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Dantas CG, da Paixão AO, Nunes TLGM, Silva IJF, dos S. Lima B, Araújo AAS, de Albuquerque-Junior RLC, Gramacho KP, Padilha FF, da Costa LP, Severino P, Cardoso JC, Souto EB, Gomes MZ. Africanized Bee Venom ( Apis mellifera Linnaeus): Neuroprotective Effects in a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model Induced by 6-hydroxydopamine. TOXICS 2022; 10:583. [PMID: 36287863 PMCID: PMC9609968 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of the Africanized bee venom (BV) and its mechanisms of action after 6-hydroxydopamine-(6-OHDA)-induced lesion in a mice model. Prior to BV treatment, mice received intrastriatal microinjections of 6-OHDA (no induced dopaminergic neuronal death) or ascorbate saline (as a control). BV was administered subcutaneously at different dosages (0.01, 0.05 or 0.1 mg·Kg-1) once every two days over a period of 3 weeks. The open field test was carried out, together with the immunohistochemical and histopathological analysis. The chemical composition of BV was also assessed, identifying the highest concentrations of apamin, phospholipase A2 and melittin. In the behavioral evaluation, the BV (0.1 mg·Kg-1) counteracted the 6-OHDA-induced decrease in crossings and rearing. 6-OHDA caused loss of dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra pars compacta and fibers in striatum (STR). Mice that received 0.01 mg·Kg-1 showed significant increase in the mean survival of dopaminergic cell bodies. Increased astrocytic infiltration occurred in the STR of 6-OHDA injected mice, differently from those of the groups treated with BV. The results suggested that Africanized BV has neuroprotective activity in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila G. Dantas
- Institute of Research and Technology, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ailma O. da Paixão
- Institute of Research and Technology, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Tássia L. G. M. Nunes
- Institute of Research and Technology, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Italo J. F. Silva
- Institute of Research and Technology, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Bruno dos S. Lima
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe (U.F.S.), Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, Av. Marechal Rondon, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Adriano A. S. Araújo
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe (U.F.S.), Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, Av. Marechal Rondon, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | - Kátia P. Gramacho
- Department of Animal Science, Rural Federal University of Semi-Árido (U.F.E.R.S.A), Av. Francisco Mota, Costa e Silva, Mossoró 49032-490, Natal, Brazil
| | - Francine F. Padilha
- Institute of Research and Technology, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Luiz P. da Costa
- Post-Graduation Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe (U.F.S.), Cidade Universitária Prof. José Aloísio de Campos, Av. Marechal Rondon, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Patricia Severino
- Institute of Research and Technology, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Cardoso
- Institute of Research and Technology, Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarete Z. Gomes
- Department of Animal Science, Rural Federal University of Semi-Árido (U.F.E.R.S.A), Av. Francisco Mota, Costa e Silva, Mossoró 49032-490, Natal, Brazil
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Gallazzi M, Mauri M, Bianchi ML, Riboldazzi G, Princiotta Cariddi L, Carimati F, Rebecchi V, Versino M. Selegiline reduces daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e01880. [PMID: 33759401 PMCID: PMC8119812 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) affects a large percentage of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, and it is enhanced by dopamine agonist drugs. Currently, there is no treatment of choice for EDS in PD. Our aim was to check the clinical impression that some patients who were given selegiline, a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B, experienced an improvement in their daytime somnolence. METHODS In the present study, we retrospectively identified 45 Parkinson's disease patients (21 females and 24 males) among those referred to the PD Center in Varese that (a) showed excessive daytime sleepiness, usually developed after the introduction of a dopamine agonist, (b) were given selegiline 10 mg to improve their treatment schedule independently of excessive sleepiness, and (c) in whom the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) scores were available both before and 3 months after the introduction of selegiline. RESULTS We compared the corresponding scores (ESS, PDSS, and UPDRS III) evaluated before and 3 months after the introduction of selegiline by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test: The differences showed a statistically significant improvement of somnolence but no change in the UPDRS III scores. CONCLUSION Despite some limitations, our data suggest that selegiline may be a valuable add-on therapy in PD patients to reduce their daytime somnolence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gallazzi
- Neurologia e Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo di Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Mauri
- Neurologia e Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo di Varese, Italy.,Università dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Riboldazzi
- Neurologia e Stroke Unit, ASST Valle Olona, Ospedale S. Antonio Abate, Gallarate, Italy
| | - Lucia Princiotta Cariddi
- Neurologia e Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo di Varese, Italy.,Università dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Federico Carimati
- Neurologia e Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo di Varese, Italy
| | - Valentina Rebecchi
- Neurologia e Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo di Varese, Italy
| | - Maurizio Versino
- Neurologia e Stroke Unit, ASST Sette Laghi, Ospedale di Circolo di Varese, Italy.,Università dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Exosomes: Their Role in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:cancers13010084. [PMID: 33396739 PMCID: PMC7795854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current scientific evidence concerning the role played by exosomes in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The potential use of exosomes as delivery vectors for small-molecule therapeutic agents will be discussed. In addition, a special emphasis will be placed on the involvement of exosomes in oncological diseases, as well as to their potential therapeutic application as liquid biopsy tools mainly in cancer diagnosis. A better understanding of exosome biology could improve the results of clinical interventions using exosomes as therapeutic agents. Abstract Exosomes are lipid bilayer particles released from cells into their surrounding environment. These vesicles are mediators of near and long-distance intercellular communication and affect various aspects of cell biology. In addition to their biological function, they play an increasingly important role both in diagnosis and as therapeutic agents. In this paper, we review recent literature related to the molecular composition of exosomes, paying special attention to their role in pathogenesis, along with their application as biomarkers and as therapeutic tools. In this context, we analyze the potential use of exosomes in biomedicine, as well as the limitations that preclude their wider application.
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Kasabova-Angelova A, Tzankova D, Mitkov J, Georgieva M, Tzankova V, Zlatkov A, Kondeva-Burdina M. Xanthine Derivatives as Agents Affecting Non-dopaminergic Neuroprotection in Parkinson`s Disease. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2021-2036. [PMID: 30129404 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180821153316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative and debilitating disease that affects 1% of the elderly population. Patient's motor disability results in extreme difficulty to deal with daily activities. Conventional treatment is limited to dopamine replacement therapy, which fails to delay disease's progression and is often associated with a number of adverse reactions. Recent progress in understanding the mechanisms involved in PD has revealed new molecular targets for therapeutic approaches. Among them, caffeine and xanthine derivatives are promising drug candidates, because of the possible symptomatic benefits in PD. In fact, consumption of coffee correlates with a reduced risk of PD. Over the last decades, a lot of efforts have been made to uncover the therapeutic potential of xanthine structures. The substituted xanthine molecule is used as a scaffold for the synthesis of new compounds with protective effects in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, asthma, cancer and others. The administration of the xanthines has been proposed as a non-dopaminergic strategy for neuroprotection in PD and the mechanisms of protection have been associated with antagonism of adenosine A2A receptors and Monoamine Oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibition. The current review summarizes frequently suspected non-dopaminergic neuroprotective mechanisms and the possible beneficial effects of the xanthine derivatives in PD, along with some synthetic approaches to produce perspective xanthine derivatives as non-dopaminergic agents in PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kasabova-Angelova
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Diana Tzankova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Javor Mitkov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maya Georgieva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Virginia Tzankova
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alexander Zlatkov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina
- Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Drug Toxicity, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Chen P, Li X. Study on Effect of Striatal mGluR2/3 in Alleviating Motor Dysfunction in Rat PD Model Treated by Exercise Therapy. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:255. [PMID: 31632264 PMCID: PMC6783497 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Exercise therapy has been widely applied in clinical rehabilitation as an important practical and side effect-free adjuvant therapy, with a significant effect in alleviating motor dysfunction of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or animal PD models. This study focuses on the effect of exercise therapy in reducing the concentration of extracellular glutamate (Glu) in the striatum in a rat PD model by upregulating the expression of group II metabotropic Glu receptor (mGluR2/3), so as to alleviate motor dysfunction in the rat PD model. Methods: Neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was injected into the right medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of the rats to establish the semi-lateral cerebral damage PD model. The sham-operated group was given an equal amount of normal saline at the same site and taken as the control group. The apomorphine (APO)-induced rotational behavior test combined with immunohistochemical staining with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the substantia nigra (SNc) and striatum was performed to assess the reliability of the model. The exercise group was given treadmill exercise intervention for 4 weeks (11 m/min, 30 min/day, 5 days/week) 1 week after the operation. The open field test (OFT) was performed to assess the locomotor activity of the rats; the Western blot technique was used to detect SNc TH and striatal mGluR2/3 protein expressions; real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to detect striatal mGluR2 and mGluR3 mRNA expressions; the microdialysis-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was adopted to detect the concentration of extracellular Glu in striatal neurons. Results: Compared with the control group, the number of rotations of each model group at the first week was significantly increased (P < 0.01); compared with the PD group, the number of rotations of the PD + exercise group at the third week and the fifth week was significantly decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the total movement distance, the total movement time, and the mean velocity of each model group at the first week were significantly reduced (P < 0.05); compared with the PD group, the total movement distance, the total movement time, and the mean velocity of the PD + exercise group at the third week and the fifth week were significantly increased (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the count of immunopositive cells and protein expression of SNc TH, and the content of immunopositive fiber terminals in the striatal TH of each model group significantly declined (P < 0.01). Compared with the PD group, the striatal mGluR2/3 protein expression of the PD + exercise group significantly rose (P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the concentration of extracellular Glu in striatal neurons of each model group at the first week significantly grew (P < 0.05); compared with the PD group, the concentration of extracellular Glu in striatal neurons of the PD + exercise group at the third week and the fifth week was significantly decreased (P < 0.01); compared with the PD + exercise group, the concentration of extracellular Glu in striatal neurons of the group injected with mGluR2/3 antagonist (RS)-1-amino-5-phosphonoindan-1-carboxylic acid (APICA) into the striatum at the third week and the fifth week was significantly increased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Compared with the control group, the striatal mGluR2/3 protein expression of the PD group was significantly downregulated (P < 0.01); compared with the PD group, the striatal mGluR2/3 protein expression of the PD + exercise group was significantly upregulated (P < 0.05); compared with the control group, the striatal mGluR3 mRNA expression of the PD group was significantly downregulated (P < 0.01); compared with the PD group, the striatal mGluR3 mRNA expression of the PD + exercise group was significantly upregulated (P < 0.01); 6-OHDA damage and exercise intervention had no significant effect on the striatal mGluR2 mRNA expression (P > 0.05). Compared with the PD + exercise group, the total movement distance, the total movement time, and the mean velocity of the PD + exercise + APICA group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05); compared with the PD group, the PD + exercise + APICA group had no significant change in the total movement distance, the total movement time, and the mean velocity (P > 0.05). Conclusion: These data collectively demonstrate that the mGluR2/3-mediated glutamatergic transmission in the striatum is sensitive to dopamine (DA) depletion and may serve as a target of exercise intervention for mediating the therapeutic effect of exercise intervention in a rat model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- College of Sport Science, JiShou Univerity, JiShou, China
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Sport Science, JiShou Univerity, JiShou, China
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Dashtipour K, Tafreshi AR, Pahwa R, Lyons KE. Extended-Release Amantadine for Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia. Expert Rev Neurother 2019; 19:293-299. [DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1592677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Dashtipour
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Ali R. Tafreshi
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rajesh Pahwa
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kelly E. Lyons
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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The next chapter in symptomatic Parkinson disease treatments. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 59:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zhong X, Zheng J, Ye Q. Advances in quantitative assessment of parkinsonian motor symptoms with wearable devices. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2018; 61:1589-1592. [PMID: 30547347 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jingxue Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Qinyong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
- Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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Genetic Knockdown of mGluR5 in Striatal D1R-Containing Neurons Attenuates L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Aphakia Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4037-4050. [PMID: 30259400 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
L-DOPA is the main pharmacological therapy for Parkinson's disease. However, long-term exposure to L-DOPA induces involuntary movements termed dyskinesia. Clinical trials show that dyskinesia is attenuated by metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) antagonists. Further, the onset of dyskinesia is delayed by nicotine and mGluR5 expression is lower in smokers than in non-smokers. However, the mechanisms by which mGluR5 modulates dyskinesia and how mGluR5 and nicotine interact have not been established. To address these issues, we studied the role of mGluR5 in D1R-containing neurons in dyskinesia and examined whether nicotine reduces dyskinesia via mGluR5. In the aphakia mouse model of Parkinson's disease, we selectively knocked down mGluR5 in D1R-containing neurons (aphakia-mGluR5KD-D1). We found that genetic downregulation of mGluR5 decreased dyskinesia in aphakia mice. Although chronic nicotine increased the therapeutic effect of L-DOPA in both aphakia and aphakia-mGluR5KD-D1 mice, it caused a robust reduction in dyskinesia only in aphakia, and not in aphakia-mGluR5KD-D1 mice. Downregulating mGluR5 or nicotine treatment after L-DOPA decreased ERK and histone 3 activation, and FosB expression. Combining nicotine and mGluR5 knockdown did not have an added antidyskinetic effect, indicating that the effect of nicotine might be mediated by downregulation of mGluR5 expression. Treatment of aphakia-mGluR5KD-D1 mice with a negative allosteric modulator did not further modify dyskinesia, suggesting that mGluR5 in non-D1R-containing neurons does not play a role in its development. In conclusion, this work suggests that mGluR5 antagonists reduce dyskinesia by mainly affecting D1R-containing neurons and that the effect of nicotine on dyskinetic signs in aphakia mice is likely via mGluR5.
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Li D, Li YP, Li YX, Zhu XH, Du XG, Zhou M, Li WB, Deng HY. Effect of Regulatory Network of Exosomes and microRNAs on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:2216-2225. [PMID: 30203797 PMCID: PMC6144844 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.240817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A comprehensive review of the network regulation of exosomes and microRNAs (miRNAs) in neurodegenerative diseases was done, centering on the mechanism of the formation of exosomes and miRNAs and the sorting mechanism of exosomal miRNAs, with the aim to provide a theoretical basis in the search of biomarkers and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. DATA SOURCES The comprehensive search used online literature databases including NCBI PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar. STUDY SELECTION The study selection was based on the following keywords: exosomes, miRNAs, central nervous system (CNS), and neurodegenerative diseases. The time limit for literature retrieval was from the year 2000 to 2018, with language restriction in English. Relevant articles were carefully reviewed, with no exclusions applied to study design and publication type. RESULTS Exosomes are the smallest nanoscale membranous microvesicles secreted by cells and contain important miRNAs, among other rich contents. In the CNS, exosomes can transport amyloid β-protein, α-synuclein, Huntington-associated protein 1, and superoxide dismutase I to other cells. These events relieve the abnormal accumulation of proteins and aggravating neurological diseases. In some neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, miRNAs are pathologically altered as an inexorable course, suggesting that miRNAs may contribute neurodegeneration. Exosomes and miRNAs form a network to regulate the homeostasis of the CNS, both synergistically and individually. CONCLUSION The network of exosomes and miRNAs that regulates CNS homeostasis is a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - You-Ping Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Yun-Xiang Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Zhu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
- Department of Environmental Geology, College of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Du
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Engineering and Applied Biology, College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Wen-Bin Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
| | - Hong-Yan Deng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan 637009, China
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Shen Y, Huang JY, Li J, Liu CF. Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Implications and Management. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 131:974-981. [PMID: 29664059 PMCID: PMC5912065 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.229889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is one of the most common sleep abnormalities in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), yet its multifactorial etiology complicates its treatment. This review summarized recent studies on the epidemiology, etiology, clinical implications, associated features, and evaluation of EDS in PD. The efficacy of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for EDS in PD was also reviewed. Data Sources English language articles indexed in PubMed and Cochrane databases and Chinese-language papers indexed in Wanfang and National Knowledge Infrastructure databases that were published between January 1987 and November 2017 were located using the following search terms: "sleepiness", "sleep and Parkinson's disease", and "Parkinson's disease and treatment". Study Selection Original research articles and critical reviews related to EDS in PD were selected. Results EDS is a major health hazard and is associated with many motor and nonmotor symptoms of PD. Its causes are multifactorial. There are few specific guidelines for the treatment of EDS in PD. It is first necessary to identify and treat any possible factors causing EDS. Recent studies showed that some nonpharmacologic (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy, light therapy, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) and pharmacologic (i.e., modafinil, methylphenidate, caffeine, istradefylline, sodium oxybate, and atomoxetine) treatments may be effective in treating EDS in PD. Conclusions EDS is common in the PD population and can have an immensely negative impact on quality of life. Its causes are multifactorial, which complicates its treatment. Further investigations are required to determine the safety and efficacy of potential therapies and to develop novel treatment approaches for EDS in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Jun-Ying Huang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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