors like gender, genetics, race etc. plays major roles in the development of the disease. Current treatment methods available for the disease includes drugs come under the classes of beta receptor blockers, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, cholinergic agonists, prostaglandins etc. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition, cytoskeletal agents, Rho-kinase inhibitors etc are few novel targets sites which are in research focus for the treatment of the disease. Developments in nanomedicine are also being evaluated for their potential in treating the growing glaucomatous population. Nanosystems are suggested to avoid the difficulties in tackling the various ocular barriers to a limit, help to decrease the instillation frequency of topical medication and can provide drug delivery in a sustained or controlled manner. This review focuses on the current and emerging treatment methods for glaucoma along with some of the nanoformulations for ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajitha Panonnummal
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi-682041, India
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Pinazo-Durán MD, García-Medina JJ, Bolarín JM, Sanz-González SM, Valero-Vello M, Abellán-Abenza J, Zanón-Moreno V, Moreno-Montañés J. Computational Analysis of Clinical and Molecular Markers and New Theranostic Possibilities in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3032. [PMID: 32967086 PMCID: PMC7564865 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9093032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a paramount cause of irreversible visual disability worldwide. We focus on identifying clinical and molecular facts that may help elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease. By using ophthalmological approaches (biomicroscopy, ocular fundus, optical coherence tomography, and perimetry) and experimental tests (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Western blot/immunoblotting) directed to evaluate the oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration processes, we gather information to build a network of data to perform a computational bioinformatics analysis. Our results showed strong interaction of the above players and its downstream effectors in POAG pathogenesis. In conclusion, specific risk factors were identified, and molecules involved in multiple pathways were found in relation to anterior and posterior eye segment glaucoma changes, pointing to new theranostic challenges for better managing POAG progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D. Pinazo-Durán
- Ophthalmic Research Unit “Santiago Grisolía”/FISABIO and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group of the University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.J.G.-M.); (S.M.S.-G.); (M.V.-V.); (V.Z.-M.)
- Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research “OFTARED” RD16/0008/0022, of the Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - José J. García-Medina
- Ophthalmic Research Unit “Santiago Grisolía”/FISABIO and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group of the University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.J.G.-M.); (S.M.S.-G.); (M.V.-V.); (V.Z.-M.)
- Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research “OFTARED” RD16/0008/0022, of the Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Ophthalmology at the University Hospital “Morales Meseguer” and Department of Ophthalmology at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain
| | - José M. Bolarín
- Center of Information and Communication Techniques (CENTIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.B.); (J.A.-A.)
| | - Silvia M. Sanz-González
- Ophthalmic Research Unit “Santiago Grisolía”/FISABIO and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group of the University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.J.G.-M.); (S.M.S.-G.); (M.V.-V.); (V.Z.-M.)
- Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research “OFTARED” RD16/0008/0022, of the Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mar Valero-Vello
- Ophthalmic Research Unit “Santiago Grisolía”/FISABIO and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group of the University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.J.G.-M.); (S.M.S.-G.); (M.V.-V.); (V.Z.-M.)
| | - Javier Abellán-Abenza
- Center of Information and Communication Techniques (CENTIC), 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.B.); (J.A.-A.)
| | - Vicente Zanón-Moreno
- Ophthalmic Research Unit “Santiago Grisolía”/FISABIO and Cellular and Molecular Ophthalmo-Biology Group of the University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.J.G.-M.); (S.M.S.-G.); (M.V.-V.); (V.Z.-M.)
- Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research “OFTARED” RD16/0008/0022, of the Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Area of Health, Valencian International University, 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Moreno-Montañés
- Researchers of the Spanish Net of Ophthalmic Research “OFTARED” RD16/0008/0022, of the Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Ophthalmology at the Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Plummer CE, Bras D, Grozdanic S, Komáromy AM, McLellan G, Miller P, Sapienza JS, Teixeira L, Webb T. Prophylactic anti-glaucoma therapy in dogs with primary glaucoma: A practitioner survey of current medical protocols. Vet Ophthalmol 2020; 24 Suppl 1:96-108. [PMID: 32920915 DOI: 10.1111/vop.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the use of prophylactic anti-glaucoma medications in the normotensive fellow eye in dogs with unilateral overt primary glaucoma by veterinary ophthalmology clinicians. METHODS A survey of veterinary ophthalmology clinicians was distributed over two international list serves servicing veterinary ophthalmologists, trainees, and individuals whose practice consisted primarily of ophthalmic patients. The survey was developed following analysis of historical and currently available medical options for control of intraocular pressure and for neuroprotection. RESULTS Responses from 199 veterinary ophthalmology clinicians were evaluated. While a large variety of topical anti-hypertensive drugs and protocols were used, the most commonly used medications were aqueous humor production suppressors such as dorzolamide 2.0% ophthalmic solution, timolol 0.5% ophthalmic solution, and a combination product containing both drugs. Latanoprost 0.005% ophthalmic solution was used infrequently for prophylaxis by comparison. The majority of respondents do not use concurrent anti-inflammatory medications (61.22%), although a sizeable minority used prednisolone acetate, dexamethasone, or ketorolac as prophylactic treatment. Systemically administered ocular anti-hypertensive agents were rarely used. Only 40% of respondents used neuroprotectant agents; the most commonly prescribed were the calcium channel blocker amlodipine and the nutraceutical Ocu-Glo™. Recommended intervals between re-examination by the clinician ranged from one month to one year, with most re-evaluations occurring every 3 to 6 months. The majority of respondents recommended more frequent assessments of IOP at intervals between once monthly and once every 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Data analysis of medical therapy for the normotensive fellow eye of dogs previously diagnosed with primary glaucoma suggests that there is a great need for well-designed, prospective, controlled, multi-center studies to determine which protocols have the greatest efficacy in delaying an overt attack in the previously normotensive eye in dogs with a genetic predisposition to glaucoma. Prospective studies utilizing a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor such as dorzolamide and a prostaglandin analogue such as latanoprost would be reasonable as these two drugs are widely used in the treatment of overt glaucoma and would allow for an exploration of the impact of different mechanisms of action of lowering IOP on the pathophysiology of primary glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn E Plummer
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dineli Bras
- Centro de Especialistas Veterinarios de Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - András M Komáromy
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gillian McLellan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul Miller
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Leandro Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Terah Webb
- MedVet Medical & Cancer Centers for Pets, Worthington, OH, USA
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12
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Naik S, Pandey A, Lewis SA, Rao BSS, Mutalik S. Neuroprotection: A versatile approach to combat glaucoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 881:173208. [PMID: 32464192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In most retinal diseases, neuronal loss is the main cause of vision loss. Neuroprotection is the alteration of neurons and/or their environment to encourage the survival and function of the neurons, especially in environments that are deleterious to the neuronal health. The area of neuroprotection progresses with a therapeutically-based hope of improving vision and clinical outcomes for patients through the developments in neurotrophic therapy, antioxidative therapy, anti-excitotoxic, anti-ischemic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic care. In this review, we summarize the various neuroprotection strategies for the treatment of glaucoma, genetics of glaucoma and the role of various nanoplatforms in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santoshi Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Abhijeet Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Shaila A Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Bola Sadashiva Satish Rao
- Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka State, India
| | - Srinivas Mutalik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka State, India.
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13
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Yadav KS, Sharma S, Londhe VY. Bio-tactics for neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells in the treatment of glaucoma. Life Sci 2020; 243:117303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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14
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Lambuk L, Jafri AJA, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Bakar NS, Agarwal P, Abdullah A, Ismail NM. Dose-dependent effects of NMDA on retinal and optic nerve morphology in rats. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:746-753. [PMID: 31131232 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.05.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate dose-dependent effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on retinal and optic nerve morphology in rats. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats, 180-250 g in weight were divided into four groups. Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 were intravitreally administered with vehicle and NMDA at the doses 80, 160 and 320 nmol respectively. Seven days after injection, rats were euthanized, and their eyes were taken for optic nerve toluidine blue and retinal hematoxylin and eosin stainings. The TUNEL assay was done for detecting apoptotic cells. RESULTS All groups treated with NMDA showed significantly reduced ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness within inner retina, as compared to control group. Group NMDA 160 nmol showed a significantly greater GCL thickness than the group NMDA 320 nmol. Administration of NMDA also resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the number of nuclei both per 100 µm GCL length and per 100 µm2 of GCL. Intravitreal NMDA injection caused dose-dependent damage to the optic nerve. The degeneration of nerve fibres with increased clearing of cytoplasm was observed more prominently as the NMDA dose increased. In accordance with the results of retinal morphometry analysis and optic nerve grading, TUNEL staining demonstrated NMDA-induced excitotoxic retinal injury in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate dose-dependent effects of NMDA on retinal and optic nerve morphology in rats that may be attributed to differences in the severity of excitotoxicity and oxidative stress. Our results also suggest that care should be taken while making dose selections experimentally so that the choice might best uphold study objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidawani Lambuk
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Azliana Jusnida Ahmad Jafri
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd State Medical University, Volgograd 400131, Russian Federation
| | - Renu Agarwal
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Salmah Bakar
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- IMU Clinical School, International Medical University (IMU), Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Aimy Abdullah
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nafeeza Mohd Ismail
- IMU Clinical School, International Medical University (IMU), Seremban 70300, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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15
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Lambuk L, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R, Bakar NS, Agarwal P, Ismail NM. Antiapoptotic effect of taurine against NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity in rats. Neurotoxicology 2018; 70:62-71. [PMID: 30385388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity has been proposed to mediate apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma. Taurine (TAU) has been shown to have neuroprotective properties, thus we examined anti-apoptotic effect of TAU against retinal damage after NMDA exposure. METHODOLOGY Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups of 33 each. Group 1 was administered intravitreally with PBS and group 2 was similarly injected with NMDA (160 nmol). Groups 3, 4 and 5 were injected with TAU (320 nmol) 24 hours before (pre-treatment), in combination (co-treatment) and 24 hours after (post-treatment) NMDA exposure respectively. Seven days after injection, rats were sacrificed; eyes were enucleated, fixed and processed for morphometric analysis, TUNEL and caspase-3 staining. Optic nerve morphology assessment was done using toluidine blue staining. The estimation of BDNF, pro/anti-apoptotic factors (Bax/Bcl-2) and caspase-3 activity in retina was done using ELISA technique. RESULTS Severe degenerative changes were observed in retinae after intravitreal NMDA exposure. The retinal morphology in the TAU pre-treated group appeared more similar to the control retinae and demonstrated a higher number of nuclei than the NMDA group both per 100 μm length (by 1.5-fold, p < 0.001) and per 100 μm2 area (by 1.41-fold, p < 0.05) of the GCL. After NMDA exposure, visible axonal swelling was observed in optic nerve sections. In comparison with the changes observed in the NMDA treated group, the TAU treated group showed fewer prominent changes; axonal swelling was less frequent and less marked. Additionally, no marked glial cell changes were observed in the TAU-pretreated group. All TAU treated groups, particularly the pre-treated group, showed a significant decrease in the NMDA-induced optic nerve damage, with a 50% reduction (p < 0.001) in the mean grading compared to NMDA group. For the same, there was 25% decrease in co- and post-treatment groups, as compared with the NMDA group. Pre-treatment with TAU abolished apoptotic response to NMDA as indicated by decrease in the number of TUNEL- and caspase-3-positive cells. TAU pre-treatment also increased the Bcl-2 level (by 2.80-fold, p < 0.001) and decreased the level of Bax (by 34%, p < 0.01), and activity of caspase-3 (by 36%, p < 0.001) compared to NMDA group. IN CONCLUSION our study revealed that pre-treatment with TAU prevents NMDA-induced retinal cell apoptosis more effectively than co- and post-treatment with TAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidawani Lambuk
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; I-PPerForM, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Salmah Bakar
- Center for Neuroscience Research (NeuRon), Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Seremban, Malaysia
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Adeghate J, Rahmatnejad K, Waisbourd M, Katz LJ. Intraocular pressure-independent management of normal tension glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 64:101-110. [PMID: 30300625 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Adeghate
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Ophthalmology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kamran Rahmatnejad
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Waisbourd
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Tel-Aviv University Medical Center, Glaucoma Research Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - L Jay Katz
- Wills Eye Hospital, Glaucoma Research Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Thomas Jefferson University, Department of Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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17
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Additive neuroprotective effects of 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol and allopregnanolone in an ex vivo rat glaucoma model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12851. [PMID: 30150786 PMCID: PMC6110753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In a rat ex vivo acute glaucoma model, high pressure (75 mmHg) causes swelling of ganglion cell axons and elevates levels of the endogenous steroids 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24SH) and allopregnanolone (AlloP). Furthermore, 24SH (0.1 µM) alone elevates AlloP levels via NMDA receptors. With this model, we now investigate possible interactions between 24SH and AlloP. We found that inhibition of AlloP synthesis with dutasteride under high pressure results in severe excitotoxicity in addition to axonal swelling. The excitotoxicity is prevented by exogenous AlloP but not 24SH, indicating that endogenous AlloP is crucial for protection. However, inhibition of 24SH synthesis with voriconazole induces severe excitotoxicity under normal pressure. Paradoxically, the excitotoxicity by voriconazole is better prevented by AlloP than 24SH. These findings suggest that inhibition of 24SH synthesis becomes excitotoxic in the absence of AlloP. We also observed that co-administration of sub-micromolar 24SH (0.1 µM) and AlloP (0.1 µM), concentrations that are only partially effective when administered alone, prevents axonal swelling under high pressure. This apparent enhanced protection indicates strong interaction between the two neurosteroids to preserve neuronal integrity, with 24SH contributing to AlloP synthesis via NMDA receptors and with AlloP playing an essential role in neuroprotection via GABAA receptors.
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18
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The Association between Female Reproductive Factors and Open-Angle Glaucoma in Korean Women: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:2750786. [PMID: 30026984 PMCID: PMC6031087 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2750786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We investigated associations between female reproductive factors and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) in Korean females using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods A nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted. We enrolled 23,376 participants from the KNHANES who had undergone ophthalmologic exams from 2010 through 2012. Associations between undiagnosed OAG and female reproductive factors such as age at menarche and menopause, parity, history of lactation, and administration of oral contraceptives (OC) or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were determined using stepwise logistic regression analyses. Results Of the enrolled participants, 6,860 participants (397 with OAG and 6,463 without OAG) met our study criteria and were included in the analyses. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjusting for all potential confounding factors, only early menopause (younger than 45 years) was significantly associated with OAG in participants with natural menopause (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.17–4.46). Age at menarche, parity, history of lactation, and administration of OC or HRT were not significantly associated with OAG. Conclusions Only early menopause was associated with an increased risk of OAG in our study, in contrast to previous Western studies reporting both early menopause and late menarche as associated factors.
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19
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Iezhitsa I, Agarwal R. Magnesium acethyltaurate as a potential agent for retinal and optic nerve protection in glaucoma. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:807-808. [PMID: 29863006 PMCID: PMC5998624 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.232470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Iezhitsa
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
- Volgograd State Medical University, Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd, Russia
| | - Renu Agarwal
- Centre for Neuroscience Research, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
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20
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Physical activity, visual impairment, and eye disease. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32:1296-1303. [PMID: 29610523 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated physical activity is a strong factor in overall health and well-being, and a growing body of literature, reviewed herein, suggests that several eye conditions, including glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, are associated with lower activity levels. Likewise, physical activity levels are lower in persons with worse vision. Research in this area has utilized both self-reported physical activity measures as well as objective measures of activity (i.e., accelerometers), each of which have their own strengths and limitations. Putative mechanisms explaining the association of various eye conditions with physical activity are discussed. It is possible that activity restriction occurs as a downstream consequence of eye disease/visual impairment, that activity restriction causes eye disease/visual impairment, or that causality is bidirectional; evidence supporting each of these theories is put forth. An improved understanding of the relationship between physical activity and eye disease will highlight potential secondary health risks resulting from eye disease, and can help determine whether activity might serve as a readily available preventative measure to prevent specific eye conditions.
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21
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Krishnaswami V, Kandasamy R, Alagarsamy S, Palanisamy R, Natesan S. Biological macromolecules for ophthalmic drug delivery to treat ocular diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 110:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Neuroprotective agents in the management of glaucoma. Eye (Lond) 2018; 32:938-945. [PMID: 29472700 PMCID: PMC5944652 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy, specifically a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. The pathogenesis of RGC loss in glaucoma remains incompletely understood and a broad range of possible mechanisms have been implicated. Clinical evidence indicates that lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) does not prevent progression in all patients; therefore, risk factors other than those related to IOP are involved in the disease. The need for alternative, non-IOP-lowering treatments focused at preventing progression, that is, neuroprotectants, has become of interest to both the patient and the physician. Experimental evidence accumulated during the past two decades lend a great deal of support to molecules endowed with neuroprotective features. However, translation to the clinic of the latter drugs results unsuccessful mostly because of the lack of reliable in vivo measure of retinal damage, thus hampering the good therapeutic potential of neuroprotective agents given alone or as adjuvant therapy to IOP-lowering agents. Further research effort is needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in glaucoma and the means to translate into clinic neuroprotective drugs.
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23
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McMonnies C. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, glaucoma and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. JOURNAL OF OPTOMETRY 2018; 11:3-9. [PMID: 28760643 PMCID: PMC5777925 DOI: 10.1016/j.optom.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the role of oxidative stress in damage to cells of the trabecular meshwork and associated impaired aqueous drainage as well as damage to retinal ganglion cells and associated visual field losses. Consideration is given to the interaction between vascular and mechanical explanations for pathological changes in glaucoma. For example, elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) forces may contribute to ischaemia but there is increasing evidence that altered blood flow in a wider sense is also involved. Both vascular and mechanical theories are involved through fluctuations in intraocular pressure and dysregulation of blood flow. Retinal function is very sensitive to changes in haemoglobin oxygen concentration and the associated variations in the production of reactive oxygen species. Reperfusion injury and production of reactive oxygen species occurs when IOP is elevated or blood pressure is low and beyond the capacity for blood flow autoregulation to maintain appropriate oxygen concentration. Activities such as those associated with postural changes, muscular effort, eye wiping and rubbing which cause IOP fluctuation, may have significant vascular, mechanical, reperfusion and oxidative stress consequences. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy exposes the eye to increased oxygen concentration and the risk of oxidative damage in susceptible individuals. However, oxygen concentration in aqueous humour, and the risk of damage to trabecular meshwork cells may be greater if hyperbaric oxygen is delivered by a hood which exposes the anterior ocular surface to higher than normal oxygen levels. Oronasal mask delivery of hyperbaric oxygen therapy appears to be indicated in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles McMonnies
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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Kalogerou M, Kolovos P, Prokopiou E, Papagregoriou G, Deltas C, Malas S, Georgiou T. Omega-3 fatty acids protect retinal neurons in the DBA/2J hereditary glaucoma mouse model. Exp Eye Res 2017; 167:128-139. [PMID: 29258748 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω3-PUFA) supplementation, alone or in combination with timolol eye drops, in a mouse model of hereditary glaucoma. DBA/2J mice (8.5-month-old) were assigned to an ω3-PUFAs + timolol, ω3-PUFAs only, timolol only, or an untreated group. Treated mice received a daily gavage administration of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid and/or topical instillation of timolol (0.5%) once a day for 3 months. Blood was analysed regularly to determine ω3-PUFA levels and retinas were histologically analysed. Real-time PCR and Western blot were performed for retinal pro-inflammatory cytokines and macrophages. Blood arachidonic acid/EPA ratio gradually decreased and reached the desired therapeutic range (1-1.5) after 4 weeks of daily gavage with ω3-PUFAs in the ω3-PUFAs + timolol and ω3-PUFAs only groups. Retinal ganglion cell densities were significantly higher in the ω3-PUFAs + timolol (1303.77 ± 139.62/mm2), ω3-PUFAs only (768.40 ± 52.44/mm2) and timolol only (910.57 ± 57.28/mm2) groups than in the untreated group (323.39 ± 95.18/mm2). ω3-PUFA supplementation alone or timolol alone, significantly increased protein expression levels of M1 macrophage-secreted inducible nitric oxide synthase and M2 macrophage-secreted arginase-1 in the retina, which led to significant decreases in the expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). ω3-PUFA supplementation alone also resulted in significantly reduced expression of interleukin-18 (IL-18). ω3-PUFA + timolol treatment had no effect on the expression level of any of the aforementioned mediators in the retina. Supplementation with ω3-PUFAs has neuroprotective effect in the retinas of DBA/2J mice that is enhanced when combined with timolol eye drops. The continued inflammation following ω3-PUFAs + timolol treatment suggests that downregulation of IL-18 and TNF-α may not be the only factors involved in ω3-PUFA-mediated neuroprotection in the retina.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Ophthalmic
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acid/blood
- Arginase/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Survival
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Combinations
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid/blood
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Female
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle/genetics
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle/metabolism
- Glaucoma, Open-Angle/prevention & control
- Interleukin-18/metabolism
- Intraocular Pressure/drug effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Ophthalmic Solutions
- Optic Nerve Diseases/genetics
- Optic Nerve Diseases/metabolism
- Optic Nerve Diseases/prevention & control
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects
- Timolol/therapeutic use
- Tonometry, Ocular
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalogerou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Morfou 48, Egkomi, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Panagiotis Kolovos
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Morfou 48, Egkomi, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Ekatherine Prokopiou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Morfou 48, Egkomi, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Gregory Papagregoriou
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre and Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Kallipoleos 75, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Constantinos Deltas
- Molecular Medicine Research Centre and Laboratory of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, Kallipoleos 75, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Stavros Malas
- Developmental and Functional Genetics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 1683 Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Tassos Georgiou
- Ophthalmos Research and Educational Institute, Morfou 48, Egkomi, 2417 Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Punyamurthula NS, Adelli GR, Gul W, Repka MA, ElSohly MA, Majumdar S. Ocular Disposition of ∆ 8-Tetrahydrocannabinol from Various Topical Ophthalmic Formulations. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:1936-1945. [PMID: 27905004 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this project are to enhance the trans-membrane penetration of Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) and to study the effect of various lipid based systems in delivering the compound, non-invasively, to anterior and posterior ocular chambers. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), fast gelling films were manufactured using high pressure homogenization and melt cast techniques, respectively. The formulations were characterized for drug content, entrapment efficiency, particle size and subsequently evaluated in vitro for trans-corneal permeation. In vivo, the drug disposition was tested via topical administration in albino rabbits. The eye globes were enucleated at the end of experiment and tissues were analyzed for drug content. All formulations showed favorable physicochemical characteristics in terms of particle size, entrapment efficiency, and drug content. In vitro, the formulations exhibited a transcorneal flux that depended on the formulation's drug load. An increase in drug load from 0.1 to 0.75% resulted in 12- to16-folds increase in permeation. In vivo, the film was able to deliver THC to all the tissues with high accumulations in cornea and sclera. The SLNs showed a greater ability in delivering THC to all the tissues, at a significantly lower drug load, due to their colloidal size range, which in turn enhanced corneal epithelial membrane penetration. The topical formulations evaluated in the present study were able to successfully deliver Δ8-THC in therapeutically meaningful concentrations (EC50 values for CB1: 6 nM and CB2: 0.4 nM) to all ocular tissues except the vitreous humor, with pronounced tissue penetration achieved using SLNs as a Δ8-THC delivery vehicle.
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Patil A, Singh S, Opere C, Dash A. Sustained-Release Delivery System of a Slow Hydrogen Sulfide Donor, GYY 4137, for Potential Application in Glaucoma. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:2291-2302. [PMID: 28101725 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0712-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) targets both underlying factors in glaucoma pathogenesis by reducing elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and providing retinal neuroprotection, whereas the current clinical approaches targets only reducing IOP. Therefore, H2S could be a potential superior candidate for glaucoma pharmacotherapy. However, H2S could be toxic in a concentration greater than 200 μM and its donors are unstable in water. Therefore, this study investigated the preparation and characterization of a non-aqueous in situ gelling sustained-release delivery system for H2S donors. The delivery system was prepared by dissolving GYY 4137, a H2S donor, in poly lactide-co-glycolide polymer (PLGA) (Resomer® RG 502H) solution prepared by dissolving polymer in a mixture of benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate in a ratio of 7:3, respectively. The GYY 4137 formulation was characterized for syringeability/injectability, change in pH and tonicity, moisture content, GYY 4137 degradation, and toxicity using rheometer, pH and osmometer, Karl Fisher titrimeter, NMR spectrometer, and Y79 retinoblastoma cells, respectively. The formulation was easily syringeable and injectable as evidenced by rheological data (plastic flow pattern with 43.89 ± 3.21 cP viscosity and 1.12 ± 0.15 Pa yield value). The pH, tonicity, and moisture content values were within acceptable range. NMR spectroscopy indicated presence of 4-methoxyphenylphosphonic acid (GYY 4137 degradation product). The GYY 4137 formulation did not show any significant (p < 0.05) toxicity except the solvent mixture. A sustained release of H2S was observed up to 72 h. The in situ gel forming PLGA-based system can be manipulated to achieve sustained release of H2S from its donor GYY 4137.
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Huang AS, Minasyan L, Weinreb RN. Glaucoma-Intraocular Pressure Reduction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 242:181-207. [PMID: 27812895 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Medical treatment is a mainstay for the management of glaucoma (Realini 2011; Marquis and Whitson 2005; Hoyng and van Beek 2000). Intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering has been long recognized as and still represents the primary and most widely employed treatment to prevent glaucomatous vision loss (Musch et al. 2011; Leske et al. 2003; The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS) 2000). Soon after the recognition that "tension" or IOP was related to glaucoma, pharmacological agents were introduced in the mid-1800s, first with the calabar bean (Realini 2011; Proudfoot 2006). Since then, an explosion of pharmacological agents targeting numerous intracellular and molecular signaling pathways has resulted in a plethora of drugs to lower IOP and treat glaucoma. Aqueous humor dynamics provides the basis for understanding each of these medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Huang
- Doheny Eye Centers, Doheny and Stein Eye Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lilit Minasyan
- Doheny Eye Centers, Doheny and Stein Eye Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert N Weinreb
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Vishnuvardhan C, Swain D, Borkar R, Gananadhamu S, Srinivas R, Satheeshkumar N. Study of Forced Degradation Behaviour of Brinzolamide Using LC–ESI–Q-TOF and In Silico Toxicity Prediction. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Prada D, Harris A, Guidoboni G, Siesky B, Huang AM, Arciero J. Autoregulation and neurovascular coupling in the optic nerve head. Surv Ophthalmol 2016; 61:164-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy characterized by progressive damage to the optic nerve, death of retinal ganglion cells and ultimately visual field loss. It is one of the leading causes of irreversible loss of vision worldwide. The most important trigger of glaucomatous damage is elevated eye pressure, and the current standard approach in glaucoma therapy is reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP). However, despite the use of effective medications or surgical treatment leading to lowering of IOP, progression of glaucomatous changes and loss of vision among patients with glaucoma is common. Therefore, it is critical to prevent vision loss through additional treatment. To implement such treatment(s), it is imperative to identify pathophysiological changes in glaucoma and develop therapeutic methods taking into account neuroprotection. Currently, there is no method of neuroprotection with long-term proven effectiveness in the treatment of glaucoma. Among the most promising molecules shown to protect the retina and optic nerve are neurotrophic factors. Thus, the current focus is on the development of safe and non-invasive methods for the long-term elevation of the intraocular level of neurotrophins through advanced gene therapy and topical eye treatment and on the search for selective agonists of neurotrophin receptors affording more efficient neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wójcik-Gryciuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, MSW Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Skup
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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31
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Alario AF, Strong TD, Pizzirani S. Medical Treatment of Primary Canine Glaucoma. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2015; 45:1235-59, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Razali N, Agarwal R, Agarwal P, Tripathy M, Kapitonova MY, Kutty MK, Smirnov A, Khalid Z, Ismail NM. Topical trans-resveratrol ameliorates steroid-induced anterior and posterior segment changes in rats. Exp Eye Res 2015; 143:9-16. [PMID: 26424219 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-induced hypertension and glaucoma is associated with increased extracellular meshwork (ECM) deposition in trabecular meshwork (TM). Previous studies have shown that single drop application of trans-resveratrol lowers IOP in steroid-induced ocular hypertensive (SIOH) rats. This IOP lowering is attributed to activation of adenosine A1 receptors, which may lead to increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity. This study evaluated the effect of repeated topical application of trans-resveratrol for 21 days in SIOH animals on IOP, changes in MMP-2 level in aqueous humor, trabecular meshwork and retinal morphology and retinal redox status. We observed that treatment with trans-resveratrol results in significant and sustained IOP reduction in SIOH rats. This IOP reduction is associated with significantly higher aqueous humor total MMP-2 level; significantly reduced TM thickness and increased number of TM cells. Treatment with trans-resveratrol also significantly increased ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, the linear cell density in the GCL and inner retina thickness; and significantly reduced retinal oxidative stress compared to the SIOH vehicle-treated group. In conclusion, repeated dose topical application of trans-resveratrol produces sustained IOP lowering effect, which is associated with increased level of aqueous humor MMP-2, normalization of TM and retinal morphology and restoration of retinal redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhafiza Razali
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Renu Agarwal
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Puneet Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, IMU Clinical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Jalan Rasah, Seremban, Malaysia
| | - Minaketan Tripathy
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dept. of Pharmaceutics, Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Marina Y Kapitonova
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Methil K Kutty
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Alexey Smirnov
- Pathological Anatomy Department, Volgograd State Medical University, 1, Pavshikh Bortsov Square, Volgograd, 400131, Russia
| | - Zalizah Khalid
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafeeza M Ismail
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
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Chen YS, Green CR, Danesh-Meyer HV, Rupenthal ID. Neuroprotection in the treatment of glaucoma--A focus on connexin43 gap junction channel blockers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 95:182-93. [PMID: 25676338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a form of optic neuropathy and a common cause of blindness, affecting over 60 million people worldwide with an expected rise to 80 million by 2020. Successful treatment is challenging due to the various causes of glaucoma, undetectable symptoms at an early stage and inefficient delivery of drugs to the back of the eye. Conventional glaucoma treatments focus on the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) using topical eye drops. However, their efficacy is limited to patients who suffer from high IOP glaucoma and do not address the underlying susceptibility of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) to degeneration. Glaucoma is known as a neurodegenerative disease which starts with RGC death and eventually results in damage of the optic nerve. Neuroprotective strategies therefore offer a novel treatment option for glaucoma by not only preventing neuronal loss but also disease progression. This review firstly gives an overview of the pathophysiology of glaucoma as well as current treatment options including conventional and novel delivery strategies. It then summarizes the rational for neuroprotection as a novel therapy for glaucomatous neuropathies and reviews current potential neuroprotective strategies to preserve RGC, with a focus on connexin43 (Cx43) gap junction channel blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shan Chen
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin R Green
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Helen V Danesh-Meyer
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ilva D Rupenthal
- Buchanan Ocular Therapeutics Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Ciotu IM, Stoian I, Gaman L, Popescu MV, Atanasiu V. Biochemical changes and treatment in glaucoma. J Med Life 2015; 8:28-31. [PMID: 25914734 PMCID: PMC4397515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second cause of blindness worldwide. This disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by high intraocular pressure, loss of retinal ganglion cells (apoptosis). Even though there is much research done in this field, the results have not yet managed to stop the progression of glaucoma or to heal this pathology. Free oxygen radicals play a major role; they are formed in the aqueous humor and in the vitreous and they produce apoptosis of the neurons in the optic nerve head, degradation of the trabecular meshwork cells. The purpose of the article is to help in trying to understand the physiopathology of glaucoma and the efficacy of its treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Ciotu
- Biochemistry Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - I Stoian
- Biochemistry Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - L Gaman
- Biochemistry Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M V Popescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania
| | - V Atanasiu
- Biochemistry Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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35
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Ting NS, Li Yim JF, Ng JY. Different strategies and cost-effectiveness in the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2014; 6:523-30. [PMID: 25506233 PMCID: PMC4259865 DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s30697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second highest cause of blindness worldwide with an estimated half of the glaucoma population unaware of their disease. To date, intraocular pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor and lowering it has been proven to reduce progression of visual field loss associated with glaucoma. Different strategies are available to lower intraocular pressure and include medical, laser, or surgical treatment in the form of topical or systemic medications, argon or selective laser trabeculoplasty, and glaucoma drainage surgery such as trabeculectomy, deep sclerectomy, or other drainage devices. The effectiveness of these treatments has been well documented however their cost-effectiveness between the developed world and third world remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Ft Li Yim
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ayr, South Ayrshire, UK
| | - Jia Y Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Ayr, South Ayrshire, UK ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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36
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Li HY, Ruan YW, Ren CR, Cui Q, So KF. Mechanisms of secondary degeneration after partial optic nerve transection. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:565-74. [PMID: 25206855 PMCID: PMC4146235 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.130093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary degeneration occurs commonly in the central nervous system after traumatic injuries and following acute and chronic diseases, including glaucoma. A constellation of mechanisms have been shown to be associated with secondary degeneration including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, derangements in ionic homeostasis and calcium influx. Glial cells, such as microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, have also been demonstrated to take part in the process of secondary injury. Partial optic nerve transection is a useful model which was established about 13 years ago. The merit of this model compared with other optic nerve injury models used for glaucoma study, including complete optic nerve transection model and optic nerve crush model, is the possibility to separate primary degeneration from secondary degeneration in location. Therefore, it provides a good tool for the study of secondary degeneration. This review will focus on the research progress of the mechanisms of secondary degeneration using partial optic nerve transection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Yi-Wen Ruan
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chao-Ran Ren
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi Cui
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ; GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China ; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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37
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Johnson TV, DeKorver NW, Levasseur VA, Osborne A, Tassoni A, Lorber B, Heller JP, Villasmil R, Bull ND, Martin KR, Tomarev SI. Identification of retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection conferred by platelet-derived growth factor through analysis of the mesenchymal stem cell secretome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:503-19. [PMID: 24176979 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of neuroprotective strategies to attenuate retinal ganglion cell death could lead to novel therapies for chronic optic neuropathies such as glaucoma. Intravitreal transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells slows retinal ganglion cell death in models of optic nerve injury, but the mechanism of action remains unclear. Here we characterized the neuroprotective effects of mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cell-derived factors in organotypic retinal explant culture and an in vivo model of ocular hypertensive glaucoma. Co-culture of rat and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with retinal explants increased retinal ganglion cell survival, after 7 days ex vivo, by ∼2-fold and was associated with reduced apoptosis and increased nerve fibre layer and inner plexiform layer thicknesses. These effects were not demonstrated by co-culture with human or mouse fibroblasts. Conditioned media from mesenchymal stem cells conferred neuroprotection, suggesting that the neuroprotection is mediated, at least partly, by secreted factors. We compared the concentrations of 29 factors in human mesenchymal stem cell and fibroblast conditioned media, and identified 11 enriched in the mesenchymal stem cell secretome. Treatment of retinal explants with a cocktail of these factors conferred retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection, with factors from the platelet-derived growth factor family being the most potent. Blockade of platelet-derived growth factor signalling with neutralizing antibody or with small molecule inhibitors of platelet-derived growth factor receptor kinase or downstream phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase eliminated retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection conferred by mesenchymal stem cell co-culture. Intravitreal injection of platelet-derived growth factor -AA or -AB led to profound optic nerve neuroprotection in vivo following experimental induction of elevated intraocular pressure. These data demonstrate that mesenchymal stem cells secrete a number of neuroprotective proteins and suggest that platelet-derived growth factor secretion in particular may play an important role in mesenchymal stem cell-mediated retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection. Furthermore, platelet-derived growth factor may represent an independent target for achieving retinal ganglion cell neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas V Johnson
- 1 Section of Retinal Ganglion Cell Biology, Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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38
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Leptin as a neuroprotective agent in glaucoma. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:797-802. [PMID: 24035688 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a disease characterized by progressive optic nerve degeneration and is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. More than 60 million people globally are affected by glaucoma, of which 8 million people suffer from bilateral blindness, making glaucoma the second leading cause of bilateral blindness worldwide. Current management of glaucoma is aimed at reducing intraocular pressure via a number of different strategies. Current treatments do not attempt to correct the underlying pathology of glaucoma, which is the cell degeneration and ultimate death of retinal ganglion cells, thereby limiting their clinical efficacy. A neuroprotective approach to glaucoma management would address the underlying pathology and would, in theory, be beneficial to all patients regardless of risk and causative factors. Here it is proposed that leptin could be used as a potential neuroprotective agent in the management of glaucoma. Leptin has shown neuroprotective promise in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, and there has been increasing evidence that glaucomatous neurodegeneration is analogous to other neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system. Leptin could target retinal ganglion cell death by a number of mechanisms, namely apoptosis, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity reduction. This article presents evidence linking current understanding about leptin's neuroprotective effect and the molecular mechanisms underlying glaucoma.
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Bokhari RF, Baeesa SS. Does the treatment of normal pressure hydrocephalus put the retinal ganglion cells at risk? A brief literature review and novel hypothesis. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:686-9. [PMID: 23920271 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a poorly understood entity as well as a source of continuous controversy in the neuroscientific community. The surgical management of this disease requires that intracranial pressure (ICP), also referred to as the cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFP), be lowered using a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion procedure. Numerous complications are linked with this procedure; we believe that new evidence suggests that the induction or acceleration of glaucomatous optic neuropathy are possible sequelae that warrant further investigation. We also suggest potential solutions derived from the increased understanding of the disease's pathophysiology and new advances in imaging of the optic nerve head complex. The recent inclusion of the translaminar gradient (TLG) (the difference between the intraocular pressure (IOP) and the ICP/CSFP across the thickness of the lamina cribrosa in the optic nerve head complex) in the pathogenesis of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) suggests that the disease may be a complication encountered during the treatment of NPH with CSF diversion procedures. The significant decrease in CSFP required to treat NPH increases this gradient. In addition, there have been recent observations of an increased prevalence of NTG, as well as other forms of glaucoma, among patients with NPH, thought to be due to inherently fragile neurons in these patients. This new data suggest that patients who undergo ICP lowering therapy for their NPH may be at a higher risk of developing or accelerating already present NTG. We present the clinical and theoretical basis for our hypothesis after reviewing the relevant literature linking the two entities. We also propose a possible solution, as we believe that treatment guidelines for NPH should take the TLG into account. Indeed, recent advances in the imaging of the optic nerve head complex may provide an opportunity to detect the mechanical sequelae of an increased TLG in the preclinical stage, i.e., prior to optic nerve damage. If we are able to determine safe parameters for the TLG in this population, we may be able to recommend the initiation of prophylactic glaucoma therapy for selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakan F Bokhari
- Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Xin H, Nguyen V, Szarka S, Blazics B, Prokai L, Koulen P. 17β-estradiol eye drops protect the retinal ganglion cell layer and preserve visual function in an in vivo model of glaucoma. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3253-61. [PMID: 23841874 DOI: 10.1021/mp400313u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection in glaucoma as a curative strategy complementary to current therapies to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) is highly desirable. This study was designed to investigate neuroprotection by 17β-estradiol (E2) to prevent retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in a glaucoma model of surgically elevated IOP in rats. We found that daily treatment with E2-containing eye drops resulted in significant E2 concentration in the retina with concomitant profound neuroprotective therapeutic benefits, even in the presence of continually elevated IOP. The number of apoptotic cells in the RGC layer was significantly decreased in the E2-treated group, when compared to the vehicle-treated controls. Deterioration in visual acuity in these animals was also markedly prevented. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, beneficial changes in the expression of several proteins implicated in the maintenance of retinal health were also found in the retina of E2-treated animals. On the other hand, systemic side effects could not be avoided with the eye drops, as confirmed by the measured high circulating estrogen levels and through the assessment of the uterus representing a typical hormone-sensitive peripheral organ. Collectively, the demonstrated significant neuroprotective effect of topical E2 in the selected animal model of glaucoma provides a clear rationale for further studies aiming at targeting E2 into the eye while avoiding systemic E2 exposure to diminish undesirable off-target side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center , 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
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Pascale A, Drago F, Govoni S. Protecting the retinal neurons from glaucoma: lowering ocular pressure is not enough. Pharmacol Res 2012; 66:19-32. [PMID: 22433276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The retina is theater of a number of biochemical reactions allowing, within its layers, the conversion of light impulses into electrical signals. The axons of the last neuronal elements, the ganglion cells, form the optic nerve and transfer the signals to the brain. Therefore, an appropriate cellular communication, not only within the different retinal cells, but also between the retina itself and the other brain structures, is fundamental. One of the most diffuse pathologies affecting retinal function and communication, which thus reverberates in the whole visual system, is glaucoma. This insidious disease is characterized by a progressive optic nerve degeneration and sight loss which may finally lead to irreversible blindness. Nevertheless, the progressive nature of this pathology offers an opportunity for therapeutic intervention. To better understand the cellular processes implicated in the development of glaucoma useful to envision a targeted pharmacological strategy, this manuscript first examines the complex cellular and functional organization of the retina and subsequently identifies the targets sensitive to neurodegeneration. Within this context, high ocular pressure represents a key risk factor. However, recent literature findings highlight the concept that lowering ocular pressure is not enough to prevent/slow down glaucomatous damage, suggesting the importance of combining the hypotensive treatment with other pharmacological approaches, such as the use of neuroprotectants. Therefore, this important and more novel aspect is extensively considered in this review, also emphasizing the idea that the neuroprotective strategy should be extended to the entire visual system and not restricted to the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pascale
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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