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Shang Z, Liu C, Qiao X, Ye M. Chemical analysis of the Chinese herbal medicine licorice (Gan-Cao): An update review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 299:115686. [PMID: 36067839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice, called Gan-Cao in China, is one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines. It is derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and G. inflata. Licorice is recorded in the pharmacopoeias of China, Japan, US, and Europe. AIM This review updates research progress of licorice from the perspectives of chemical analysis, quality evaluation, drug metabolism, and pharmacokinetic studies from 2009 to April 2022. MATERIALS AND METHODS Both English and Chinese literatures were collected from databases including PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science, and CNKI (Chinese). Licorice, extraction, structural characterization/identification, quality control, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics were used as keywords. RESULTS Newly developed analytical methods, including LC/UV, 2DLC, LC/MS, GC/MS, and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for chemical analysis of licorice were summarized. CONCLUSION This review provides a comprehensive summary on chemical analysis of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chenrui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China; Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Naeem A, Ming Y, Pengyi H, Jie KY, Yali L, Haiyan Z, Shuai X, Wenjing L, Ling W, Xia ZM, Shan LS, Qin Z. The fate of flavonoids after oral administration: a comprehensive overview of its bioavailability. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:6169-6186. [PMID: 33847202 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1898333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in synthetic chemistry, nature remains the primary source of drug discovery, and this never-ending task of finding novel and active drug molecules will continue. Flavonoids have been shown to possess highly significant therapeutic activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-aging, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective, etc., However, it has been found that orally administered flavonoids have a critical absorption disorder and, therefore, have low bioavailability and show fluctuating pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses. A detailed investigation is required to assess and analyze the variation in the bioavailability of flavonoids due to interactions with the intestinal barrier. This review will emphasize on the bioavailability and the pharmacological applications of flavonoids, key factors affecting their bioavailability, and strategies for enhancing bioavailability, which may lead to deeper understanding of the extent of flavonoids as a treatment and/or prevention for different diseases in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Naeem
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yang Ming
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hu Pengyi
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kang Yong Jie
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Liu Yali
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Science and Technology College, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Zhang Haiyan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiao Shuai
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Li Wenjing
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wu Ling
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhang Ming Xia
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liu Shan Shan
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zheng Qin
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab of Innovation Drug and Efficient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Ma L, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Liu T, Han F, Yin R. Characterization of the global metabolic profile of liquiritin in rat plasma, urine, bile and feces based on UHPLC-FT-ICR MS. RSC Adv 2018; 8:5945-5952. [PMID: 35539575 PMCID: PMC9078172 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquiritin is a major flavonoid in Radix Glycyrrhizae and it has been reported to possess various pharmacological activities. In the present work, a strategy based on an ultra high performance liquid chromatography combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (UHPLC-FT-ICR MS) method was proposed to systematically characterize the in vivo metabolites of liquiritin for the first time. After oral administration of liquiritin to rats in a single dose of 120 mg kg−1, the rat plasma, urine, feces and bile samples were collected and used to discover metabolites. As a result, besides the parent drug, a total of 76 metabolites (6 phase I and 70 phase II metabolites) of liquiritin were detected and tentatively identified. It was indicated that the metabolic pathways of liquiritin in rats included oxidation, reduction, deglycosylation, isomerization, methylation, glucuronidation and sulfation. In summary, the results could provide valuable information regarding the metabolism of liquiritin in rats, which could contribute to a better understanding of its action mechanism. Liquiritin is a major flavonoid in Radix Glycyrrhizae and it has been reported to possess various pharmacological activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Yangyang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Tianfeng Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Fei Han
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Ran Yin
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
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