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Doolan O, Lewsey MG, Peirats-Llobet M, Bricklebank N, Aberdein N. Micro computed tomography analysis of barley during the first 24 hours of germination. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:142. [PMID: 39285284 PMCID: PMC11406838 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grains make up a large proportion of both human and animal diets. With threats to food production, such as climate change, growing sustainable and successful crops is essential to food security in the future. Germination is one of the most important stages in a plant's lifecycle and is key to the success of the resulting plant as the grain undergoes morphological changes and the development of specific organs. Micro-computed tomography is a non-destructive imaging technique based on the differing x-ray attenuations of materials which we have applied for the accurate analysis of grain morphology during the germination phase. RESULTS Micro Computed Tomography conditions and parameters were tested to establish an optimal protocol for the 3-dimensional analysis of barley grains. When comparing optimal scanning conditions, it was established that no filter, 0.4 degrees rotation step, 5 average frames, and 2016 × 1344 camera binning is optimal for imaging germinating grains. It was determined that the optimal protocol for scanning during the germination timeline was to scan individual grains at 0 h after imbibition (HAI) and then the same grain again at set time points (1, 3, 6, 24 HAI) to avoid any negative effects from X-ray radiation or disruption to growing conditions. CONCLUSION Here we sought to develop a method for the accurate analysis of grain morphology without the negative effects of possible radiation exposure. Several factors have been considered, such as the scanning conditions, reconstruction, and possible effects of X-ray radiation on the growth rate of the grains. The parameters chosen in this study give effective and reliable results for the 3-dimensional analysis of macro structures within barley grains while causing minimal disruption to grain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Doolan
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
| | - Mathew G Lewsey
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, Department of Plant, Animal and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Australian Research Council Research Hub for Medicinal Agriculture, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plants for Space, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Marta Peirats-Llobet
- La Trobe Institute for Sustainable Agriculture and Food, Department of Plant, Animal and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Neil Bricklebank
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Nicola Aberdein
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
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Ichikawa S, Muto H, Imao M, Nonaka T, Sakekawa K, Sato Y. Low-dose whole-spine imaging using slot-scan digital radiography: a phantom study. BMC Med Imaging 2023; 23:17. [PMID: 36710344 PMCID: PMC9885656 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-023-00971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slot-scan digital radiography (SSDR) is equipped with detachable scatter grids and a variable copper filter. In this study, this function was used to obtain parameters for low-dose imaging for whole-spine imaging. METHODS With the scatter grid removed and the beam-hardening (BH) filters (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mm) inserted, the tube voltage (80, 90, 100, 110, or 120 kV) and the exposure time were adjusted to 20 different parameters that produce equivalent image quality. Slot-scan radiographs of an acrylic phantom were acquired with the set parameters, and the optimal parameters (four types) for each filter were determined using the figure of merit. For the four types of parameters obtained in the previous section, SSDR was performed on whole-spine phantoms by varying the tube current, and the parameter with the lowest radiation dose was determined by visual evaluation. RESULTS The parameters for each filter according to the FOM results were 90 kV, 400 mA, and 2.8 ms for 0.0 mm thickness; 100 kV, 400 mA, and 2.0 ms for 0.1 mm thickness; 100 kV, 400 mA, and 2.8 ms for 0.2 mm thickness; and 110 kV, 400 mA, and 2.2 ms for 0.3 mm thickness. Visual evaluation of the varying tube currents was performed using these four parameters when the BH filter thicknesses were 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm. The entrance surface dose was 59.44 µGy at 90 kV, 125 mA, and 2.8 ms; 57.39 µGy at 100 kV, 250 mA, and 2.0 ms; 46.89 µGy at 100 kV, 250 mA, and 2.8 ms; and 39.48 µGy at 110 kV, 250 mA, and 2.2 ms, indicating that the 0.3-mm BH filter was associated with the minimum dose. CONCLUSION Whole-spine SSDR could reduce the dose by 79% while maintaining the image quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeji Ichikawa
- grid.412879.10000 0004 0374 1074Suzuka University of Medical Science, Graduate School of Health Science Division of Health Science, 1001-1,Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293 Japan ,grid.412879.10000 0004 0374 1074Graduate School of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1, Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293 Japan
| | - Hiroe Muto
- grid.412879.10000 0004 0374 1074Suzuka University of Medical Science, Graduate School of Health Science Division of Health Science, 1001-1,Kishioka, Suzuka, Mie 510-0293 Japan
| | - Masashi Imao
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Health Science, Gunma Paz University, 1-7-1 Tonyamachi, Takasaki, Gunma 370-0006 Japan
| | - Takashi Nonaka
- Department of Radiological Technology, Fussa Hospital, 1-6-1 Kamidaira, Fussa-ku, Tokyo, 197-0012 Japan
| | - Kouji Sakekawa
- Department of Radiological Technology, Fussa Hospital, 1-6-1 Kamidaira, Fussa-ku, Tokyo, 197-0012 Japan
| | - Yasutaka Sato
- Department of Radiological Technology, Fussa Hospital, 1-6-1 Kamidaira, Fussa-ku, Tokyo, 197-0012 Japan
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A novel 3D volumetric method for directly quantifying porosity and pore space morphology in flocculated suspended sediments. MethodsX 2022; 10:101975. [PMID: 36636283 PMCID: PMC9830201 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flocculated suspended sediments (flocs) are found in a variety of environments globally, and their transport and behavior bear substantial importance to several industries including fisheries, aquaculture, and shipping. Additionally, the modelling of their behavior is important for estuarine and coastal flood prediction and defence, and the process of flocculation occurs in other unrelated industries such as paper and chemical production. Floc porosity is conventionally assessed using inferential indirect or proxy data approaches. These methods underestimate floc porosity % by c. 30% and cannot measure the micro-scale complexity of these pore spaces and networks, rendering inputs to models sub-optimal. This study introduces a novel 3D porosity and pore space quantification protocol, that produces directly quantified porosity % and pore space data.•3D floc data from micro-CT scanning is segmented volumetrically•This segmented volume is quantified to extract porosity and several pore space parameters from the floc structure.
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Hossain U, Ghouse S, Nai K, Jeffers JR. Mechanical and morphological properties of additively manufactured SS316L and Ti6Al4V micro-struts as a function of build angle. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2021; 46:None. [PMID: 34603974 PMCID: PMC8448581 DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2021.102050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing methods such as laser powder bed fusion (PBF) can produce micro-lattice structures which consist of 'micro-struts', which have properties that differ from the bulk metal and that can vary depending on the orientation of the strut to the build direction (the strut build angle). Characterizing these mechanical and morphological changes would help explain macro-scale lattice behavior. Individual stainless steel (SS316L) and titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) laser PBF struts were built at 20°, 40°, 70° and 90° to the build platform, with 3 designed diameters and tested in uniaxial tension (n = 5). Micro-CT was used to quantify changes in surface roughness, eccentricity and cross-section. Average elastic modulus was 61.5 GPa and 37.5 GPa for SS316L and Ti6Al4V respectively, less than the bulk material. Yield strength was uniform over build angle for SS316L, but for Ti6Al4V varied from 40% to 98% of the bulk value from 20° to 90° build angles. All lower angle struts had worse morphology, with higher roughness and less circular cross-sections. These data should help inform micro-lattice design, especially in safety critical applications where lower mechanical performance must be compensated for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Hossain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Shaaz Ghouse
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kenneth Nai
- Renishaw PLC, New Mills, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire GL12 8JR, UK
| | - Jonathan R.T. Jeffers
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Agrawal AK, Singh B, Singhai P, Kashyap Y, Shukla M. The white beam station at imaging beamline BL-4, Indus-2. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2021; 28:1639-1648. [PMID: 34475311 DOI: 10.1107/s160057752100775x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high flux density of synchrotron white beam offers several advantages in X-ray imaging such as higher resolution and signal-to-noise ratio in 3D/4D micro-tomography, higher frame rate in real-time imaging of transient phenomena, and higher penetration in thick and dense materials especially at higher energies. However, these advantages come with additional challenges to beamline optics, camera and sample due to increased heat load and radiation damage, and to personal safety due to higher radiation dose and ozone gas hazards. In this work, a white beam imaging facility at imaging beamline BL-4, Indus-2, has been developed, while taking care of various instrumental and personal safety challenges. The facility has been tested to achieve 1.5 µm spatial resolution, increased penetration depth up to 900 µm in steel, and high temporal resolutions of ∼10 ms (region of interest 2048 × 2048 pixels) and 70 µs (256 × 2048 pixels). The facility is being used successfully for X-ray imaging, non-destructive testing and dosimetry experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Agrawal
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Balwant Singh
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Payal Singhai
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Yogesh Kashyap
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Mayank Shukla
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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Alikhani B, Renne J, Maschke S, Hinrichs JB, Wacker FK, Werncke T. Impact of Patient Alignment on Image Quality in C-Arm Computed Tomography - Evaluation Using an ACR Phantom. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2020; 193:417-426. [PMID: 32882728 DOI: 10.1055/a-1238-2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the influence of patient alignment and thereby heel effect on the image quality (IQ) of C-arm flat-panel detector computed tomography (CACT). MATERIALS AND METHODS An ACR phantom placed in opposite directions along the z-axis (setup A and B) on the patient support was imaged using CACT. Image acquisition was performed with three different image acquisition protocols. The images were reconstructed with four convolution kernels. IQ was assessed in terms of high contrast using the modulation transfer function (MTF) and low contrast by assessing the image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) as well as the reliability of density measurements. Furthermore, the dose intensity profiles were measured free-in-air. RESULTS The MTF in setup B is higher than the MTF measured in setup A (p < 0.01). The image noises measured in setup A for the air and bone inserts were higher compared to those measured in setup B (p > 0.05). Opposite behavior has been observed for the polyethylene, water-equivalent and acrylic inserts. The SNR for all inserts is inversely related to the image noise. A systematically increasing or decreasing trend of CNR could not be observed (p > 0.05). The intensity profile measured by the detector system free-in-air showed that the anode heel effect is perpendicular to the z-axis. CONCLUSION The patient alignment has a minor influence on the IQ of CACT. This effect is not based on the X-ray anode heel effect but is caused mainly by the non-symmetrical rotation of CACT. KEY POINTS · The impact of patient alignment and thereby the heel effect on the image quality of CACT was analyzed.. · The patient alignment has a minor influence on the physical parameters related to image quality, such as noise, SNR, and MTF.. · This effect is based mainly on the non-symmetrical rotation of CACT.. CITATION FORMAT · Alikhani B, Renne J, Maschke S et al. Impact of Patient Alignment on Image Quality in C-Arm Computed Tomography - Evaluation Using an ACR Phantom. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 417 - 426.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Alikhani
- Center for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, DIAKOVERE Hospital gGmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julius Renne
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Maschke
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan B Hinrichs
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank K Wacker
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Werncke
- Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Gott KM, Potter CA, Doyle-Eisele M, Lin Y, Wilder J, Scott BR. A Comparison of Cs-137 γ Rays and 320-kV X-Rays in a Mouse Bone Marrow Transplantation Model. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820916572. [PMID: 32284702 PMCID: PMC7139189 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820916572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
US homeland security concerns regarding the potential misuse of some radiation
sources used in radiobiological research, for example, cesium-137
(137Cs), have resulted in recommendations by the National
Research Council to conduct studies into replacing these sources with suitable
X-ray instruments. The objective of this research is to compare the
effectiveness of an X-RAD 320 irradiator (PXINC 2010) with a 137Cs
irradiator (Gammacell-1000 Unit) using an established bone marrow chimeric
model. Using measured radiation doses for each instrument, we characterized the
dose–response relationships for bone marrow and splenocyte ablation, using a
cytotoxicity-hazard model. Our results show that the X-RAD 320 photon energy
spectrum was suitable for ablating bone marrow at the 3 exposure levels used,
similar to that of 137Cs photons. However, the 320-kV X-rays were not
as effective as the much higher energy γ rays at depleting mouse splenocytes.
Furthermore, the 3 X-ray levels used were less effective than the higher energy
γ rays in allowing the successful engraftment of donor bone marrow, potentially
as a result of the incomplete depletion of the spleen cells. More defined
studies are warranted for determining whether bone marrow transplantation in
mice can be successfully achieved using 320-kV X-rays. A higher X-ray dose then
used is likely needed for transplantation success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yong Lin
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie Wilder
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bobby R Scott
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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