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Abu Dail Y, Seitz B, Sideroudi H, Abdin AD. Impact of Intra-Retinal Fluids on Changes in Retinal Ganglion Cell and Nerve Fiber Layers in Neovascular AMD under Anti-VEGF Therapy. J Clin Med 2024; 13:5318. [PMID: 39274532 PMCID: PMC11396386 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13175318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the influence of intraretinal fluid (IRF) on change in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) and thickness in patients with naive neovascular AMD under anti-VEGF treatment. Design: post hoc analysis. Methods: 97 eyes of 83 patients on continuous therapy with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGF) and a follow-up of 24 months were included. RGCL and RNFL thickness in the perifoveal (-O), parafoveal (PF), and nasal areas and number of injections (IVI) were recorded before the first IVI as well as 1 and 2 years after initiating treatment and compared longitudinally and between groups with and without IRF. Results: The group with IRF at baseline had a higher RNFL thickness at baseline and showed a significant reduction in RNFL-PF between baseline and first and second follow-ups (p < 0.001) but not between first and second follow-ups. The group without IRF showed no significant reduction in RNFL over time. The presence of IRF was not associated with a reduction in RNFL-O or RNFL-nasal. RGCL thickness decreased significantly in both groups with and without IRF after 2 years. Number of IVIs showed no significant correlation to RNFL or RGCL after stratification for the presence of IRF. Conclusions: The presence of IRF has a significant influence on RNFL thickness at baseline as well as on its changes over time during anti-VEGF therapy. The preoperative presence of IRF should be considered when comparing changes in RNFL thickness after IVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Abu Dail
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Berthold Seitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Haris Sideroudi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Alaa Din Abdin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
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Viggiano P, Buonamassa R, Grassi MO, Boscia G, Borrelli E, Landini L, Evangelista F, Malerba MG, Alessio G, Boscia F. Immediate effect of anti-VEGF injections on optic nerve head: Correlation between intraocular pressure and anatomical peripapillary changes. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024; 34:1174-1182. [PMID: 37899575 DOI: 10.1177/11206721231210749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and radial peripapillary capillaries (RPC) changes on optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography and OCT thickness alterations associated with acutely increased intraocular pressure after intravitreal injections. METHODS This observational clinical study was conducted on 35 eyes (35 patients) with treatment-naïve age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and type 1 or type 2 MNV were enrolled. All patients underwent anti-vascular endothelial grow factor (VEGF) intravitreal injections with 0.05-mL aflibercept (2 mg) between January 2022 and October 2022. Peripapillary OCT angiography perfusion density, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were measured before and immediately after intravitreal injections. In particular, the analysis was performed at the following visits: (T0) 5 to 15 min before the injection of aflibercept; (T1) 2 to 5 min after the injection of aflibercept. Paired t-test was used to compare pre-injection and post-injection values. RESULTS The mean baseline IOP (T0) value was 17.26 ± 2.4 mmHg and the immediate post-injection IOP (T1) mean value was 34.7 ± 11.50 mmHg (P < 0.01). The mean global RNFL thickness before and immediately after the injection was 100.9 ± 18.8 m and 98.6 ± 17.4 m (P = 0.001). Furthermore, the topographical RNFL analysis showed significant thickness reduction of the nasal and inferior sectors after the procedure when compared to T0 (P = 0.046 and P = 0.001). On the contrary, the mean RCP density changes at T1 did not reach statistically significant (P = 0.636). Furthermore, we found a significant negative correlation between the retinal nerve fiber layer global thickness and the IOP changes (Pearson's correlation = -0.126; P = 0.031). In particular, the nasal RNFL region showed a significant negative correlations with IOP values (Pearson's correlation = -0.198, P = 0,046). CONCLUSIONS We reported acute IOP changes that are associated with reduced RNFL thickness in a group of patients undergoing intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF drugs for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Moreover, topographical sub-analysis revealed that the nasal RNFL region is most prone to IOP fluctuations. This finding may explain the sudden visual acuity change in patients immediately after injection and may sustain injuries to optic nerve head structures producing glaucomatous damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Viggiano
- Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Buonamassa
- Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Oliva Grassi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Boscia
- Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Enrico Borrelli
- Ophthalmology Department, San Raffaele University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Landini
- Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Evangelista
- Ente Ecclesiastico Ospedale Generale Regionale, "F.Miulli", Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Malerba
- Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alessio
- Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Boscia
- Department of Translational Biomedicine Neuroscience, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Daka Q, Špegel N, Atanasovska Velkovska M, Steblovnik T, Kolko M, Neziri B, Cvenkel B. Exploring the Relationship between Anti-VEGF Therapy and Glaucoma: Implications for Management Strategies. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4674. [PMID: 37510790 PMCID: PMC10380425 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A short-term increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) is a common side effect after intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy, but a sustained increase in IOP with the development of secondary glaucoma has also been reported in some studies after repeated intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. The aim of this review is to present and discuss the possible pathophysiological mechanisms and factors contributing to a sustained rise in IOP, as well as treatment strategies for patients at risk. Close monitoring and adjustable IOP-lowering treatment are recommended for high-risk patients, including those with glaucoma, angle-closure anomalies, ocular hypertension or family history of glaucoma; patients receiving a high number of injections or at shorter intervals; and patients with capsulotomy. Strategies are needed to identify patients at risk in a timely manner and to prevent sustained elevation of IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qëndresë Daka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
- Eye Clinic, University Clinical Centre of Kosova, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Špegel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Tjaša Steblovnik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Burim Neziri
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Barbara Cvenkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Levin AM, Chaya CJ, Kahook MY, Wirostko BM. Intraocular Pressure Elevation Following Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Injections: Short- and Long-term Considerations. J Glaucoma 2021; 30:1019-1026. [PMID: 34086610 PMCID: PMC8635259 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Published studies agree that transient intraocular pressure (IOP) spikes are common after intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents. Currently, there is no standard of care guiding if and when to prevent these IOP spikes. Furthermore, there are challenges in determining the impact of postinjection IOP elevation on the health of the retinal ganglion cells, particularly given the often-existing comorbidities of retinal and glaucoma pathology. This review highlights the current literature regarding both acute and chronic postinjection IOP elevations and discusses management of postinjection IOP elevation, especially in patients at high risk for glaucomatous damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana M. Levin
- John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Craig J. Chaya
- John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Malik Y. Kahook
- Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Barbara M. Wirostko
- John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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Aşikgarip N, Temel E, Örnek K. Macular ganglion cell complex changes in eyes treated with aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102383. [PMID: 34102332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effect of intravitreal aflibercept injection on macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS In total, 36 eyes of 36 treatment-naïve patients with nAMD (18 female and 18 male) and 36 eyes of 36 healthy subjects (20 female and 16 male) as controls were included in this retrospective study. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images were evaluated after each injection for 3 months and at 12 months. Mean GCC thickness of the center, inner ring, and outer ring of the ETDRS grid was automatically quantified. RESULTS Mean foveal thickness was statistically significantly decreased at 3 months and at 12 months compared with baseline in the patient group. Ganglion cell layer thickness in the center was statistically significantly decreased in eyes with nAMD at baseline. There was a statistically significant decrease for mean retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer thickness at 12 months compared with baseline. CONCLUSIONS Macular GCC thickness was decreased after intravitreal aflibercept injection in patients with nAMD, in particular at 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazife Aşikgarip
- Department of Opthalmology, Kırşehir Ahi Evran Training and Research Hospital, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Emine Temel
- Department of Opthalmology, Kırşehir Ahi Evran Training and Research Hospital, Kırşehir, Turkey.
| | - Kemal Örnek
- Department of Opthalmology, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University School of Medicine, Kırşehir, Turkey
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Kim SY, Yoon MH, Chin HS. Changes in the Ganglion Cell-inner Plexiform Layer after Consecutive Intravitreal Injections of Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Age-related Macular Degeneration Patients. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021; 34:11-18. [PMID: 32037745 PMCID: PMC7010477 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2019.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effect of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections on ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods This retrospective study included patients with continuous anti-VEGF treatment who were administered at least three consecutive injections for unilateral neovascular AMD. The GCIPL thickness of the study eyes was compared before and after treatment and with healthy fellow eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. We also evaluated best-corrected visual acuity, age, and intraocular pressure. Results In total, 96 eyes of 48 patients (14 females and 34 males; mean ± standard deviation [SD] age, 70.10 ± 8.89 years) with mean number of 6.29 (SD ± 3.76) anti-VEGF injections and a mean follow-up period of 24.93 months (SD ± 19.86) were included in the study. After three consecutive intravitreal injections of anti-VEGF, the mean GCIPL thickness was significantly reduced from 70.50 (SD ± 14.06) to 65.97 (SD ± 13.91) µm. Borderline or nonsignificant decrease was also observed in GCIPL thickness for each sector. At the end of the study, the mean GCIPL thickness was further reduced to 62.56 (SD ± 16.30) µm, and significant decreases were also observed in all other sectors compared with baseline. Conclusions It has been observed that GCIPL thickness can decrease with only three consecutive anti-VEGF injections as well as with long-term treatment in AMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Myung Hun Yoon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hee Seung Chin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
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de Vries VA, Bassil FL, Ramdas WD. The effects of intravitreal injections on intraocular pressure and retinal nerve fiber layer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13248. [PMID: 32764619 PMCID: PMC7411061 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of eye diseases treated with intravitreal injections is increasing. Obviously, an injection of fluid into the eye results in an increase of intraocular pressure (IOP), the main risk factor for glaucoma. However, the effect of these repeated IOP increases on the eye is unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review with meta-analyses. PubMed, Embase and Clinical Trials Registries were searched for articles investigating the relationship between intravitreal injections (anti-vascular endothelial growth factor [anti-VEGF] or steroids) and either IOP, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)-thickness and glaucoma. Multiple meta-analyses were performed, combining data on intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF medication and dexamethasone implants. A total of 74 articles were eligible for meta-analyses. The short-term effect of an intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF showed a statistically significant increase in IOP. One day after injection of anti-VEGF, however, IOP was significantly lower than baseline. The long-term time-intervals showed no significant difference in IOP. After intravitreal injection of a dexamethasone implant, IOP was significantly higher than baseline 1 month post-injection. RNFL-thickness was significantly reduced 6 and 12 months post-injection of anti-VEGF, as well as at end of follow up. Caution is advised when using intravitreal medication, especially when treating patients with advanced glaucoma; in these cases, prophylactic IOP-lowering medication may be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A de Vries
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabiana L Bassil
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Inan ÜÜ, Baysal Z, Inan S. Long-term changes in retinal layers in patients undergoing intravitreal ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Int Ophthalmol 2019; 39:2721-2730. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-019-01116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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EFFECT OF INTRAVITREAL RANIBIZUMAB ON GANGLION CELL COMPLEX AND PERIPAPILLARY RETINAL NERVE FIBER LAYER IN NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION USING SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. Retina 2018; 37:1314-1319. [PMID: 28574419 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the changes in ganglion cell complex and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, in central macular thickness and choroidal thickness on spectral domain optical coherence tomography in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with intravitreal ranibizumab injections. METHODS All consecutive patients with untreated neovascular age-related macular degeneration received loading phase of three monthly intravitreal ranibizumab, followed by retreatments on a pro re nata protocol for 12 months. PRIMARY OUTCOME changes in ganglion cell complex and retinal nerve fiber layer at the end of follow-up. Secondary outcome: changes in best-corrected visual acuity, central macular thickness, and choroidal thickness at the end of follow-up. Choroidal thickness was measured at 500 μm, 1000 μm, and 1,500 μm intervals nasally, temporally, superiorly, and inferiorly to the fovea, respectively, on horizontal and vertical line scans centered on the fovea. RESULTS Twenty-four eyes were included. Ganglion cell complex and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness did not show statistically significant changes through 12 months (55.6 ± 18.5 and 81.9 ± 9.9 μm at baseline, 52.7 ± 19.3 and 84.6 ± 15.5 μm at month 12, P > 0.05). Central macular thickness showed progressive decrease from baseline to month 12, with maximum reduction at month 3 (P < 0.001). Statistically significant reduction in choroidal thickness was registered in the nasal 500, 1000, and 1,500 μm from the fovea, corresponding to the papillomacular region (from 169.6 ± 45.3 to 153.9 ± 46.9, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Intravitreal ranibizumab injections did not affect retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell complex thickness in 1-year follow-up. Choroidal thickness in papillomacular area and central macular thickness was significantly reduced at the end of treatment. Further studies, with larger sample, longer follow-up, and greater number of injections, are warranted.
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Bracha P, Moore NA, Ciulla TA, WuDunn D, Cantor LB. The acute and chronic effects of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections on intraocular pressure: A review. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 63:281-295. [PMID: 28882597 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The acute and chronic effects of repeated intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections on intraocular pressure have not been fully characterized, and the development of sustained ocular hypertension could adversely affect patients who are at risk of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. As expected, volume-driven, acute ocular hypertension immediately follows intravitreal injection, but this pressure elevation is generally transient and well tolerated. Several medications have been investigated to limit acute ocular hypertension following anti-VEGF therapy, but the benefits of pretreatment are not conclusive. Chronic, sustained ocular hypertension, distinct from the short-term acute ocular hypertension after each injection, has also been associated with repeated intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Risk factors for chronic ocular hypertension include the total number of injections, a greater frequency of injection, and preexisting glaucoma. Proposed mechanisms for chronic ocular hypertension include microparticle obstruction, toxic or inflammatory effects on trabecular meshwork, as well as alterations in outflow facility by anti-VEGF agents. Although limiting anti-VEGF therapy could minimize the risk of both acute and chronic ocular hypertension, foregoing anti-VEGF therapy risks progression of various macular diseases with resulting permanent central vision loss. While definitive evidence of damage to the retinal nerve fiber layer is lacking, patients receiving repeated injections should be monitored for ocular hypertension and patients in whom sustained ocular hypertension subsequently developed should be periodically monitored for glaucomatous changes with optic nerve optical coherence tomography and static visual fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bracha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
| | - Nicholas A Moore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Thomas A Ciulla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Retina Service, Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Darrell WuDunn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Louis B Cantor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Moshfeghi DM, Kaiser PK, Michels S, Midena E, Kitchens JW, Prenner JL, Regillo CD, Reichel E. The Role of Anti-VEGF Therapy in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2016; 47:S4-S14. [DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20160415-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter K. Kaiser
- Founding director of the Digital Optical Coherence Tomography Reading Center at Cleveland Clinic Cole Eye Institute in Ohio. He is also a staff member of the vitreoretinal faculty at the Cole Eye Institute's main campus in Cleveland. Dr. Kaiser is a member of the OSLI Retina Editorial Board
| | - Stephan Michels
- Professor at the University of Zurich and vice chair at Triemli Hospital in Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Midena
- General secretary for the European Board of Ophthalmology, and chair of the ophthalmology department at University Hospital in Padova, Italy
| | - John W. Kitchens
- Ophthalmolgist and vitreoretinal surgeon with Retina Associates of Kentucky in Lexington and president-elect of the Kentucky Academy of Eye Physicians and Surgeons. Dr. Kitchens is a member of the OSLI Retina Editorial Board
| | - Jonathan L. Prenner
- Vitreoretinal surgeon, partner at NJ Retina, and associate clinical professor of ophthalmology at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Carl D. Regillo
- Director of the Retina Service at Wills Eye Hospital, and professor of ophthalmology at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dr. Regillo is a member of the OSLI Retina Editorial Board
| | - Elias Reichel
- Vice chair for research and education in the department of ophthalmology at the New England Eye Center in Massachusetts, and he is a professor of ophthalmology at Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston
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