1
|
Zhao A, Sun Q, Zhang J, Hu T, Zhou X, Wang C, Liu J, Wang B. Substance basis and pharmacological mechanism of heat-clearing herbs in the treatment of ischaemic encephalopathy: a systematic review and network pharmacology. Ann Med 2024; 56:2308077. [PMID: 38285889 PMCID: PMC10826791 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2308077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Ischaemic encephalopathy is a common cerebrovascular disease caused by insufficient blood supply to the cerebral vessels. The ischaemic encephalopathy is closely associated with the development of many chronic diseases such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes. Neurotrophic therapy has become the main therapeutic strategy for ischaemic encephalopathy. However, neurotrophic drugs only slightly recover the neurological function of patients, and their long-term efficacy is uncertain. Previous reports revealed that the active ingredients of natural medicines play important roles in the treatment of cerebral ischemia. In this study, we reviewed clearing herbs with anti-ischaemic encephalopathy functions using the data from quantitative statistical and network pharmacological exploration methods. We also discussed the different bioactive components and pharmacological effects of these herbs. METHODS First, we collected Chinese herbal prescriptions against ischaemic encephalopathy in four databases. Then, we statistically analysed the frequency of application of heat-clearing herbs to obtain the commonly used heat-clearing herbs against ischaemic encephalopathy, and classified them according to their efficacy according to the statistical results, to summarize the mechanism of anti-ischaemic effects of different bioactive components; Second, the network database was used to obtain the above components of heat-clearing Chinese medicines and their corresponding targets of action, disease targets of ischaemic stroke; Venny 2.1.0 was used to obtain component-disease target intersections; Cytoscape was used to construct the 'Drug-Active Ingredient-Target Network Graph '; DAVID was used for GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. RESULTS Literature and database screening involved 149 prescriptions, with a total of 269 flavours of Chinese medicines and 20 flavours of single-flavour heat-clearing Chinese medicines; The top nine in terms of frequency of use were Radix Paeoniae Rubra、Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata、Figwort Root、Cortex Moutan、Scutellariae Radix、Coptidis Rhizoma、Gardeniae Fructus、Cassiae Semen、Lonicerae Japonicae Flos. The common components obtained from network pharmacology were beta-sitosterol, quercetin, and stigmasterol, which mainly act on key targets such as RELA, AKT1, JUN, PRKACA, PTGS2, RAF1 and CHUK; and their active ingredients are mainly involved in signalling pathways such as Calcium, PI3K-Ak, MAPK, cAMP, IL-17, HIF-1, TNF, T-cell receptor, NF-kappa B and JAK-STAT. CONCLUSIONS Heat-clearing herbs are useful and promising for the protection against and prevention of ischemic encephalopathy. The results of the network pharmacological studies are similar to the mechanisms of anti-ischemic encephalopathy of the active ingredients of the purgative herbs we have listed; Thin either directly protects cerebrovascular tissues by improving vascular permeability and reducing the area of infarcted tissues, or produces protective effects through molecular signaling pathways. It can be seen that the components of heat-clearing Chinese medicines can exert cerebroprotective effects through multiple pathways, which provides us with a reference for further development and study of heat-clearing Chinese medicines in the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zhao
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Brain Health Industry of Chinese Medicine, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Tian Hu
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xuewei Zhou
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Brain Health Industry of Chinese Medicine, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiping Liu
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Brain Health Industry of Chinese Medicine, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Material Basis of Chinese Medicine of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
- Engineering Research Center of Brain Health Industry of Chinese Medicine, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xianyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li L, Shi C, Dong F, Xu G, Lei M, Zhang F. Targeting pyroptosis to treat ischemic stroke: From molecular pathways to treatment strategy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112168. [PMID: 38688133 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the primary reason for human disability and death, but the available treatment options are limited. Hence, it is imperative to explore novel and efficient therapies. In recent years, pyroptosis (a pro-inflammatory cell death characterized by inflammation) has emerged as an important pathological mechanism in ischemic stroke that can cause cell death through plasma membrane rupture and release of inflammatory cytokines. Pyroptosis is closely associated with inflammation, which exacerbates the inflammatory response in ischemic stroke. The level of inflammasomes, GSDMD, Caspases, and inflammatory factors is increased after ischemic stroke, exacerbating brain injury by mediating pyroptosis. Hence, inhibition of pyroptosis can be a therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. In this review, we have summarized the relationship between pyroptosis and ischemic stroke, as well as a series of treatments to attenuate pyroptosis, intending to provide insights for new therapeutic targets on ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Chonglin Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Guangyu Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Mingcheng Lei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen C, Ai Q, Shi A, Wang N, Wang L, Wei Y. Oleanolic acid and ursolic acid: therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric diseases and other brain disorders. Nutr Neurosci 2023; 26:414-428. [PMID: 35311613 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2022.2051957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric diseases have become serious threatens to human health and quality of life. Oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) are pentacyclic triterpenoid isomers widely distributed in various plant foods and Chinese herbal medicines. Accumulating evidence indicates that OA and UA exhibit neuroprotective effects on multiple brain disorders. Therefore, this paper reviews researches of OA and UA on neurodegenerative diseases, neuropsychiatric diseases and other brain disorders including ischemic stroke, epilepsy, etc, as well as the potential underlying molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qidi Ai
- Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces and College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Axi Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of General medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Pediatric surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang S, Peng B, Chen Z, Yu J, Deng G, Bao Y, Ma C, Du F, Sheu WC, Kimberly WT, Simard JM, Coman D, Chen Q, Hyder F, Zhou J, Sheth KN. Brain-targeting, acid-responsive antioxidant nanoparticles for stroke treatment and drug delivery. Bioact Mater 2022; 16:57-65. [PMID: 35386312 PMCID: PMC8958421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability. Currently, there is no effective pharmacological treatment for this disease, which can be partially attributed to the inability to efficiently deliver therapeutics to the brain. Here we report the development of natural compound-derived nanoparticles (NPs), which function both as a potent therapeutic agent for stroke treatment and as an efficient carrier for drug delivery to the ischemic brain. First, we screened a collection of natural nanomaterials and identified betulinic acid (BA) as one of the most potent antioxidants for stroke treatment. Next, we engineered BA NPs for preferential drug release in acidic ischemic tissue through chemically converting BA to betulinic amine (BAM) and for targeted drug delivery through surface conjugation of AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist. The resulting AMD3100-conjugated BAM NPs, or A-BAM NPs, were then assessed as a therapeutic agent for stroke treatment and as a carrier for delivery of NA1, a neuroprotective peptide. We show that intravenous administration of A-BAM NPs effectively improved recovery from stroke and its efficacy was further enhanced when NA1 was encapsulated. Due to their multifunctionality and significant efficacy, we anticipate that A-BAM NPs have the potential to be translated both as a therapeutic agent and as a drug carrier to improve the treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Key Words
- A-BAM NPs, A-BAM NPs
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Acid-triggered release
- Antioxidant nanoparticles
- BA, betulinic acid
- BAM, betulinic amine
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- BIRDS, biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts
- BT, ß-sitosterol
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DTA, dehydrotrametenolic acid
- DYDA, diketohydrindylidene diketohydrindamine
- Drug delivery
- GA, glycyrrhetic acid
- Ischemic stroke
- LCMS, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
- LP, lupeol
- MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion
- NA1
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- NP, nanoparticle
- OA, oleanolic acid
- PAA, poricoic acid
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- SA, sumaresinolic acid
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- ST, stigmasterol
- TEM, transmission electron microscope
- TTC, triphenyltetrazolium chloride
- UA, ursolic acid
- tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chao Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, USA
| | | | | | - W. Taylor Kimberly
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neurocritical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. Marc Simard
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Daniel Coman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, USA
| | - Qianxue Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, China
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, USA
| | - Kevin N. Sheth
- Department of Neurosurgery, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oleanolic Acid Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Regulation of the GSK-3β/HO-1 Signaling Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010001. [PMID: 35056059 PMCID: PMC8781522 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA), a bioactive ingredient of Panax ginseng, exhibits neuroprotective pharmacological effects. However, the protective role of OA in cerebral ischemia and involved mechanisms remain unclear. This study attempted to explore the therapeutic effects of OA both in vitro and in vivo. OA attenuated cytotoxicity and overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) by regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signal in oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-exposed SH-SY5Y cells. Additionally, OA administration significantly reduced the area of cerebral infarction and the neurological scores in the rat models of cerebral ischemia with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). The OA administration group showed a higher percentage of Nissl+ and NeuN+ cells, along with lower TUNEL+ ratios in the infarct area of MCAO rats. Moreover, OA administration reduced ROS production while it suppressed the GSK-3β activation and upregulated the HO-1 expression in infarcted tissue. Our results illustrated that OA significantly counteracted cerebral ischemia-mediated injury through antioxidant effects induced by the regulation of the GSK-3β/HO-1 signaling pathway, implicating OA as a promising neuroprotective drug for the therapy of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
|
6
|
In silico ADMET and molecular docking study on searching potential inhibitors from limonoids and triterpenoids for COVID-19. Comput Biol Med 2020; 124:103936. [PMID: 32738628 PMCID: PMC7386496 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Virtual screening of phytochemicals was performed through molecular docking, simulations, in silico ADMET and drug-likeness prediction to identify the potential hits that can inhibit the effects of SARS-CoV-2. Considering the published literature on medicinal importance, 154 phytochemicals with analogous structure from limonoids and triterpenoids were selected to search potential inhibitors for the five therapeutic protein targets of SARS-CoV-2, i.e., 3CLpro (main protease), PLpro (papain-like protease), SGp-RBD (spike glycoprotein-receptor binding domain), RdRp (RNA dependent RNA polymerase) and ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2). The in silico computational results revealed that the phytochemicals such as glycyrrhizic acid, limonin, 7-deacetyl-7-benzoylgedunin, maslinic acid, corosolic acid, obacunone and ursolic acid were found to be effective against the target proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The protein-ligand interaction study revealed that these phytochemicals bind with the amino acid residues at the active site of the target proteins. Therefore, the core structure of these potential hits can be used for further lead optimization to design drugs for SARS-CoV-2. Also, the medicinal plants containing these phytochemicals like licorice, neem, tulsi, citrus and olives can be used to formulate suitable therapeutic approaches in traditional medicines. 154 limonoids and triterpenoids were screened computationally to search potential inhibitors for COVID-19. Phytochemicals were screened by molecular docking, in silico ADMET and drug-likeness prediction. Docking studies of phytochemicals were performed with five therapeutic protein targets of SARS-CoV-2. 7 potential phytochemicals were proposed as potential hits against the SARS-CoV-2. Proposed phytochemicals are found mainly in neem, tulsi, citrus, licorice and olives.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang B, Saatman KE, Chen L. Therapeutic potential of natural compounds from Chinese medicine in acute and subacute phases of ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:416-424. [PMID: 31571650 PMCID: PMC6921351 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in adults worldwide, resulting in huge social and financial burdens. Extracts from herbs, especially those used in Chinese medicine, have emerged as new pharmaceuticals for stroke treatment. Here we review the evidence from preclinical studies investigating neuroprotective properties of Chinese medicinal compounds through their application in acute and subacute phases of ischemic stroke, and highlight potential mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects. It is noteworthy that many herbal compounds have been shown to target multiple mechanisms and in combinations may exert synergistic effects on signaling pathways, thereby attenuating multiple aspects of ischemic pathology. We conclude the paper with a general discussion of the prospects for novel natural compound-based regimens against stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- College of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Kathryn E Saatman
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang SQ, Lin KL, Law CY, Liu B, Fu XQ, Tse WS, Wong SSM, Sze SCW, Yung KKL. Oleanolic acid enhances neural stem cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro by inhibiting GSK3β activity. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:48. [PMID: 30345079 PMCID: PMC6189131 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA), one of the bioactive ingredients in ginseng, has been reported to have neuroprotective activities. However, the effects and its mechanism on neural stem cell (NSC) induction are not entirely clear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of OA on promoting the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs). Migration and proliferation were investigated by using neural-specific markers, neurosphere assay, and Cell Counting Kit-8, respectively. We found OA remarkably promoted neural migration and proliferation of NSCs in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Differentiation was analyzed by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, which found MAP2 expression was remarkably increased, whereas Nestin was dramatically decreased. In addition, OA increased phosphorylation of GSK3β at Ser9 and expression of active forms of β-catenin. Furthermore, NSCs with constitutively active GSK3β (S9A) significantly suppressed the OA-induced proliferation and neural differentiation. These results showed that OA could stimulate NSC proliferation and neural differentiation in vitro via suppressing the activity of GSK3β. Our findings may have significant implications for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qing Zhang
- 1Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, China.,HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Li Lin
- 1Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, China.,HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cheuk Yu Law
- 1Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, China.,HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- 3Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu Qiong Fu
- 4Center for Cancer and Inflammation Research, School of Chinese Medicine, HKBU, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Sze Tse
- 1Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, China.,HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Samantha Sze Man Wong
- 1Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, China.,HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Stephen Cho Wing Sze
- 1Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, China.,HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ken Kin Lam Yung
- 1Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong, China.,HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oleanolic acid protects against cognitive decline and neuroinflammation-mediated neurotoxicity by blocking secretory phospholipase A2 IIA-activated calcium signals. Mol Immunol 2018; 99:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|