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Zhu J, Cui T, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ma C, Liu B, Nie K, Yue NJ, Wang X. Comprehensive Output Estimation of Double Scattering Proton System With Analytical and Machine Learning Models. Front Oncol 2022; 11:756503. [PMID: 35174065 PMCID: PMC8841866 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.756503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesThe beam output of a double scattering proton system varies for each combination of beam option, range, and modulation and therefore is difficult to be accurately modeled by the treatment planning system (TPS). This study aims to design an empirical method using the analytical and machine learning (ML) models to estimate proton output in a double scattering proton system.Materials and MethodsThree analytical models using polynomial, linear, and logarithm–polynomial equations were generated on a training dataset consisting of 1,544 clinical measurements to estimate proton output for each option. Meanwhile, three ML models using Gaussian process regression (GPR) with exponential kernel, squared exponential kernel, and rational quadratic kernel were also created for all options combined. The accuracy of each model was validated against 241 additional clinical measurements as the testing dataset. Two most robust models were selected, and the minimum number of samples needed for either model to achieve sufficient accuracy ( ± 3%) was determined by evaluating the mean average percentage error (MAPE) with increasing sample number. The differences between the estimated outputs using the two models were also compared for 1,000 proton beams with a randomly generated range, and modulation for each option.ResultsThe polynomial model and the ML GPR model with exponential kernel yielded the most accurate estimations with less than 3% deviation from the measured outputs. At least 20 samples of each option were needed to build the polynomial model with less than 1% MAPE, whereas at least a total of 400 samples were needed for all beam options to build the ML GPR model with exponential kernel to achieve comparable accuracy. The two independent models agreed with less than 2% deviation using the testing dataset.ConclusionThe polynomial model and the ML GPR model with exponential kernel were built for proton output estimation with less than 3% deviations from the measurements. They can be used as an independent output prediction tool for a double scattering proton beam and a secondary output check tool for a cross check between themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Reading Hospital, Tower Health, West Reading, PA, United States
| | - Taoran Cui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Chi Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Ke Nie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Ning J. Yue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers-Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Xiao Wang,
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Schüler E, Eriksson K, Hynning E, Hancock SL, Hiniker SM, Bazalova‐Carter M, Wong T, Le Q, Loo BW, Maxim PG. Very high‐energy electron (
VHEE
) beams in radiation therapy; Treatment plan comparison between
VHEE
,
VMAT
, and
PPBS. Med Phys 2017; 44:2544-2555. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Schüler
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | | | | | - Steven L. Hancock
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Susan M. Hiniker
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | | | - Tony Wong
- Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Proton Therapy Center Seattle WA USA
| | - Quynh‐Thu Le
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Billy W. Loo
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA
| | - Peter G. Maxim
- Department of Radiation Oncology Stanford School of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA
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Kim B, Bae H, Lee H, Lee S, Park JC, Kim KR, Kim SJ. Proton Beams Inhibit Proliferation of Breast Cancer Cells by Altering DNA Methylation Status. J Cancer 2016; 7:344-52. [PMID: 26918048 PMCID: PMC4747889 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton beam therapy has been gaining popularity in the management of a wide spectrum of cancers. However, little is known about the effect of proton beams on epigenetic alterations. In this study, the effects of proton beams on DNA methylation were evaluated in the breast cell lines MCF-10A and MCF-7. Pyrosequencing analysis of the long interspersed element 1 (LINE1) gene indicated that a few specific CpG sites were induced to be hypermethylated by proton beam treatment from 64.5 to 76.5% and from 57.7 to 60.0% (p < 0.05) in MCF-10A and MCF-7, respectively. Genome-wide methylation analysis identified “Developmental Disorder, Hereditary Disorder, Metabolic Disease” as the top network in the MCF-7 cell line. The proliferation rate significantly decreased in proton beam-treated cells, as judged by colony formation and cell proliferation assay. Upon treatment with the proton beam, expression of selected genes (MDH2, STYXL1, CPE, FAM91A1, and GPR37) was significantly changed in accordance with the changes of methylation level. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that proton beam-induced physiological changes of cancer cells via methylation modification assists in establishing the epigenetic basis of proton beam therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungtak Kim
- 1. Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hansol Bae
- 1. Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hyunkyung Lee
- 1. Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seungyeon Lee
- 1. Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jeong Chan Park
- 2. Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Kye Ryung Kim
- 2. Korea Multi-purpose Accelerator Complex, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- 1. Department of Life Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Korea
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Seco
- a Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Maria Francesca Spadea
- b Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine , Magna Graecia University , Catanzaro , Italy
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