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Abuhijjleh RK, Shabbir S, Al-Abd AM, Jiaan NH, Alshamil S, El-labbad EM, Khalifa SI. Bioactive marine metabolites derived from the Persian Gulf compared to the Red Sea: similar environments and wide gap in drug discovery. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11778. [PMID: 34395070 PMCID: PMC8325427 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine life has provided mankind with unique and extraordinary chemical structures and scaffolds with potent biological activities. Many organisms and secondary metabolites derived from fungi and symbionts are found to be more environmentally friendly to study than the marine corals per se. Marine symbionts such as Aspergillus sp., a fungus, which can be isolated and grown in the lab would be a potential and continuous source of bioactive natural compounds without affecting the marine environment. The Red Sea is known for its biodiversity and is well-studied in terms of its marine-derived bioactive metabolites. The harsh environmental conditions lead to the development of unique metabolic pathways. This, in turn, results in enhanced synthesis and release of toxic and bioactive chemicals. Interestingly, the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman carry a variety of environmental stresses, some of which are similar to the Red Sea. When compared to the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf has been shown to be rich in marine fungi as well, and is, therefore, expected to contain elaborate and interesting bioactive compounds. Such compounds may or may not be similar to the ones isolated from the Red Sea environment. Astoundingly, there are a very limited number of studies on the bioactive portfolio of marine-derived metabolites from the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. In this perspective, we are looking at the Red Sea as a comparator marine environment and bioactive materials repertoire to provide a futuristic perspective on the potential of the understudied and possibly overlooked bioactive metabolites derived from the marine life of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman despite its proven biodiversity and harsher environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham K. Abuhijjleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Samiullah Shabbir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed M. Al-Abd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada H. Jiaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahad Alshamil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman M. El-labbad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherief I. Khalifa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Vilakazi H, Olasehinde TA, Olaniran AO. Chemical Characterization, Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Activities of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Extracts from Chlorella sp. S14. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144109. [PMID: 34299383 PMCID: PMC8303589 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae is a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acid. This study was conducted to identify and isolate microalgal strain with the potentials for producing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and determine its cytotoxic effect on some cancer cells. The algal strain (Chlorella sp. S14) was cultivated using modified BG-11 media, and algal biomass obtained was used for fatty acid extraction. Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the levels of the fatty acid constituents. The total content of monounsaturated fatty acids (1.12%) was low compared to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (52.87%). Furthermore, n-3 PUFAs accounted for (12.37%) of total PUFAs with the presence of α-linolenic acid (2.16%) and cis-11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (2.16%). The PUFA-rich extract did not exhibit a cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Treatment with the PUFA-rich extract (150 µg/mL) significantly reduced cell viability in MCF-7 (31.58%) and A549 (62.56%) cells after the 48 h treatment. Furthermore, treatment of MCF-7 with fatty acid extracts (125 and 150 µg/mL) showed a significant reduction in MDA levels, increase in catalase activities and decrease in GSH level compared to untreated cells. However, a slight decrease in MDA level was observed in A549 cells after the 48 h treatment. There are no significant changes in catalase activities and GSH level in treated A549 cells. However, a slight reduction of NO levels was observed in treated MCF-7 and A549 cells. These results indicate the potentials of PUFA-rich extracts from Chlorella sp. S14 to reduce viability and modulate redox status in A549 and MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hlengiwe Vilakazi
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (H.V.); (T.A.O.)
| | - Tosin A. Olasehinde
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (H.V.); (T.A.O.)
- Nutrition and Toxicology Division, Food Technology Department, Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, Lagos PMB 21023, Nigeria
| | - Ademola O. Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; (H.V.); (T.A.O.)
- Correspondence:
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