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Li C, Shi L, Su M, Li X, Zhu Q, Ge RS, Li H. Butorphanol inhibits androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in rat immature Leydig cells in vitro. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:270-280. [PMID: 38258745 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Butorphanol is a synthetic opioid analgesic medication that is primarily used for the management of pain. Butorphanol may have an inhibitory effect on androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in rat immature Leydig cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of butorphanol on androgen secretion by rat Leydig cells isolated from the 35-day-old male rats. Rat Leydig cells were cultured with 0.5-50 μM butorphanol for 3 h in vitro. Butorphanol at 5 and 50 μM significantly inhibited androgen secretion in immature Leydig cells. At 50 μM, butorphanol also blocked the effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) and 8bromo-cAMP-stimulated androgen secretion and 22R-hydroxycholesterol- and pregnenolone-mediated androgen production. Further analysis of the results showed that butorphanol downregulated the expression of genes involved in androgen production, including Lhcgr (LH receptor), Cyp11a1 (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme), Srd5a1 (5α-reductase 1), and Akr1c14 (3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase). Additionally, butorphanol directly inhibited HSD3B1 (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1) and SRD5A1 activity. In conclusion, butorphanol may have side effects of inhibiting androgen biosynthesis and metabolism in Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Ninth People Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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2
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Shan Y, Yu Y, Li X, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Ge RS. Arbutin inhibits androgen biosynthesis by rat immature Leydig cells in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 122:108476. [PMID: 37783241 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Arbutin, a widely used skin lightening agent, has raised concerns regarding its potential side effects. In this study, we investigated the impact of arbutin on Leydig cell function using an in vitro model. We measured medium androgen levels, as well as the gene and protein expression related to Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Rat immature Leydig cells from age of 35 days were exposed to arbutin at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 50 μM for a duration of 3 hrs. Following treatment, we observed a significant inhibition of androgen secretion by Leydig cells at both the 5 and 50 μM concentrations of arbutin. Furthermore, at a concentration of 50 μM, arbutin effectively blocked the stimulatory effects of luteinizing hormone (LH) and 8Br-cAMP on androgen secretion. Subsequent analysis revealed that arbutin downregulated the expression of crucial genes involved in androgen production, including Lhcgr, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1, and Srd5a1. In silico computer program analysis predicted that arbutin exhibits good absorption, possesses a long elimination half-life, and may have other potential toxicity such as hepatoxicity. Taken together, our results demonstrate that arbutin negatively influences Leydig cell function and androgen production, potentially impacting male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, China.
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3
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Li X, Quan H, He J, Li H, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Ge RS. The role of platelet-derived growth factor BB signaling pathway in the regulation of stem and progenitor Leydig cell proliferation and steroidogenesis in male rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 233:106344. [PMID: 37286111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor BB (BB) regulates cell proliferation and function. However, the roles of BB on proliferation and function of Leydig stem (LSCs) and progenitor cells (LPCs) and the underlying signaling pathways remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze the roles of PI3K and MAPK pathways in the regulation of proliferation-related and steroidogenesis-related gene expression in rat LSCs/LPCs. In this experiment, BB receptor antagonist, tyrosine kinase inhibitor IV (PKI), the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, and the MEK inhibitor, U0126, were used to measure the effects of these pathways on the expression of cell cycle-related genes (Ccnd1 and Cdkn1b) and steroidogenesis-related genes (Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1, and Srd5a1), as well as Leydig cell maturation gene Pdgfra [1]. These results showed that BB (10 ng/mL)-stimulated EdU-incorporation into LSCs and BB-mediated inhibition on its differentiation was mediated through the activation of its receptor, PDGFRB, as well as MAPK and PI3K pathways. The results of LPC experiment also showed that LY294002 and U0126 decreased BB (10 ng/mL)-upregulated Ccnd1 expression while only U0126 reversed BB (10 ng/mL)-downregulated Cdkn1b expression. U0126 significantly reversed BB (10 ng/mL)-mediated downregulation of Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, and Cyp17a1 expression. On the other hand, LY294002 reversed the expression of Cyp17a1 and Abca1. In conclusion, BB-mediated induction of proliferation and suppression of steroidogenesis of LSCs/LPCs are dependent on the activation of both MAPK and PI3K pathways, which show distinct regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Hehua Quan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jiayi He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital; Key Laboratory of Pediatric Anesthesiology, Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Environment and Male Reproductive Medicine of Wenzhou, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325000, China.
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4
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Fei Q, Li X, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Ge R, Jin X. Rutin inhibits androgen synthesis and metabolism in rat immature Leydig cells in vitro. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14221. [PMID: 34459013 DOI: 10.1111/and.14221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early stage of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer, cancer cells require androgens to grow. Hormone therapy that lowers androgen output or blocks androgen receptor can suppress the growth of this type of prostate cancer. Rutin, a flavonoid derivative of many plants, has numerous pharmacological effects. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of rutin on androgen biosynthesis in Leydig cells isolated from the testes of pubertal rats. Immature Leydig cells isolated from 35 days-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured in vitro with 0.5-50 μM rutin for 3 hr. Rutin significantly inhibited androgen secretion at 0.5, 5 and 50 μM under basal condition (medium only). At 50 μM, rutin also markedly compromised androgen secretion stimulated by 10 ng/ml luteinising hormone and 10 mM 8-bromoadenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate. Further analysis demonstrated that rutin compromised the transcript levels of Scarb1, Cyp11a1 and Hsd3b1 and their proteins expression. Rutin directly inhibited rat testicular CYP17A1, HSD17B3 and AKR1C14 activities at 50 μM. Rutin did not alter mitochondrial membrane potential at up to 50 μM. In conclusion, rutin suppresses androgen biosynthesis in Leydig cells through multiple mechanisms, thereby having benefits for the treatment of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Fei
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Reproductive Medicine Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zhu X, Hu M, Ji H, Huang T, Ge RS, Wang Y. Exposure to di-n-octyl phthalate during puberty induces hypergonadotropic hypogonadism caused by Leydig cell hyperplasia but reduced steroidogenic function in male rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111432. [PMID: 33075588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to phthalates ubiquitously, which may threaten health. However, whether di-n-octyl phthalate can prevent pubertal sexual maturity is still elusive. In this study, male Sprague Dawley rats (age 35 days) were treated daily by gavage with 0, 10, 100, and 1000 mg/kg body weight of di-n-octyl phthalate from day 35 to day 49 after birth. Di-n-octyl phthalate significantly reduced serum testosterone levels at doses of 100 and 1000 mg/kg, but increased serum luteinizing hormone levels of 1000 mg/kg and decreased testosterone/luteinizing hormone ratio at ≥10 mg/kg, without affecting serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Di-n-octyl phthalate significantly induced Leydig cell hyperplasia (increased number of CYP11A1-positive Leydig cells) at 100 and 1000 mg/kg. Di-n-octyl phthalate down-regulates the gene expression of Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1 and Insl3 in individual Leydig cells. Di-n-octyl phthalate can also reduce the number of sperm in the epididymis. Di-n-octyl phthalate increased phosphorylated AKT1/AKT2 without affecting their total proteins, but increased the total protein and phosphorylated protein of ERK1/2 and GSK-3β. Primary immature Leydig cells isolated from 35-day-old rats were treated with 0-50 μM di-n-octyl phthalate for 3 h. This phthalate inhibited androgen production under basal, LH-stimulated, and cAMP-stimulated conditions by 5 and 50 μM in vitro via down-regulating Cyp11a1 expression but up-regulating Srd5a1 expression in vitro. In conclusion, di-n-octyl phthalate induces hypergonadotropic hypogonadism caused by Leydig cell hyperplasia but reduced steroidogenic function and prevents sperm production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Miner Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Haosen Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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6
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Li X, Zhu Q, Wen Z, Yuan K, Su Z, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Ge RS. Androgen and Luteinizing Hormone Stimulate the Function of Rat Immature Leydig Cells Through Different Transcription Signals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:599149. [PMID: 33815270 PMCID: PMC8011569 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.599149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of immature Leydig cells is regulated by hormones, such as androgen and luteinizing hormone (LH). However, the regulation of this process is still unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether luteinizing hormone (LH) or androgens contribute to this process. Immature Leydig cells were purified from 35-day-old male Sprague Dawley rats and cultured with LH (1 ng/ml) or androgen (7α-methyl-19- nortestosterone, MENT, 100 nM) for 2 days. LH or MENT treatment significantly increased the androgens produced by immature Leydig cells in rats. Microarray and qPCR and enzymatic tests showed that LH up-regulated the expression of Scarb1, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, and Srd5a1 while down-regulated the expression of Sult2a1 and Akr1c14. On the contrary, the expression of Cyp17a1 was up-regulated by MENT. LH and MENT regulate Leydig cell function through different sets of transcription factors. We conclude that LH and androgens participate in the regulation of rat immature Leydig cell function through different transcriptional pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zina Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Andrology, Chengdu Xi’nan Gynecological Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Kaimin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Su
- Department of Cell Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Department of Andrology, Chengdu Xi’nan Gynecological Hospital, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Ren-Shan Ge, ; Ying Zhong,
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ren-Shan Ge, ; Ying Zhong,
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Zhan X, Zhang J, Li S, Zhang X, Li L, Song T, Liu Q, Lu J, Xu Y, Ge RS. Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 stimulates the differentiation of rat stem and progenitor Leydig cells during regeneration. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 20:20. [PMID: 33023470 PMCID: PMC7541273 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-020-00225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) is a chemokine secreted by Leydig cells and peritubular myoid cells in the rat testis. Its role in regulating the development of Leydig cells via autocrine and paracrine is still unclear. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of MCP-1 on Leydig cell regeneration from stem cells in vivo and on Leydig cell development in vitro. Results Intratesticular injection of MCP-1(10 ng/testis) into Leydig cell-depleted rat testis from post-EDS day 14 to 28 significantly increased serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels, up-regulated the expression of Leydig cell proteins, LHCGR, SCARB1, CYP11A1, HSD3B1, CYP17A1, and HSD17B3 without affecting progenitor Leydig cell proliferation, as well as increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. MCP-1 (100 ng/ml) significantly increased medium testosterone levels and up-regulated LHCGR, CYP11A1, and HSD3B1 expression without affecting EdU incorporation into stem cells after in vitro culture for 7 days. RS102895, a CCR2 inhibitor, reversed MCP-1-mediated increase of testosterone level after culture in combination with MCP-1. Conclusion MCP-1 stimulates the differentiation of stem and progenitor Leydig cells without affecting their proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Zhan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Saiyang Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Linchao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Tiantian Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Qunlong Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China. .,Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. .,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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8
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Zhu Q, Li H, Wen Z, Wang Y, Li X, Huang T, Mo J, Wu Y, Zhong Y, Ge RS. Perfluoroalkyl substances cause Leydig cell dysfunction as endocrine disruptors. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 253:126764. [PMID: 32464778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of man-made organic substances. Some of PFASs have been classified as persistent organic pollutants and endocrine disruptors. They might interfere with the male sex endocrine system, causing the abnormal development of the male reproductive tract and failure of pubertal onset and infertility. The present review discusses the development and function of two generations of Leydig cells in rodents and the effects of PFASs on Leydig cell development after their exposure in gestational and postnatal periods. We also discuss human epidemiological data for the effects of PFASs on male sex hormone levels. The structure-activity relationship of PFASs on Leydig cell steroidogenesis and enzyme activities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zina Wen
- Chengdu Xi'nan Gynecological Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaying Mo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Chengdu Xi'nan Gynecological Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Li X, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Yuan K, Su Z, Ge F, Ge RS, Huang Y. Epidermal growth factor regulates the development of stem and progenitor Leydig cells in rats. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7313-7330. [PMID: 32441057 PMCID: PMC7339176 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has many physiological roles. However, its effects on stem and progenitor Leydig cell development remain unclear. Rat stem and progenitor Leydig cells were cultured with different concentrations of EGF alone or in combination with EGF antagonist, erlotinib or cetuximab. EGF (1 and 10 ng/mL) stimulated the proliferation of stem Leydig cells on the surface of seminiferous tubules and isolated CD90+ stem Leydig cells and progenitor Leydig cells but it blocked their differentiation. EGF also exerted anti‐apoptotic effects of progenitor Leydig cells. Erlotinib and cetuximab are able to reverse EGF‐mediated action. Gene microarray and qPCR of EGF‐treated progenitor Leydig cells revealed that the down‐regulation of steroidogenesis‐related proteins (Star and Hsd3b1) and antioxidative genes. It was found that EGF acted as a proliferative agent via increasing phosphorylation of AKT1. In conclusion, EGF stimulates the proliferation of rat stem and progenitor Leydig cells but blocks their differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Cell Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaiming Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Su
- Department of Cell Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yadong Huang
- Department of Cell Biology & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Habas K, Brinkworth MH, Anderson D. A male germ cell assay and supporting somatic cells: its application for the detection of phase specificity of genotoxins in vitro. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:91-106. [PMID: 32046612 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1724577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Male germ stem cells are responsible for transmission of genetic information to the next generation. Some chemicals exert a negative impact on male germ cells, either directly, or indirectly affecting them through their action on somatic cells. Ultimately, these effects might inhibit fertility, and may exhibit negative consequences on future offspring. Genotoxic anticancer agents may interact with DNA in germ cells potentially leading to a heritable germline mutation. Experimental information in support of this theory has not always been reproducible and suitable in vivo studies remain limited. Thus, alternative male germ cell tests, which are now able to detect phase specificity of such agents, might be used by regulatory agencies to help evaluate the potential risk of mutation. However, there is an urgent need for such approaches for identification of male reproductive genotoxins since this area has until recently been dependent on in vivo studies. Many factors drive alternative approaches, including the (1) commitment to the principles of the 3R's (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement), (2) time-consuming nature and high cost of animal experiments, and (3) new opportunities presented by new molecular analytical assays. There is as yet currently no apparent appropriate model of full mammalian spermatogenesis in vitro, under the REACH initiative, where new tests introduced to assess genotoxicity and mutagenicity need to avoid unnecessary testing on animals. Accordingly, a battery of tests used in conjunction with the high throughput STAPUT gravity sedimentation was recently developed for purification of male germ cells to investigate genotoxicity for phase specificity in germ cells. This system might be valuable for the examination of phases previously only available in mammals with large-scale studies of germ cell genotoxicity in vivo. The aim of this review was to focus on this alternative approach and its applications as well as on chemicals of known in vivo phase specificities used during this test system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Habas
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Diana Anderson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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11
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Wang Y, Dong Y, Wu S, Zhu Q, Li X, Liu S, Huang T, Li H, Ge RS. Acephate interferes with androgen synthesis in rat immature Leydig cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125597. [PMID: 31864041 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acephate is an organophosphate pesticide. It is widely used. However, whether it inhibits androgen synthesis and metabolism remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effect of acephate on the inhibition of androgen synthetic and metabolic pathways in rat immature Leydig cells after 3-h culture. Acephate inhibited basal androgen output in a dose-dependent manner with the inhibition starting at 0.5 μM. It significantly inhibited luteinizing hormone and 8-Br-cAMP stimulated androgen output at 50 μM. It significantly inhibited progesterone-mediated androgen output at 50 μM. Further study demonstrated that acephate down-regulated the expression of Hsd3b1 and its protein at ≥ 0.5 μM, Lhcgr at 5 μM and Star at 50 μM. Acephate directly blocked rat testicular HSD3B1 activity at 50 μM. Acephate did not affect other androgen synthetic and metabolic enzyme activities as well as ROS production, proliferation, and apoptosis of immature Leydig cells. In conclusion, acephate targets LHCGR, STAR, and HSD3B1, thus blocking androgen synthesis in rat immature Leydig cells and HSD3B1 is being the most sensitive target of acephate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Yaoyao Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Siwen Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Shiwen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325003, China.
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12
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Li X, Wen Z, Wang Y, Mo J, Zhong Y, Ge RS. Bisphenols and Leydig Cell Development and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:447. [PMID: 32849262 PMCID: PMC7411000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, mainly from the production and use of plastics and the degradation of wastes related to industrial plastics. Evidence from laboratory animal and human studies supports the view that BPA has an endocrine disrupting effect on Leydig cell development and function. To better understand the adverse effects of BPA, we reviewed its role and mechanism by analyzing rodent data in vivo and in vitro and human epidemiological evidence. BPA has estrogen and anti-androgen effects, thereby destroying the development and function of Leydig cells and causing related reproductive diseases such as testicular dysgenesis syndrome, delayed puberty, and subfertility/infertility. Due to the limitation of BPA production, the increased use of BPA analogs has also attracted attention to these new chemicals. They may share actions and mechanisms similar to or different from BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zina Wen
- Chengdu Xi'nan Gynecology Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaying Mo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Chengdu Xi'nan Gynecology Hospital, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Zhong
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Ren-Shan Ge
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13
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Li H, Hong T, Zhu Q, Wang S, Huang T, Li X, Lian Q, Ge RS. Paraquat exposure delays late-stage Leydig cell differentiation in rats during puberty. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113316. [PMID: 31610511 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat is a fast and non-selective herbicide that is widely used in crop cultivation and conservation tillage systems. Animal experiments have shown that paraquat decreases sperm quality and testicular organ coefficient, but its effects on the development of Leydig cells remain unclear. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of paraquat exposure on the Leydig cell development in rats during puberty. Twenty-eight male 35-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: 0, 0.5, 2.0, and 8 mg kg-1 d-1 paraquat. Paraquat was gavaged for 10 d. Adult Leydig cells were isolated and treated with paraquat for 24 h. Paraquat in vivo significantly decreased body and testis weights at 8 mg kg-1 and lowered serum testosterone levels at 2 and 8 mg kg-1 without affecting the levels of serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. Paraquat did not alter Leydig cell number and PCNA labeling index. Real-time PCR showed that paraquat down-regulated the expression of Lhcgr, Scarb1, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3 genes and their proteins at 2 or 8 mg kg-1, while it up-regulated the expression of Srd5a1 at 8 mg kg-1. Paraquat increased ROS and decreased testosterone production by Leydig cells at 1 and 10 μM after in vitro 24-h exposure. Vitamin E (40 μg/ml) reversed paraquat-induced ROS and suppression of testosterone synthesis in vitro. In conclusion, paraquat directly delays Leydig cell differentiation to block testosterone synthesis via down-regulating the expression of critical testosterone synthesis-related genes and up-regulating the expression of testosterone metabolic enzyme (Srd5a1) gene and possibly via increasing ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Tingting Hong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Songxue Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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14
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Wang Y, Ni C, Li X, Lin Z, Zhu Q, Li L, Ge RS. Phthalate-Induced Fetal Leydig Cell Dysfunction Mediates Male Reproductive Tract Anomalies. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1309. [PMID: 31780936 PMCID: PMC6851233 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Male fetal Leydig cells in the testis secrete androgen and insulin-like 3, determining the sexual differentiation. The abnormal development of fetal Leydig cells could lead to the reduction of androgen and insulin-like 3, thus causing the male reproductive tract anomalies in male neonates, including cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Environmental pollutants, such as phthalic acid esters (phthalates), can perturb the development and differentiated function of Leydig cells, thereby contributing to the reproductive toxicity in the male. Here, we review the epidemiological studies in humans and experimental investigations in rodents of various phthalates. Most of phthalates disturb the expression of various genes encoded for steroidogenesis-related proteins and insulin-like 3 in fetal Leydig cells and the dose-additive effects are exerted after exposure in a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chaobo Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenkun Lin
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center of Scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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15
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Benzyl butyl phthalate non-linearly affects rat Leydig cell development during puberty. Toxicol Lett 2019; 314:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Wang Y, Shan Y, Wang Y, Fang Y, Huang T, Wang S, Zhu Q, Li X, Ge RS. Aconitine inhibits androgen synthesis enzymes by rat immature Leydig cells via down-regulating androgen synthetic enzyme expression in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 312:108817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Li H, Zhu Q, Wang S, Huang T, Li X, Ni C, Fang Y, Li L, Lian Q, Ge RS. Paraquat exposure delays stem/progenitor Leydig cell regeneration in the adult rat testis. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:60-71. [PMID: 31128353 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat, a widely used nonselective herbicide, is a serious hazard to human health. However, the effects of paraquat on the male reproductive system remain unclear. In this study, adult male Sprague Dawley rats were intraperitoneally injected ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS, 75 mg/kg) to initiate a regeneration of Leydig cells. EDS-treated rats were orally exposed to paraquat (0.5, 2, 8 mg/kg/day) from post-EDS day 17 to day 28 and effects of paraquat on Leydig and Sertoli cell functions on post-EDS day 35 and day 56 were investigated. Paraquat significantly decreased serum testosterone levels at 2 and 8 mg/kg. Paraquat lowered Leydig cell Hsd17b3, Srd5a1, and Hsd11b1 mRNA levels but increased Hsd3b1 on post-EDS day 35. Paraquat lowered Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, and Hsd11b1 but increased Srd5a1 on post-EDS day 56. However, paraquat did not alter Leydig cell number and PCNA labeling index. Epididymal staining showed that few sperms were observed in paraquat-treated rats. Primary culture of adult Leydig cells showed that paraquat diminished testosterone output and induced reactive oxygen species generation at 1 and 10 μM and apoptosis rate at 10 μM. In conclusion, a short-term exposure to paraquat delays Leydig cell regeneration from stem/progenitor Leydig cells, causing low production of testosterone and an arrest of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huitao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Songxue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Chaobo Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yinghui Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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18
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Rebourcet D, Monteiro A, Cruickshanks L, Jeffery N, Smith S, Milne L, O’Shaughnessy PJ, Smith LB. Relationship of transcriptional markers to Leydig cell number in the mouse testis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219524. [PMID: 31291327 PMCID: PMC6619764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The current study aims to identify markers that would reflect the number of Leydig cells present in the testis, to help determine whether labour-intensive methods such as stereology are necessary. We used our well-characterised Sertoli cell ablation model in which we have empirically established the size of the Leydig cell population, to try to identify transcriptional biomarkers indicative of population size. Results Following characterisation of the Leydig cell population after Sertoli cell ablation in neonatal life or adulthood, we identified Hsd3b1 transcript levels as a potential indicator of Leydig cell number with utility for informing decision-making on whether to engage in time-consuming stereological cell counting analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Rebourcet
- Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Ana Monteiro
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lyndsey Cruickshanks
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Jeffery
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Milne
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. O’Shaughnessy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lee B. Smith
- Faculty of Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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19
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Dutta D, Park I, Guililat H, Sang S, Talapatra A, Singhal B, Mills NC. Testosterone regulates granzyme K expression in rat testes. Endocr Regul 2019; 51:193-204. [PMID: 29232193 DOI: 10.1515/enr-2017-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Testosterone depletion induces increased germ cell apoptosis in testes. However, limited studies exist on genes that regulate the germ cell apoptosis. Granzymes (GZM) are serine proteases that induce apoptosis in various tissues. Multiple granzymes, including GZMA, GZMB and GZMN, are present in testes. Th us, we investigated which granzyme may be testosterone responsive and possibly may have a role in germ cell apoptosis aft er testosterone depletion. METHODS Ethylene dimethane sulfonate (EDS), a toxicant that selectively ablates the Leydig cells, was injected into rats to withdraw the testosterone. The testosterone depletion effects after 7 days post-EDS were verified by replacing the testosterone exogenously into EDS-treated rats. Serum or testicular testosterone was measured by radioimmunoassay. Using qPCR, mRNAs of granzyme variants in testes were quantified. The germ cell apoptosis was identified by TUNEL assay and the localization of GZMK was by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS EDS treatment eliminated the Leydig cells and depleted serum and testicular testosterone. At 7 days post-EDS, testis weights were reduced 18% with increased germ cell apoptosis plus elevation GZMK expression. GZMK was not associated with TUNEL-positive cells, but was localized to stripped cytoplasm of spermatids. In addition, apoptotic round spermatids were observed in the caput epididymis. CONCLUSIONS GZMK expression in testes is testosterone dependent. GZMK is located adjacent to germ cells in seminiferous tubules and the presence of apoptotic round spermatids in the epididymis suggest its role in the degradation of microtubules in ectoplasmic specializations. Thus, overexpression of GZMK may indirectly regulate germ cell apoptosis by premature release of round spermatids from seminiferous tubule lumen.
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20
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Lu H, Zhang H, Gao J, Li Z, Bao S, Chen X, Wang Y, Ge R, Ye L. Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid on stem Leydig cell functions in the rat. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:206-215. [PMID: 30999198 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic (PFOS) are two perfluorinated chemical products widely existing in the environment. Evidence suggested that PFOA might relate to male reproductive dysfunction in rats and humans. PFOA exposure inhibited the function of Leydig cells. However, it is still unknown whether PFOA affects stem Leydig cells (SLCs). In the present study, we examined the effects of a short-term exposure to PFOA on Leydig cell regeneration and also explored the possible mechanism involved. Thirty-six adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups and intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of 75 mg/kg ethane dimethyl sulfonate (EDS) to eliminate all Leydig cells. From post-EDS day 7, the 3 group rats received 0, 25 or 50 mg/kg/day PFOA (n = 12 per group) for 9 consecutive days. Exposure to PFOA significantly decreased serum testosterone levels by day 21 and day 56 post-EDS treatment. Also, the expression levels of Leydig cell specific genes (Lhcgr, Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Hsd11b1 and Cyp17a1) and their protein levels were all down-regulated. PFOA exposure may also affect proliferation of SLCs or their progeny since the numbers of PCNA-positive Leydig cells were reduced by post-EDS day 21. These in vivo observations were also confirmed by in vitro studies where the effects of PFOA were tested by culture of seminiferous tubules. In summary, PFOA exposure inhibits the development of Leydig cells, possibly by affecting both the proliferation and differentiation of SLCs or their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemin Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi'an Men Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Huishan Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi'an Men Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Suhao Bao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Xianwu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
| | - Leping Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, No.1 Xi'an Men Street, West District, Beijing, 100034, China; Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China.
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21
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Duan Y, Wang Y, Li X, Mo J, Guo X, Li C, Tu M, Ge F, Zheng W, Lin J, Ge R. Fibroblast growth factor 16 stimulates proliferation but blocks differentiation of rat stem Leydig cells during regeneration. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2632-2644. [PMID: 30672118 PMCID: PMC6433688 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aim to investigate the effects of fibroblast growth factor 16 (FGF16) on Leydig cell regeneration in ethane dimethane sulphonate (EDS)-treated rat testis. METHODS We intraperitoneally inject 75 mg/kg EDS to adult male Sprague Dawley rats and then intratesticularly inject FGF16 (0, 10 and 100 ng/testis/day) from post-EDS day 14 for 14 days. We investigate serum hormone levels, Leydig cell number, gene and protein expression in vivo. We also explore the effects of FGF16 treatment on stem Leydig cell proliferation in vitro. RESULTS FGF16 lowers serum testosterone levels (21.6% of the control at a dose of 100 ng/testis) without affecting the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on post-EDS day 28 in vivo. FGF16 increases Leydig cell number at doses of 10 and 100 ng/mg without affecting Sertoli cell number, increases the percentage of PCNA-positive Leydig cells, and down-regulates the expression of Leydig cell genes (Lhcgr, Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1 and Hsd17b3) and Sertoli cell genes (Fshr, Dhh and Sox9) and their proteins in vivo. FGF16 increases phosphorylation of AKT1 and AKT2 as well as EKR1/2 in vivo, indicating that it possibly acts via AKT1/ATK2 and ERK1/2 pathways. FGF16 also lowers medium testosterone levels and down-regulates the expression of Leydig cell genes (Lhcgr, Scarb1, Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1 and Hsd17b3) but increases EdU incorporation into stem Leydig cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that FGF16 stimulates stem and progenitor Leydig cell proliferation but blocks their differentiation, thus lowering testosterone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Duan
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jiaying Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaoling Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Mengyan Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
- Department of PediatricsIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York CityNew York
| | - Ren‐Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s HospitalWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiangChina
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22
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Chen L, Li X, Wang Y, Song T, Li H, Xie L, Li L, Chen X, Ma L, Chen Y, Lv Y, Li X, Ge RS. Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Promotes Rat Stem Leydig Cell Development. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:118. [PMID: 30906280 PMCID: PMC6418010 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) is reported to be expressed in the testis. How FGF1 affects stem Leydig cell development remains unclear. Here, we report the effects of FGF1 on rat stem Leydig cell development in an ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS)-treated model. FGF1 (100 ng/testis) significantly increased serum testosterone level, increased PCNA-positive Leydig cell percentage and Leydig cell number, but down-regulated the expression of Lhcgr, Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1, and Hsd11b1 in Leydig cells per se, after its daily intratesticular injection from post-EDS day 14 for 14 days. Primary culture of the seminiferous tubules showed that FGF1 stimulated EdU incorporation to stem Leydig cells but blocked the differentiation into the Leydig cell lineage, possibly via FGFR1-mediated mechanism. In conclusion, FGF1 promotes stem Leydig cell proliferation but blocks its differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou People's Hospital, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated Nantong University, Taizhou, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lubin Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linchao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianwu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Leikai Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yao Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xingwang Li
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Ren-Shan Ge
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Coskun G, Sencar L, Tuli A, Saker D, Alparslan MM, Polat S. Effects of Osteocalcin on Synthesis of Testosterone and INSL3 during Adult Leydig Cell Differentiation. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:1041760. [PMID: 31558901 PMCID: PMC6735183 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1041760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation and differentiation of adult Leydig cells are mainly completed in puberty. In many studies, apart from normal postnatal development process, it is widely indicated that, through administrating EDS, Leydig cell population is eliminated and regenerated. It is believed that osteocalcin released from osteoblasts, which is responsible for modulating bone metabolism, induces testosterone production in Leydig cells, independent of the HPG axis. In addition, INSL3 produced by Leydig cells, such as testosterone, plays a critical role in bone metabolism and is known to reflect the development process and functional capacities of Leydig cells. This study is aimed at investigating OC-mediated testosterone regulation and INSL3 synthesis during differentiation of adult Leydig cells that are independent of LH. For this purpose, male rats were divided into 2 groups: prepubertal normal rats and adult EDS-injected rats. Each group was divided into 4 subgroups in which GnRH antagonist or OC was applied. After adult Leydig cells completed their development, testicular tissue samples obtained from the sacrificed rats were examined by light-electron microscopic, immunohistochemical, and biochemical methods. Slight upregulation in 3βHSD, INSL3, and GPRC6A expressions along with the increase in serum testosterone levels was observed in groups treated with osteocalcin against GnRH antagonist. In addition, biochemical and microscopic findings in osteocalcin treated groups were similar to those in control groups. While there was no significant difference in the number of Leydig cells reported, the presence of a significant upregulation in INSL3 and GPRC6A expressions and the increase in serum testosterone and ucOC levels were observed. After evaluation of findings altogether, it is put forward that, for the first time in this study, although osteocalcin treatment made no significant difference in the number of Leydig cells, it increased the level of testosterone through improving the function of existing adult Leydig cells during normal postnatal development process and post-EDS regeneration. This positive correlation between osteocalcin-testosterone and osteocalcin-INSL3 is concluded to be independent of LH at in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfidan Coskun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana TR01330, Turkey
| | - Leman Sencar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana TR01330, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Tuli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana TR01330, Turkey
| | - Dilek Saker
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana TR01330, Turkey
| | | | - Sait Polat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Cukurova University, Adana TR01330, Turkey
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24
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Wang Y, Xie L, Tian E, Li X, Wen Z, Li L, Chen L, Zhong Y, Ge RS. Oncostatin M inhibits differentiation of rat stem Leydig cells in vivo and in vitro. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:426-438. [PMID: 30320465 PMCID: PMC6307848 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleiotropic cytokine within the interleukin six family of cytokines, which regulate cell growth and differentiation in a wide variety of biological systems. However, its action and underlying mechanisms on stem Leydig cell development are unclear. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether OSM affects the proliferation and differentiation of rat stem Leydig cells. We used a Leydig cell regeneration model in rat testis and a unique seminiferous tubule culture system after ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS) treatment to assess the ability of OSM in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of rat stem Leydig cells. Intratesticular injection of OSM (10 and 100 ng/testis) from post-EDS day 14 to 28 blocked the regeneration of Leydig cells by reducing serum testosterone levels without affecting serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. It also decreased the levels of Leydig cell-specific mRNAs (Lhcgr, Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1 and Hsd11b1) and their proteins by the RNA-Seq and Western blotting analysis. OSM had no effect on the proliferative capacity of Leydig cells in vivo. In the seminiferous tubule culture system, OSM (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 ng/mL) inhibited the differentiation of stem Leydig cells by reducing medium testosterone levels and downregulating the expression of Leydig cell-specific genes (Lhcgr, Star, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1 and Hsd11b1) and their proteins. OSM-mediated action was reversed by S3I-201 (a STAT3 antagonist) or filgotinib (a JAK1 inhibitor). These data suggest that OSM is an inhibitory factor of rat stem Leydig cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lubin Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Erpo Tian
- Jinjiang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zina Wen
- Jinjiang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Linchao Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Jinjiang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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25
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Wang Y, Chen L, Xie L, Li L, Li X, Li H, Liu J, Chen X, Mao B, Song T, Lian Q, Ge RS. Interleukin 6 inhibits the differentiation of rat stem Leydig cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 472:26-39. [PMID: 29180110 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation causes male hypogonadism. Several inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), are released into the blood and may suppress Leydig cell development. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether IL-6 affected the proliferation and differentiation of rat stem Leydig cells. Leydig cell-depleted rat testis (in vivo) and seminiferous tubules (in vitro) with ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS) were used to explore the effects of IL-6 on stem Leydig cell development. Intratesticular injection of IL-6 (10 and 100 ng/testis) from post-EDS day 14 to 28 blocked the regeneration of Leydig cells, as shown by the lower serum testosterone levels (21.6% of the control at 100 ng/testis dose), the down-regulated Leydig cell gene (Lhcgr, Star, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3) expressions, and the reduced Leydig cell number. Stem Leydig cells on the surface of the seminiferous tubules were induced to enter the Leydig cell lineage in vitro in the medium containing luteinizing hormone and lithium. IL-6 (1, 10, and 100 ng/ml) concentration-dependently decreased testosterone production and Lhcgr, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1, Hsd17b3 and Insl3 mRNA levels. The IL-6 mediated effects were antagonized by Janus kinase 1 (JAK) inhibitor (filgotinib) and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitor (S3I-201), indicating that a JAK-STAT3 signaling pathway is involved. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that IL-6 was an inhibitory factor of stem Leydig cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China; Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Lubin Xie
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Linchao Li
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Huitao Li
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianpeng Liu
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwu Chen
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Baiping Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China; Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Zhang ZY, Xing XY, Ju GQ, Zhong L, Sun J. Mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord ameliorate testicular dysfunction in a male rat hypogonadism model. Asian J Androl 2018; 19:543-547. [PMID: 27586027 PMCID: PMC5566847 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.186186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deficiency is a physical disorder that not only affects adults but can also jeopardize children's health. Because there are many disadvantages to using traditional androgen replacement therapy, we have herein attempted to explore the use of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of androgen deficiency. We transplanted CM-Dil-labeled human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into the testes of an ethane dimethanesulfonate (EDS)-induced male rat hypogonadism model. Twenty-one days after transplantation, we found that blood testosterone levels in the therapy group were higher than that of the control group (P = 0.037), and using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, we observed that some of the CM-Dil-labeled cells expressed Leydig cell markers for cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily A, polypeptide 1, and 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. We then recovered these cells and observed that they were still able to proliferate in vitro. The present study shows that mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord may constitute a promising therapeutic modality for the treatment of male hypogonadism patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Xing
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Guan-Qun Ju
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
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27
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Wang Y, Li X, Ge F, Yuan K, Su Z, Wang G, Lian Q, Ge RS. Platelet-derived growth factor BB stimulates differentiation of rat immature Leydig cells. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:29-43. [PMID: 29259043 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is one family of growth factors that regulate cell growth and differentiation. Rat Leydig cells express PDGF-β receptor (PDGFRB) during pubertal development. However, the mechanism of PDGF in the regulation of Leydig cell development is unclear. In the present study, rat immature Leydig cells were isolated from the testes of 35-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats and treated with 1 and 10 ng/mL of PDGF-BB. After 24 h of treatment, these cells were harvested for genomics profiling and the medium steroids were measured. 1 and 10 ng/mL PDGF-BB significantly increased androgen production by rat immature Leydig cells. Genomics profiling analysis showed that the expression levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (Star) were increased by 2-fold. Further analysis showed that Fos expression level was increased 2- and 5-fold by 1 and 10 ng/mL PDGF-BB, respectively. In conclusion, PDGF-BB stimulated the differentiation of rat immature Leydig cells via regulating Star.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ge
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiming Yuan
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijian Su
- Institutes of Life and Health EngineeringJinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guimin Wang
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
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28
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Soffientini U, Rebourcet D, Abel MH, Lee S, Hamilton G, Fowler PA, Smith LB, O'Shaughnessy PJ. Identification of Sertoli cell-specific transcripts in the mouse testis and the role of FSH and androgen in the control of Sertoli cell activity. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:972. [PMID: 29246116 PMCID: PMC5731206 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Sertoli cells act to induce testis differentiation and subsequent development in fetal and post-natal life which makes them key to an understanding of testis biology. As a major step towards characterisation of factors involved in Sertoli cell function we have identified Sertoli cell-specific transcripts in the mouse testis and have used the data to identify Sertoli cell-specific transcripts altered in mice lacking follicle-stimulating hormone receptors (FSHRKO) and/or androgen receptors (AR) in the Sertoli cells (SCARKO). Results Adult iDTR mice were injected with busulfan to ablate the germ cells and 50 days later they were treated with diphtheria toxin (DTX) to ablate the Sertoli cells. RNAseq carried out on testes from control, busulfan-treated and busulfan + DTX-treated mice identified 701 Sertoli-specific transcripts and 4302 germ cell-specific transcripts. This data was mapped against results from microarrays using testicular mRNA from 20 day-old FSHRKO, SCARKO and FSHRKO.SCARKO mice. Results show that of the 534 Sertoli cell-specific transcripts present on the gene chips, 85% were altered in the FSHRKO mice and 94% in the SCARKO mice (mostly reduced in both cases). In the FSHRKO.SCARKO mice additive or synergistic effects were seen for most transcripts. Age-dependent studies on a selected number of Sertoli cell-specific transcripts, showed that the marked effects in the FSHRKO at 20 days had largely disappeared by adulthood although synergistic effects of FSHR and AR knockout were seen. Conclusions These studies have identified the Sertoli cell-specific transcriptome in the mouse testis and have shown that most genes in the transcriptome are FSH- and androgen-dependent at puberty although the importance of FSH diminishes towards adulthood. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4357-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Soffientini
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK
| | - D Rebourcet
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK.,MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - M H Abel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clarke Building, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - S Lee
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clarke Building, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - G Hamilton
- Glasgow Polyomics, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK
| | - P A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - L B Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.,School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, 2308, Australia
| | - P J O'Shaughnessy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G61 1QH, Glasgow, UK.
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Song T, Wang Y, Li H, Chen L, Liu J, Chen X, Li X, Li X, Li L, Lian Q, Ge RS. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Promotes Rat Stem Leydig Cell Differentiation. Front Physiol 2017; 8:911. [PMID: 29180966 PMCID: PMC5693895 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory factors for stem Leydig cell development are largely unknown. Herein, we reported that parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) may be a factor to regulate this process. The effects of PTHrP on rat stem Leydig cell proliferation and differentiation were investigated using a stem Leydig cell culture system and an ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS)-treated in vivo Leydig cell regeneration model. PTHrP (1,000 pg/ml) significantly increased medium testosterone level and up-regulated STAR, CYP17A1, and 17β-HSD3 expressions. Co-treatment with PKA inhibitor H-89 or PKC inhibitor U73122 reversed PTHrP-mediated increase of testosterone production in vitro. Intratesticular injection of PTHrP (100 ng/testis) into the Leydig cell-depleted testis from post-EDS day 7 to 21 significantly increased serum testosterone level, up-regulated LHCGR, SCARB1, CYP11A1, 11β-HSD1, and CYP17A1 expressions. It also enlarged Leydig cell size without affecting PCNA-labeled Leydig cell number. This indicates that PTHrP promotes stem Leydig cell differentiation. PTHrP in vivo increased CREB and p-CREB levels, suggesting that PTHrP acts via a PKA-CREB signaling pathway. In conclusion, PTHrP stimulates stem Leydig cell differentiation without affecting its proliferation, showing its novel action and mechanism on rat stem Leydig cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huitao Li
- Center of Scientific Research, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianpeng Liu
- Center of Scientific Research, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianwu Chen
- Center of Scientific Research, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Center of Scientific Research, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linxi Li
- Center of Scientific Research, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Center of Scientific Research, Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Penny GM, Cochran RB, Pihlajoki M, Kyrönlahti A, Schrade A, Häkkinen M, Toppari J, Heikinheimo M, Wilson DB. Probing GATA factor function in mouse Leydig cells via testicular injection of adenoviral vectors. Reproduction 2017; 154:455-467. [PMID: 28710293 PMCID: PMC5589507 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Testicular Leydig cells produce androgens essential for proper male reproductive development and fertility. Here, we describe a new Leydig cell ablation model based on Cre/Lox recombination of mouse Gata4 and Gata6, two genes implicated in the transcriptional regulation of steroidogenesis. The testicular interstitium of adult Gata4flox/flox ; Gata6flox/flox mice was injected with adenoviral vectors encoding Cre + GFP (Ad-Cre-IRES-GFP) or GFP alone (Ad-GFP). The vectors efficiently and selectively transduced Leydig cells, as evidenced by GFP reporter expression. Three days after Ad-Cre-IRES-GFP injection, expression of androgen biosynthetic genes (Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1 and Hsd17b3) was reduced, whereas expression of another Leydig cell marker, Insl3, was unchanged. Six days after Ad-Cre-IRES-GFP treatment, the testicular interstitium was devoid of Leydig cells, and there was a concomitant loss of all Leydig cell markers. Chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, mitochondrial swelling, and other ultrastructural changes were evident in the degenerating Leydig cells. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated reduced levels of androstenedione and testosterone in testes from mice injected with Ad-Cre-IRES-GFP. Late effects of treatment included testicular atrophy, infertility and the accumulation of lymphoid cells in the testicular interstitium. We conclude that adenoviral-mediated gene delivery is an expeditious way to probe Leydig cell function in vivo Our findings reinforce the notion that GATA factors are key regulators of steroidogenesis and testicular somatic cell survival.Free Finnish abstract: A Finnish translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/154/4/455/suppl/DC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervette M Penny
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rebecca B Cochran
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marjut Pihlajoki
- Children's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Kyrönlahti
- Children's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Schrade
- Children's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Häkkinen
- University of Eastern FinlandSchool of Pharmacy, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Biomedicine, University of Turku and Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Children's HospitalUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David B Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Developmental BiologyWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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31
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Wu X, Liu J, Duan Y, Gao S, Lü Y, Li X, Zhu Q, Chen X, Lin J, Ye L, Ge RS. A Short-Term Exposure to Tributyltin Blocks Leydig Cell Regeneration in the Adult Rat Testis. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:704. [PMID: 29075189 PMCID: PMC5643909 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tributyltin (TBT) is widely used as an antifouling agent that may cause reproductive toxicity. The mechanism of TBT on Leydig cell development is still unknown. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether a brief exposure to low doses of TBT permanently affects Leydig cell development and to clarify the underlying mechanism. Methods: Adult male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups and gavaged normal saline (control), 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 mg/kg/day TBT for a consecutive 10 days, respectively. At the end of TBT treatment, all rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of 75 mg/kg ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS) to eliminate all of adult Leydig cells. Leydig cells began a developmental regeneration process on post-EDS day 35. The Leydig cell regeneration was evaluated by measuring serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels on post-EDS day 7, 35, and 56, the expression levels of Leydig cell genes, Leydig cell morphology and number and proliferation on post-EDS day 56. Results: TBT significantly reduced serum testosterone levels on post-EDS day 35 and 56 and increased serum luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels on post-EDS day 56 at ≥1 mg/kg/day. Immunohistochemical staining showed that there were fewer regenerated Leydig cells in the TBT-treated testis on post-EDS day 56. Further study demonstrated that the mRNA or protein levels of Leydig (Lhcgr, Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3) and Sertoli cells (Fshr, Dhh, and Sox9) were significantly down-regulated in the TBT-treated testes when compared to the control. Immunofluorescent staining showed that TBT inhibited Leydig cell proliferation as judged by the reduced number of proliferating cyclin nuclear antigen-positive Leydig cells on post-EDS day 35. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that a short-term TBT exposure blocked Leydig cell developmental regeneration process via down-regulating steroidogenesis-related proteins and inhibiting the proliferation of Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianpeng Liu
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yue Duan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Gao
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yao Lü
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xianwu Chen
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Leping Ye
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ren-Shan Ge, Leping Ye,
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Center of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ren-Shan Ge, Leping Ye,
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32
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In utero perfluorooctane sulfonate exposure causes low body weights of fetal rats: A mechanism study. Placenta 2016; 39:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Smith LB, O'Shaughnessy PJ, Rebourcet D. Cell-specific ablation in the testis: what have we learned? Andrology 2015; 3:1035-49. [PMID: 26446427 PMCID: PMC4950036 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Testicular development and function is the culmination of a complex process of autocrine, paracrine and endocrine interactions between multiple cell types. Dissecting this has classically involved the use of systemic treatments to perturb endocrine function, or more recently, transgenic models to knockout individual genes. However, targeting genes one at a time does not capture the more wide‐ranging role of each cell type in its entirety. An often overlooked, but extremely powerful approach to elucidate cellular function is the use of cell ablation strategies, specifically removing one cellular population and examining the resultant impacts on development and function. Cell ablation studies reveal a more holistic overview of cell–cell interactions. This not only identifies important roles for the ablated cell type, which warrant further downstream study, but also, and importantly, reveals functions within the tissue that occur completely independently of the ablated cell type. To date, cell ablation studies in the testis have specifically removed germ cells, Leydig cells, macrophages and recently Sertoli cells. These studies have provided great leaps in understanding not possible via other approaches; as such, cell ablation represents an essential component in the researchers’ tool‐kit, and should be viewed as a complement to the more mainstream approaches to advancing our understanding of testis biology. In this review, we summarise the cell ablation models used in the testis, and discuss what each of these have taught us about testis development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P J O'Shaughnessy
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, UK
| | - D Rebourcet
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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34
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Lin H, Yuan KM, Zhou HY, Bu T, Su H, Liu S, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Hu Y, Shan Y, Lian QQ, Wu XY, Ge RS. Time-course changes of steroidogenic gene expression and steroidogenesis of rat Leydig cells after acute immobilization stress. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21028-44. [PMID: 25405735 PMCID: PMC4264210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leydig cells secrete testosterone, which is essential for male fertility and reproductive health. Stress increases the secretion of glucocorticoid (corticosterone, CORT; in rats), which decreases circulating testosterone levels in part through a direct action by binding to the glucocorticoid receptors (NR3C1) in Leydig cells. The intratesticular CORT level is dependent on oxidative inactivation of glucocorticoid by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1) in Leydig cells. In the present study, we investigated the time-course changes of steroidogenic gene expression levels after acute immobilization stress in rats. The plasma CORT levels were significantly increased 0.5, 1, 3 and 6 h after immobilization stress, while plasma testosterone levels were significantly reduced 3 and 6 h, after stress and luteinizing hormone (LH) did not change. Immobilization stress caused the down-regulation of Scarb1, Star and Cyp17a1 expression levels in the rat testis starting at the first hour of stress, ahead of the significant decreases of plasma testosterone levels. Other mRNA levels, including Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1 and Hsd17b3, began to decline after 3 h. Hsd11b1 and Nos2 mRNA levels did not change during the course of stress. Administration of glucocorticoid antagonist RU486 significantly restored plasma testosterone levels. In conclusion, Scarb1, Star and Cyp17a1 expression levels are more sensitive to acute stress, and acute immobilization stress causes the decline of the steroidogenic pathway via elevating the levels of glucocorticoid, which binds to NR3C1 in Leydig cells to inhibit steroidogenic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Kai-ming Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Hong-yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology of School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tiao Bu
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Huina Su
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Shiwen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
| | - Yuanyuan Shan
- Research Academy of Reproductive Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qing-quan Lian
- Department of Pharmacology of School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiao-yun Wu
- Huzhou Maternity & Child Care Hospital, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ren-shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital.
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