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Xu Z, Sun D, Xu J, Yang R, Russell JD, Liu G. Progress and Challenges in Polystyrene Recycling and Upcycling. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202400474. [PMID: 38757556 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Polystyrene is a staple plastic in the packaging and insulation market. Despite its good recyclability, the willingness of PS recycling remains low, largely due to the high recycling cost and limited profitability. This review examines the research progresses, gaps, and challenges in areas that affect the recycling costs, including but not limited to logistics, packaging design, and policymaking. We critically evaluate the recent developments in upcycling strategies, and we particularly focus on tandem and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) upcycling strategies. We conclude that future upcycling studies should focus on not only reaction chemistry and mechanisms but also economic viability of the processes. The goal of this review is to stimulate the development of innovative recycling strategies with low recycling costs and high economic output values. We hope to stimulate the economic and technological momentum of PS recycling towards a sustainable and circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Polytechnology University, Xi'an, 710000, China
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA-24061, US
| | - Dongshi Sun
- School of Information and Business Management, Dalian Neusoft University of Information, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Institute of Supply Chain Analytics, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Dalian, 116025, China
| | - Rong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Polytechnology University, Xi'an, 710000, China
| | - Jennifer D Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA-24061, US
- Department of Sustainable Biomaterials, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA-24061, US
| | - Guoliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA-24061, US
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA-24061, US
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2
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Blomquist SA, Fernandez ML. Chios Mastic Gum: A Promising Phytotherapeutic for Cardiometabolic Health. Nutrients 2024; 16:2941. [PMID: 39275256 PMCID: PMC11397435 DOI: 10.3390/nu16172941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chios mastic gum (CMG) is a resin obtained from the Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia tree that grows in the Mediterranean. For millennia, it has been renowned for its medicinal properties, but recently, CMG has gained attention due to its pronounced anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties and its use in oral health, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and risk factors related to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This narrative review seeks to briefly overview its bioactive constituents and examine and describe its potential as a cardiometabolic disease (CMD) phytotherapeutic. The results of clinical trials and in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies provide accumulating evidence of the mechanisms underlying CMG's impacts on lipid and glucose metabolism, cardiovascular and hepatic health, inflammation, oxidative stress, body composition, and microbiota. Despite the relatively limited studies with mixed results, they have provided the foundation to understand the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities moving forward that may help to establish CMG and its bioactives as viable therapeutics for CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Blomquist
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Maria Luz Fernandez
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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3
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Pozzobon RG, Rutckeviski R, Carlotto J, Schneider VS, Cordeiro LMC, Mancarz GFF, de Souza LM, Mello RG, Smiderle FR. Chemical Evaluation of Liquidambar styraciflua L. Fruits Extracts and Their Potential as Anticancer Drugs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28010360. [PMID: 36615553 PMCID: PMC9822488 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquidambar styraciflua L. is an aromatic species, popularly used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat diarrhea, dysentery, coughs, and skin sores. The present study was designed to investigate the chemical composition and biological potential of extracts obtained from the fruits of this plant. For the chemical evaluation, it was used mainly liquid and gas chromatography, plus NMR, and colorimetric methods. The aqueous extract (EA) originated two other fractions: an aqueous (P-EA) and an ethanolic (S-EA). The three extracts were composed of proteins, phenolic compounds, and carbohydrates in different proportions. The analyses showed that the polysaccharide extract (P-EA) contained pectic polysaccharides, such as acetylated and methyl esterified homogalacturonans together with arabinogalactan, while the fraction S-EA presented phenolic acids and terpenes such as gallic acid, protocathecuic acid, liquidambaric acid, combretastatin, and atractyloside A. EA, P-EA, and S-EA showed antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 4.64 µg/mL, 16.45 µg/mL, and 3.67 µg/mL, respectively. The cytotoxicity followed the sequence S-EA > EA > P-EA, demonstrating that the toxic compounds were separated from the non-toxic ones by ethanol precipitation. While the fraction S-EA is very toxic to any cell line, the fraction P-EA is a promising candidate for studies against cancer due to its high toxicity to tumoral cells and low toxicity to normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela G. Pozzobon
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Renata Rutckeviski
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Juliane Carlotto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S. Schneider
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucimara M. C. Cordeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Lauro M. de Souza
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Guetter Mello
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
| | - Fhernanda Ribeiro Smiderle
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80240-020, PR, Brazil
- Faculdades Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba 80230-020, PR, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-41-33101035
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THE ANTIOXIDANT ROLE OF STORAX IN BORON COMPOUNDS INDUCED HACAT CELLS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH AND POLICY 2022. [DOI: 10.33457/ijhsrp.1121869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The skin is the first line of defense against microbial and chemical agents. Keratinocytes, represent the major component of the skin. Storax is thought to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. some substances in storax have a cytotoxic effect and that storax can be a source of oxidative stress. Boron compounds have a wide physiological effect on biological systems at low concentrations, are toxic at high concentrations. The aim of this study is to evaluate the oxidative effect of storax on boron compounds treated HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro. Methods: In order to determine the effect of boron compounds on cell viability and 50% lethal dose, the MTT method was employed, and the IC50 dose was found to be 1000 μg/ml borax and 250 μg/ml colemanite at 24th hour. To determine the antioxidant activity of storax cells treated with borax and colemanite with or without storax and then the oxidative stress index, SOD, GPx and MDA levels were evaluated with ELISA.
Results: storax reduces the oxidative stress index through GPX, SOD and MDA activities.
Conclusion: When all the results are evaluated, the idea arises, that storax can be used as a possible therapeutic agent in skin.
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Demir D, Özdemir S, Gonca S, Bölgen N. Novel styrax liquidus loaded chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol cryogels with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Didem Demir
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty Mersin University Mersin Turkey
| | - Sadin Özdemir
- Food Processing Programme, Technical Science Vocational School Mersin University Mersin Turkey
| | - Serpil Gonca
- Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Health Services Vocational School Mersin University Mersin Turkey
| | - Nimet Bölgen
- Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty Mersin University Mersin Turkey
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Zhou M, Li D, Li L, Zhao P, Yue S, Li X, Du Y, Fan X, Zhang M. Post-stroke treatment of storax improves long-term outcomes of stroke in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 280:114467. [PMID: 34343648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The lack of widely applicable pharmacological treatments for ischemic stroke patients has led to a growing interest in traditional medicine. The identification of pharmacologically active components of the clinically used traditional medicine has been considered translationally significant. SuHeXiang Wan is a prescription containing 15 herbs approved by Chinese National Drug Administration (CNDA) for treating ischemic stroke. Storax is one of the main contents in this prescription and is believed to play a significant pharmacological role, which has been used to treat stroke for nearly 1000 years in traditional Chinese medicine. Emerging experimental investigations suggested Storax might be effective for treating ischemic stroke. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to test our hypothesis that post-stroke treatment of Storax can improve long-term outcomes of stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats (250-280 g) subjected to 2 h of MCAO following reperfusion were treated with Storax by intragastric at 1 h and repeated at 3 h, 6 h after stroke. In the first set experiment, an array of neurological function deficits assessments were tested before and after stroke, brain lesion size was examined at 28 days after ischemia. CD31 and synatophysin were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. In the second set experiment, markers of proinflammatory activation were determined at 24 h after stroke. ELISA was performed to analyze brain concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and circulating levels of iNOS, ET-1, and immunohistochemistry was performed to determine GFAP, IBA-1 and NF-κB p65. RESULTS Storax significantly alleviated neurological deficits from 7 days after stroke and lasted until 28 days, corresponding to the significantly decreased lesion volume at 28 days after stroke; Meanwhile, Storax increased the density of CD31and SYP in peri-infarct areas. At 24 h after stroke, Storax significantly inhibited brain TNF-α, IL-1β expression and circulating iNOS, ET-1 levels, reduced the NF-κB/p65 positive cell number, and decreased activated microglia/macrophages and astrocytes cell numbers alongside reversed their morphological transformations. CONCLUSION Our experimental findings demonstrate treatment of Storax at the acute phase significantly improves long-term neurological outcomes in the focal stroke model of rats. We also speculate that inhibition of acute proinflammation activation by Storax might be associated with its beneficial pharmacological effect, but remain to define and elucidate in future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Dongna Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lin Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Pei Zhao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shaoqian Yue
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yuzheng Du
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiang Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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Frydrysiak E, Kunicka-Styczyńska A, Śmigielski K, Frydrysiak M. The Impact of Selected Essential Oils Applied to Non-Woven Viscose on Bacteria That Cause Lower Urinary Tract Infections-Preliminary Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:6854. [PMID: 34833945 PMCID: PMC8619585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the lower urinary tract is a very common problem, which occurs particularly in women. A concept of a biotextronics system for preventive and support treatment of lower urinary tract inflammations was presented. The system includes a non-woven viscose insert for essential oils application. The oils were deposited on the non-woven viscose and incubated in the temperature of 37 °C and served a model for their action in the vapor phase as the element of the biotextronics system. The essential oils used in the research were the following: chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia lavandulaefolia), juniper (Juniperus communis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and mixtures of chamomile oil with oils of each sage species in a 1:1 ratio. The oils were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The best inhibitory effect in vapor phase was noted for chamomile essential oil at the lowest concentration (0.054 µL/cm3). Both mixtures of chamomile and sage acted antagonistically, lowering the antibacterial activity of the individual oils applied solely. Juniper and Salvia officinalis essential oils at the concentrations tested increased the growth of at least one of the bacteria tested. Salvia lavandulaefolia Vahl. essential oil inhibited all bacteria, only at the concentration 0.214 µL/cm3. The thyme oil, at the concentration 0.054 µL/cm3, reduced the growth of all bacterial species tested. Chamomile and thyme essential oils were chosen for further research in the biotextronics pantiliner system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Frydrysiak
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Natural Products and Cosmetics, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Śmigielski
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Michał Frydrysiak
- Department of Knitting Technology and Textile Machines, Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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Wang L, Guan XQ, He RJ, Qin WW, Xiong Y, Zhang F, Song YQ, Huo PC, Song PF, Tang H, Ge GB. Pentacyclic triterpenoid acids in Styrax as potent and highly specific inhibitors against human carboxylesterase 1A. Food Funct 2021; 11:8680-8693. [PMID: 32940318 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01732a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human carboxylesterase 1A1 (hCES1A) is a promising target for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity-associated metabolic diseases. To date, the highly specific and efficacious hCES1A inhibitors are rarely reported. This study aims to find potent and highly specific hCES1A inhibitors from herbs, and to investigate their inhibitory mechanisms. Following large-scale screening of herbal products, Styrax was found to have the most potent hCES1A inhibition activity. After that, a practical bioactivity-guided fractionation coupling with a chemical profiling strategy was used to identify the fractions from Styrax with strong hCES1A inhibition activity and the major constituents in these bioactive fractions were characterized by LC-TOF-MS/MS. The results demonstrated that seven pentacyclic triterpenoid acids (PTAs) in two bioactive fractions from Styrax potently inhibit hCES1A, with IC50 values ranging from 41 nM to 478 nM. Among all the identified PTAs, epibetulinic acid showed the most potent inhibition activity and excellent specificity towards hCES1A. Both inhibition kinetic analyses and in silico analysis suggested that epibetulinic acid potently inhibited hCES1A in a mixed inhibition manner. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that some PTAs in Styrax are potent and highly specific inhibitors of hCES1A and these constituents can be used as promising lead compounds for the development of more efficacious hCES1A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China. and Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Pharmacy School of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Xiao-Qing Guan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rong-Jing He
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei-Wei Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Pharmacy School of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yun-Qing Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Peng-Chao Huo
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pei-Fang Song
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Pharmacy School of Shihezi University, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Zhu Y, Guan YJ, Chen QZ, Yuan LH, Xu QQ, Zhou ML, Liu H, Lin W, Zhang ZD, Zhou ZL, Dong JY. Pentacyclic Triterpenes from the resin of Liquidambar formosana have anti-angiogenic properties. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 184:112676. [PMID: 33556839 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the resin of Liquidambar formosana Hanc led to the separation and identification of five undescribed pentacyclic triterpenoids, including two lupane type, one taraxerane type, and two oleanane type triterpenoids, in addition to ten known analogues. Structures and relative or absolute configurations were elucidated by intensive spectroscopic methods, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-angiogenic effects in vitro against VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation and migration in HUVECs. Among them, (5R, 8R, 9R, 10R, 13S, 14R, 17R, 18R, 19S)-17,18-epoxy-17,18-seco-28-norlupa-17- hydroxy-20 (29) -ene-3-one, (5R, 8R, 9R, 10R, 13S, 14R, 17S, 18S, 19S, 20S)-17, 20-peroxy-28- norlupa -29 -hydroxy- 3-one, 11α,12α:13β,28-diepoxyoleanane- 3-one, 28-norlup-20 (29)-ene- 3β,17β-diol, liquidambaric lactone and 13,28-epoxy-11- oleanene- 3-one significantly inhibited VEGF-induced HUVECs proliferation with IC50 values ranging from 1.64 ± 0.36 to 7.06 ± 0.28 μM. In addition, they also effectively decreased VEGF-induced cell migration with IC50 values ranging from 1.57 ± 0.60 to 4.77 ± 0.62 μM. The structure-activity relationship of these compounds is discussed. The anti-angiogenic property of (5R, 8R, 9R, 10R, 13S, 14R, 17R, 18R, 19S)-17,18-epoxy-17,18-seco-28-norlupa-17- hydroxy-20 (29) -ene-3-one is mediated by the VEGFR2 - AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Jian Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Zheng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Liao-Heng Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Lin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Duan Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Lou Zhou
- School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yong Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Discovery and characterization of pentacyclic triterpenoid acids in Styrax as potent and reversible pancreatic lipase inhibitors. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Cinnamic Acid Conjugates in the Rescuing and Repurposing of Classical Antimalarial Drugs. Molecules 2019; 25:molecules25010066. [PMID: 31878190 PMCID: PMC6982862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinnamic acids are compounds of natural origin that can be found in many different parts of a wide panoply of plants, where they play the most diverse biological roles, often in a conjugated form. For a long time, this has been driving Medicinal Chemists towards the investigation of the therapeutic potential of natural, semi-synthetic, or fully synthetic cinnamic acid conjugates. These efforts have been steadily disclosing promising drug leads, but a wide chemical space remains that deserves to be further explored. Amongst different reported approaches, the combination or conjugation of cinnamic acids with known drugs has been addressed in an attempt to produce either synergistic or multi-target action. In this connection, the present review will focus on efforts of the past decade regarding conjugation with cinnamic acids as a tool for the rescuing or the repurposing of classical antimalarial drugs, and also on future perspectives in this particular field of research.
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12
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Wińska K, Mączka W, Łyczko J, Grabarczyk M, Czubaszek A, Szumny A. Essential Oils as Antimicrobial Agents-Myth or Real Alternative? Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112130. [PMID: 31195752 PMCID: PMC6612361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbs and the essential oils derived from them have been used from the beginning of human history for different purposes. Their beneficial properties have been applied to mask unpleasant odors, attract the attention of other people, add flavor and aroma properties to prepared dishes, perfumes, and cosmetics, etc. Herbs and essential oils (EOs) have also been used in medicine because of their biological properties, such as larvicidal action, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidant, fungicide, and antitumor activities, and many more. Many EOs exhibit antimicrobial properties, which is extremely important in fields of science and industry, such as medicine, agriculture, or cosmetology. Among the 250 EOs which are commercially available, about a dozen possess high antimicrobial potential. According to available papers and patents, EOs seem to be a potential alternative to synthetic compounds, especially because of the resistance that has been increasingly developed by pathogenic microorganisms. In this review we summarize the latest research studies about the most-active EOs that are known and used because of their antimicrobial properties. Finally, it is noteworthy that the antimicrobial activities of EOs are not preeminent for all strains. Further investigations should, thus, focus on targeting EOs and microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wińska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wanda Mączka
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jacek Łyczko
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Grabarczyk
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Czubaszek
- Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37/41, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
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Manavalan S, Veerakumar P, Chen SM, Murugan K, Lin KC. Binder-Free Modification of a Glassy Carbon Electrode by Using Porous Carbon for Voltammetric Determination of Nitro Isomers. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8907-8918. [PMID: 31459978 PMCID: PMC6648727 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Liquidambar formosana tree leaves have been used as a renewable biomass precursor for preparing porous carbons (PCs). The PCs were produced by pyrolysis of natural waste of leaves after 10% KOH activation under a nitrogen atmosphere and characterized by a variety of state-of-the-art techniques. The PCs possess a large surface area, micro-/mesoporosity, and functional groups on its surface. A glassy carbon electrode modified with high PCs was explored as an efficient binder-free electrocatalyst material for the voltammetric determination of nitro isomers such as 3-nitroaniline (3-NA) and 4-nitroaniline (4-NA). Under optimal experimental conditions, the electrochemical detection of 3-NA and 4-NA was found to have a wide linear range of 0.2-115.6 and 0.5-120 μM and a low detection limit of 0.0551 and 0.0326 μM, respectively, with appreciable selectivity. This route not only enhanced the benefit from biomass wastes but also reduced the cost of producing electrode materials for electrochemical sensors. Additionally, the sensor was successfully applied in the determination of nitro isomers even in the presence of other common electroactive interference and real samples analysis (beverage and pineapple jam solutions). Therefore, the proposed method is simple, rapid, stable, sensitive, specific, reproducible, and cost-effective and can be applicable for real sample detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaktivel Manavalan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Section 3, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pitchaimani Veerakumar
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia
Sinica, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Section 3, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Keerthi Murugan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Section 3, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - King-Chuen Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia
Sinica, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
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Altıparmak M, Kule M, Öztürk Y, Çelik SY, Öztürk M, Duru ME, Koçer U. Skin wound healing properties of Hypericum perforatum, Liquidambar orientalis, and propolis mixtures. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00238-019-01538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Evolutionary analysis and structural characterization of Aquilaria sinensis sesquiterpene synthase in agarwood formation: A computational study. J Theor Biol 2018; 456:249-260. [PMID: 30099080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Agarwood originating from Aquilaria sinensis contains sesquiterpenoids that have tremendous commercial value in the pharmaceutical and fragrance industries. Aquilaria sinensis sesquiterpene synthase (AsSTS) is the key enzyme in the agarwood biosynthesis pathway, and its activity directly affects the chemical composition of agarwood; however, its role in species evolution remains unclear. In this study, we performed an evolutionary analysis based on 68 plant sesquiterpene synthase (STS) genes and further structural characterization of the gene encoding AsSTS to explore its molecular evolution. The phylogenetic tree indicated that these STS genes included three subfamilies. Additionally, 23 positively selected sites were detected, and no influence of recombination was found. Furthermore, the protein structure of AsSTS was characterized using primary sequence and structural analyses as having a functional active site lid domain, a substrate binding site, two post-translational modification sites and four conserved motifs. Finally, most virtual mutations of positively selected sites could be stabilized against thermal denaturation by a decrease in free energy, and three virtual mutations (D403R, G470Q and S538K) were shown to play important roles in the function and stability of AsSTS. The molecular evolutionary analysis of plant STSs provides essential clues for further experimental site-directed mutagenesis and molecular modification of AsSTS.
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Licá ICL, Soares AMDS, de Mesquita LSS, Malik S. Biological properties and pharmacological potential of plant exudates. Food Res Int 2018; 105:1039-1053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Ahmad I, Yanuar A, Mulia K, Mun'im A. Review of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitory Assay: Rapid Method in Drug Discovery of Herbal Plants. Pharmacogn Rev 2017; 11:1-7. [PMID: 28503045 PMCID: PMC5414448 DOI: 10.4103/phrev.phrev_45_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a signaling pathway which responsible in the blood pressure regulation. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is one of the key elements responsible for the hypertensive mechanism. It converts angiotensin-I to angiotensin-II. The discovery history of the ACE inhibitory activity assay method has been through a long stage for decades and development continues until today. The ACE inhibitory activity has become an effective screening method in the search for new antihypertensive agents from herbal plants. Some of in vitro assay methods were used to examine the activity of ACE inhibitors based on the substrate usage, such as; Cushman and Cheung Method using a substrate hippuryl-histidyl-leucine (HHL), Holmquist method using a substrate furanacryloyl-tripeptide, Elbl and Wagner method using a substrate benzoil-[l-14C] glicyl-L-histidine-L-leucine, Carmel and Yaron method using a substrate o-aminobenzoylglycyl-p-nitrophenylalanilproline, and Lam method using 3-hydroxybutyrylglycyl-glycyl-glycine as substrate. Several different methods to measure the results of enzymatic reactions or separating substrate with products, including spectrophotometric, fluorometric, high-performance liquid chromatography, electrophoresis, and radiochemistry. Application of the test method for screening the ACE inhibitors activity and investigation of active compounds from natural products can be done easily with this method, it is very helpful in research because the results obtained are simple, accurate, and rapid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islamudin Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, East Kalimantan 75116, Depok, West Java 16424, Indonesia.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java 16424, Indonesia
| | - Arry Yanuar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java 16424, Indonesia
| | - Kamarza Mulia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java 16424, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Mun'im
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java 16424, Indonesia
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Charehsaz M, Reis R, Helvacioglu S, Sipahi H, Guzelmeric E, Acar ET, Cicek G, Yesilada E, Aydin A. Safety evaluation of styrax liquidus from the viewpoint of genotoxicity and mutagenicity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 194:506-512. [PMID: 27737816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Styrax liquidus is a resinous exudate (balsam) obtained from the wounded trunk of the Liquidambar orientalis Mill. (Hamamelidaceae). Styrax has been used for treatment of various ailments in Turkish folk medicine such as skin problems, peptic ulcers, nocturnal enuresis, parasitic infections, antiseptic or as expectorant. AIM OF STUDY In spite of frequent use of styrax in Turkish folk medicine as well as once as a stabilizer in perfumery industry, negative reports have been noticed by the international authority for restriction its use based on some limited evidences from an in vitro study. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of styrax and its ethanolic extract using in vivo and in vitro assays, as well as an antimutagenic assay and also to determine its phenolic constituents with chromatographic analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of styrax and its ethanolic extract were evaluated by Ames test performed on Salmonella TA98 and TA100 strains with and without metabolic activation (10- 30,000µg/plate). The genotoxicity was also studied in vivo by chromosomal aberrations assay on bone marrow of Balb C mice with different its concentrations (500-2000mg/kg body weight). Cytotoxicity has been evaluated by the MTT assay using L929 cell line. Its phenolic constituents were determined by HPLC analysis. RESULTS Genotoxicological investigations of styrax or its ethanolic extract showed that none of the tested concentrations induced a significant increase in the revertant number of TA98 and TA100 strains with or without metabolic activation, indicating no mutagenicity to the tested strains. Also results indicated that up to 2000mg/kg body weight, styrax is not genotoxic in mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test in vivo. In cytotoxicity study, the IC50 values of styrax and its ethanolic extract were found to be 50.22±1.80 and 59.69±11.77µg/mL, respectively. Among the studied reference standards the major phenolic acids in styrax balsam was found to be p-coumaric acid (2.95mg/g), while in its ethanolic extract not only p-coumaric acid (11.46mg/g), but also gallic acid (1.60mg/g) were found to the main components. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study provide scientific basis to the safety of styrax from the viewpoint of genotoxicity risk, and in fact, it was found to be beneficial against genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Charehsaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Rengin Reis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sinem Helvacioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Etil Guzelmeric
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ebru Turkoz Acar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Cicek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Erdem Yesilada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Aydin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Kayışdağı, Atasehir, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Bouaziz F, Koubaa M, Ellouz Ghorbel R, Ellouz Chaabouni S. Recent advances in Rosaceae gum exudates: From synthesis to food and non-food applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:535-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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