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Vuković M, Jovičić Bata J, Todorović N, Puača G, Vesković D, Čanji Panić J, Dugandžija T, Lalić-Popović M. Diabetes management, dietary supplements use and the effect of coronavirus pandemic on diabetes patients in Serbia: a cross-sectional study. Curr Med Res Opin 2024; 40:165-174. [PMID: 38112408 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2296963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant public health challenge in Serbia, mirroring the situation in other European middle-income countries. The aims of this study were to examine the disease-related characteristics and management of diabetes, as well as the prevalence of use of dietary supplements (DS) among diabetes patients in Serbia, and to analyze the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on DM patients in Serbia. METHODS The study was carried out as an online, observational, cross-sectional study involving 422 adult diabetes type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) patients residing in Serbia. RESULTS DM1 patients were more likely than DM2 patients to self-control glucose levels (p < 0.001). Almost one-third of DM2 patients (31.4%) did not know their HbA1c value. Polypharmacy has been reported by 9.7% of DM1 patients and 23.5% of DM2 patients. During the coronavirus pandemic increased anxiety levels for one-third of respondents was noticed. The prevalence of DS use among DM patients was very high (95.3%), with vitamin C, zinc, vitamin D and magnesium being the most commonly used. Women were more likely to use vitamin D (p = 0.001) and magnesium DS (p = 0.005) than men. Most patients (76.9%) faced limited access to healthcare services during the coronavirus pandemic with, sometimes, detrimental consequences. A significant portion of respondents (41.2%) consulted a pharmacist more often in 2021 than in previous years. CONCLUSIONS Special caution is needed regarding the potential interactions of DS with chronic therapy. To enhance diabetes care, Serbia needs more accessible mental health support, improved diabetes education, expanded CGM availability, and carefully planned emergency healthcare measures for chronic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milana Vuković
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | | | - Gorana Puača
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dunja Vesković
- Clinic for Dermatology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Tihomir Dugandžija
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Epidemiology, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Mladena Lalić-Popović
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Centre for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control (CEMPhIC), University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Alali DS, Alshebly AA, Alajlani A, Al Jumaiei AH, Alghadeer ZM, Ibrahim Ali S. Awareness of Healthy Lifestyle Among Elderly Population During Aging in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2023; 15:e49054. [PMID: 38125212 PMCID: PMC10731629 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The research explores healthy aging among elderly individuals globally and in Saudi Arabia. Factors like health services, lifestyle, and chronic diseases affecting seniors are examined. However, there is a gap in culturally relevant research, particularly in Arabic-speaking countries. This study aims to understand elderly individuals' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding healthy lifestyles for effective functional preservation in aging. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia, specifically Al-Ahsa, from February to May 2023. The Raosoft calculator was employed to determine a sample size of at least 384 participants. The data was analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS Regarding the associations between knowledge levels and demographics, education significantly impacts knowledge (p=0.003). Retired respondents exhibit higher knowledge (50.4%) compared to those with jobs (10.4%) (p=0.002). Smoking has a significant impact on knowledge (p=0.012). Regarding the opinions on elderly care, respondents agree on the importance of fresh fruits and vegetables (52.2%), increased protein intake (64.3%), less fat (83.5%), and regular exercise (44.3%). Supplements' necessity is disagreed upon (95.7%). Living with family is favored (67.8%), and elderly self-management is recognized (60.9%). Significant differences are seen in fruit and vegetable consumption (p=0.001), less fat usage (p=0.000), exercise habits (p=0.000), smoking (p=0.000), and using just salt in cooking (p=0.000). CONCLUSION Study findings underscore the importance of education in influencing healthy behaviors and informed choices, with education levels significantly impacting knowledge levels. Respondents' preferences for balanced diets, exercise, and self-management reflect a positive trend toward embracing healthy aging principles. Notably, the study identifies disparities between knowledge groups in various lifestyle factors, highlighting the potential of education to drive positive changes in behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danah S Alali
- College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, SAU
| | | | - Ajlan Alajlani
- College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, SAU
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Alhazmi A, Kuriakose BB, Mushfiq S, Muzammil K, Hawash MM. Prevalence, attitudes, and practices of dietary supplements among middle-aged and older adults in Asir region, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292900. [PMID: 37824550 PMCID: PMC10569615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to 1) identify the prevalence of dietary supplements (DS) among middle-aged and older adults; 2) determine attitudes toward DS and patterns of DS usage among middle-aged and older adults; and 3) assess the association of sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors with DS attitudes and DS usage. A cross-sectional online survey was undertaken among middle-aged and older adults. Data were collected by an online self-administered pretested questionnaire used as a study tool and distributed to respondents via social media applications. The DS usage prevalence among 501 respondents was 50.7%, and 53.5% of participants reported a positive attitude toward DS. The positive attitudes and higher usage of dietary supplements were statistically significant in higher proportions among older adults compared to middle-aged individuals. Significantly lower proportion of middle aged (54.9%) reported taking DS daily compared to 59.9% of older adults. A significant difference in the type of DS among the two groups was found for Omega-3 (p<0.001), minerals (p = 0.004), proteins (p = 0.002), fibers (p = 0.002), phytonutrients (p = 0.007), and probiotics (p = 0.015), with a higher proportion of middle-aged respondents reporting their use compared to older adults. Dietary supplement usage is a prevalent phenomenon among older adults and the middle-aged population. However, some undesirable practices regarding their use still exist in the community. Thus, there is a need of focussed health education to enhance attitudes and improve practices regarding the use of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Alhazmi
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Beena Briget Kuriakose
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sakeena Mushfiq
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khursheed Muzammil
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Mohammed Hawash
- Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Gerontological Nursing, College of Nursing, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Azhar W, Al-Otaibi K, Abusudah WF, Azzeh F, Qhadi A, Alhassani WE, Almohmadi NH, Bushnaq T, Tashkandi B, Alharbi NA, Babteen A, Ghabashi M, Kamfar Y, Ghafouri K. The consumption of dietary supplements in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101779. [PMID: 37746046 PMCID: PMC10514549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives People frequently utilize dietary supplements (DS), notably during the COVID-19 epidemic, despite the lack of data supporting their usefulness and safety in enhancing general health. This study aimed to measure the consumption of DS in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19. Previous studies focused on using dietary supplements for preventing or reducing mental health. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1572 participants aged 18-65, from all-over Saudi Arabia who were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire to measure the consumption of supplements during the pandemic lockdown period. Also, it investigates the factor that effect supplements consumption. Results Around 63% of the participants did not change their consumption patterns during the pandemic, while 16% consumed more and 21.4% consumed fewer supplements during the pandemic. The most commonly used supplements were iron; calcium, especially among pregnant women; omega-3, especially in people older than 65 years; and vitamin D. Females (81%; P < 0.002); age (94.7%; P < 0.002); married people (84%; P < 0.001); those with a higher educational level (83.9%; P = 0.02); those with a higher monthly income (86.1%; P = 0.006); and pregnant women (100%; P < 0.007) reported the highest rates of consumption. Conclusion Dietary supplements have recently become popular in Saudi Arabia, but large differences remain between Saudis in their consumption of supplements. Additional research should be conducted to examine the level of knowledge of dietary supplements among Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedad Azhar
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholod Al-Otaibi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa F. Abusudah
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firas Azzeh
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Qhadi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa E. Alhassani
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najlaa H. Almohmadi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taqwa Bushnaq
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bayan Tashkandi
- Food and Nutrition Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Abdullah Alharbi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Northern Border University, P.O. Box 1321, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Babteen
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Ghabashi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara Kamfar
- Pharamcy Department, King Abdullah Medical City, P.O. Box 57657, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khloud Ghafouri
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Imran K, Raza Q, Saleem H, Batool R. Sources and Level of Nutrition Knowledge Among Adults in Lahore: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e44186. [PMID: 37767240 PMCID: PMC10520746 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was aimed at identifying the sources and basic nutrition knowledge among the citizens of Lahore. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in the metropolis city of Lahore, Pakistan. Four hundred and seventy-six adult citizens of Lahore participated. A random sampling method was used to collect data through a food frequency questionnaire consisting of 23 questions. The questionnaire designed for this study contained questions about demographics, sources of nutrition information, the reliability of these sources of nutrition information, and basic nutrition knowledge. The highest possible score of the questionnaire was marked as 15, and a mean value of 7.5 was used to categorize the low and high values for variables like nutrition knowledge. RESULTS The majority of participants (34.2%) took nutrition information from their families, healthcare professionals (23.9%), and online resources (23.5%). The most reliable source for nutrition information was healthcare professionals (78.6%). Many participants (65.30%) had high nutrition-related basic knowledge, and 34.70% had low knowledge. Although more than 50% of participants reported having high nutrition knowledge, but they were not aware of how to read food labels. Those citizens who referred to online resources for information about nutrition knowledge usually got better results regarding nutrition knowledge. CONCLUSION There is a need for more extensive research to identify the quality of sources for nutrition information to form better policies and plans that can be integrated and adopted at the community and national levels to increase the overall nutrition knowledge of people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinza Imran
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, PAK
| | - Qaisar Raza
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, PAK
| | - Hinza Saleem
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, PAK
| | - Rakhshanda Batool
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, PAK
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d'Arqom A, Nasution MZ, Kadir SZSA, Yusof J, Govindaraju K. Practice and knowledge of dietary supplement consumption among Indonesian adults post-delta wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. F1000Res 2023; 12:3. [PMID: 37469719 PMCID: PMC10352623 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.129045.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Increasing dietary supplement (DS) consumption was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, including during the post-Delta wave period. This study aimed to measure the practice of DS consumption and respondents' knowledge of DS. Methods: An internet-based survey was distributed from October-December 2021 and obtained 541 valid and completed responses. Descriptive analysis was performed to present the practice of DS consumption, including frequency, duration, aim, preferable dosage form etc. Level of knowledge on DS principles, side effects and regulation were also measured. Inferential analyses were conducted to determine the predictors of the respondents' DS practice and level of knowledge. Results: Data from 541 valid responses showed that 77.63% of respondents consumed DS in the last 3 months, with only 59.52% reporting also consuming DS before the COVID-19 pandemic. One half of the respondents had good knowledge about DS; however, some knowledge regarding side effects and possible drug-supplement interaction needed improvement. Their DS consumption practice was affected by their economic status and history of contracting COVID-19. Nevertheless, the level of knowledge was not affected by the sociodemographic factors and DS supplement experience. Conclusions: Taken together, the practice of self-consumption of DS in Indonesia is increasing; hence, knowledge of DS is necessary to avoid detrimental effects that might occur in the future. Increasing access to information on better labelling and educating consumers about DS are important actions to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette d'Arqom
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60131, Indonesia
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60131, Indonesia
| | - Mhd Zamal Nasution
- Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, 60286, Indonesia
| | | | - Junaidah Yusof
- School of Human Resource Development & Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310, Malaysia
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Khalifa AM, Alshammari ZD, Altamimi AA, Alshammari A. The Extent of the Use of Multivitamins and Multimineral Supplements Without Clinically Measurable Benefits Among Adults in Ha'il, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e38750. [PMID: 37303398 PMCID: PMC10248739 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Multivitamins and multiminerals (MVMM) are nutritional supplements that contain a wide range of important nutrients. The use of vitamins and minerals has been showing a tremendous increase over the past few years due to the high demand for supplements to replenish nutritional deficiencies. Purpose This study aimed to assess MVMM usage, the reasons why people chose to use MVMM, and the factors related to this usage. Methodology A cross-sectional study was conducted on adults living in Ha'il, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected between October 31 and December 14, 2022, a self-administered online questionnaire was used, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY). Results A total of 310 participants enrolled in the study, of which 240 (77.42%) were females and 70 (22.58%) were males. The extent of the use of MVMM supplements without clinically measurable benefits was more than half of the present study participants (58.71%). There was a significant difference between MVMM use and gender or employment status. MVMM usage on a regular basis was found to be associated with satisfaction with the outcomes. The majority of participants used MVMM to promote health. Calcium and vitamin D were found to be the most common types of dietary supplements used. Conclusion The use of MVMM supplements without clinically measurable benefits was more prevalent among females. It is important to promote public health awareness programs about the benefits and risks of overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany M Khalifa
- Parasitology, Alexandria University, Alex, EGY
- Pathology-Parasitology, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, SAU
| | | | - Afnan A Altamimi
- Medicine and Surgery, University of Ha'il College of Medicine, Ha'il, SAU
| | - Areeb Alshammari
- Medicine and Surgery, University of Ha'il College of Medicine, Ha'il, SAU
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Elsahoryi NA, Odeh MM, Jadayil SA, McGrattan AM, Hammad FJ, Al-Maseimi OD, Alzoubi KH. Prevalence of dietary supplement use and knowledge, attitudes, practice (KAP) and associated factors in student population: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14736. [PMID: 37025895 PMCID: PMC10070518 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements (DSs) intake has been increasing worldwide despite no consensus evidence for the efficacy and safety of disease prevention, control, or treatment in nutrient-replete populations. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of DSs use, knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) and associated factors among university students in Jordan. A national cross-sectional study was carried over across universities in Jordan. Participants completed a valid and reliable online questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha = 0.802 and correlation coefficients between 0.72 and 0.26). Univariate analyses were used to determine the relationship between variables. Multivariable regression was carried out to identify significant factors contributing DSs usage. A total of 448 university students completed the study (73.7% females). More than half of the students used DSs (60.9%), with single-nutrient ingredient supplements being the most commonly used type. The primary motivators were maintaining health and most students reported no side effects associated with consumption. The results revealed poor knowledge, a negative attitude towards DSs usage among all participants, even non-users, and high-risk practices among the DSs users. Normal weight and overweight individuals were more likely to use DSs (OR:2.88, 95%CI:1.61-5.16, OR:1.95, 95%CI:1.01-3.79, respectively). Low and medium-family income categories were more likely to use DSs than those in the high-income category (OR: 0.04, 95%CI: 0.02-0.07, OR: 0.06, 95CI:0.03-0.11, respectively). Undergraduate students were more likely to use DSs than postgraduate students (OR:5.56, 95%CI:3.19-9.69). In this study, a high prevalence of DSs use was highlighted. The results suggest that nutrition education is required to improve awareness of DSs and to promote safe practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour A. Elsahoryi
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Petra, P.O. Box 961343, Amman 11196 Jordan
| | - Mohanad M. Odeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 330127, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Seham Abu Jadayil
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Petra, P.O. Box 961343, Amman 11196 Jordan
| | - Andrea M. McGrattan
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fwziah J. Hammad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box.3030, Irbid 21210, Jordan
| | - Ola D. Al-Maseimi
- Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Nutrition and Food Science, Zarqa University College, Al- Balqa' Applied University, Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Ghafouri K, Noorwali E. Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Body Image Satisfaction and Appreciation Among Saudi Adults. Cureus 2023; 15:e33468. [PMID: 36751167 PMCID: PMC9900045 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity remains a public health concern, and intermittent fasting (IF) is a popular strategy for weight loss that has gained considerable scientific and popular attention. However, weight control can affect body image. Poor body image and its impact on psychological well-being are linked to obesity in many individuals. Body appreciation is a crucial characteristic of positive body image. However, there is a lack of studies assessing these relationships in Saudi adults. AIM To evaluate the associations between IF diet, body image satisfaction, and body appreciation in Saudi adults. METHOD A web-based cross-sectional study was done with healthy Saudi adults aged 18 to 50 years old who followed the IF diet. The questionnaire had five sections: a brief study introduction, sociodemographic variables, adherence to the diet, modified body image scale, and body appreciation scale. Ethical approval was obtained. RESULTS A total of 190 participants were included in this study, including 59 (31.1%) males and 131 (68.9%) females. Comparing before and after IF, the body mass index (BMI) significantly decreased after IF (p < 0.001). After IF, a significant decrease in the body image dissatisfaction score was observed (p < 0.001). A significant increase was noted in the body appreciation score (p < 0.001). Conclusion: IF is significantly associated with better body image satisfaction and body appreciation. These results may help weight loss studies and may have public health implications.
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Ash S, Contento I, Olfert MD, Koch PA. Position of the Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior: Nutrition Educator Competencies for Promoting Healthy Individuals, Communities, and Food Systems: Rationale and Application. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 55:3-15. [PMID: 36372661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is the position of the Society for Nutrition Education and Behavior that to improve the health of individuals, communities, and food systems, it is essential that nutrition educators meet each of 6 content competencies (basic food and nutrition knowledge, nutrition across the life cycle, food science, physical activity, food and nutrition policy, and agricultural production and food systems) and 4 process competencies (behavior and education theory; nutrition education program design, implementation and evaluation; written, oral, and social media communication; and nutrition education research methods). These competencies reflect the breadth of the nutrition education field and are grounded in peer-reviewed research. The rationale and evidence base for these competencies are presented. They are designed for educational institutions to plan curricula and programs; public, private, and nonprofit organizations for training; individuals for professional development; and policymakers and advocates to inform strong, comprehensive nutrition education policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ash
- Departments of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Isobel Contento
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Melissa D Olfert
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, Department of Human Nutrition and Foods, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV.
| | - Pamela A Koch
- Department of Health and Behavior Studies, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Soukiasian PD, Kyrana Z, Gerothanasi K, Kiranas E, Kokokiris LE. Prevalence, Determinants, and Consumer Stance towards Dietary Supplements According to Sex in a Large Greek Sample: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:5131. [PMID: 36501160 PMCID: PMC9739401 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A stratified random sampling technique was used in order to explore the prevalence of and the factors influencing dietary supplement (DS) use and the consumer stance towards DS by Greeks (n = 28,491, ≥15 years) according to sex. Additionally, we performed a Pearson’s chi-square to test within DS users for the dependence between sex and the examined factors, and binary logistic regression to create predictive DS user profiles. A history of DS use accounted for 55.5% and was more prevalent in women (58.4% vs. 52.3%, p < 0.001); multivitamins were the most popular DS used. The significant predictors for DS use for both sexes were age, education, employment status, exercise, and following a special diet, while BMI and monthly income were significant for women and men, respectively. The women and men DS users had mostly illness-health and fitness-related goals, respectively. Substantial proportions of the respondents had false beliefs about DS. A noticeable percentage of DS users displayed imprudent behavior regarding DS use, e.g., one out of five did not know the definition or did not take into consideration the recommended daily allowance. While several factors seemed to impact DS use, with certain differences between the sexes, the considerable lack of knowledgeable and responsible use of DS, with few differences between the sexes, observed can point state authorities and health professionals towards appropriate countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis-David Soukiasian
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zacharenia Kyrana
- Laboratory of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Gerothanasi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efstratios Kiranas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lambros E. Kokokiris
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Use and Attitudes Concerning Total Imported Dietary Supplements and Its Factors in Chinese Urban Adults. TOP CLIN NUTR 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/tin.0000000000000297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mohsen H, Ibrahim C, Bookari K, Saadeh D, Al-Jawaldeh A, Sacre Y, Hanna-Wakim L, Al-Jaafari M, Atwi M, AlAsmar S, Najem J, Hoteit M. Prevalence of Essential Nutrient Supplement Use and Assessment of the Knowledge and Attitudes of Lebanese Mothers towards Dietary Supplement Practices in Maternal, Infancy and Preschool Ages: Findings of a National Representative Cross-Sectional Study. Foods 2022; 11:3005. [PMID: 36230080 PMCID: PMC9561973 DOI: 10.3390/foods11193005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mothers are understandably concerned about protecting the well-being of their offspring in every way possible, including providing oral dietary supplements (DSs). Up to now, there has been limited data on maternal knowledge and attitudes toward concomitant maternal-child DSs practices in Lebanon. This study evaluated the maternal knowledge and attitudes toward DSs and documented the DS-related practices in mothers and their under-5 children with their correlates. This cross-sectional study involved a representative stratified cluster random sample of 511 mother-child dyads (mothers: mean age ± SD = 30.25 ± 4.98 years; children: mean age ± SD = 18.7 ± 15.5 months, girls: 55.0%). A self-administered questionnaire was used to meet study aims. Most mothers lack awareness and hold unfavorable attitudes regarding DS use. Among all mothers, 47% were DS users, with the majority using vitamin D (82%). Almost 64% of mothers provide DSs for their children, with a predominant use of multivitamin drops (61.0%). "To keep the child healthy" was the reported reason by 60.0% of mothers to provide DSs for their children. Physicians were the primary information source about DSs for most mothers (64.0%). The usage of DSs among mothers was influenced by their pregnancy status, child's age, number of children per household, and their awareness and attitudes towards DSs. DS usage among children was correlated with maternal DS use and their mothers' attitudes towards DSs. DS usage among Lebanese mother-child dyads is common. Mothers should be the focus of education sessions regarding DS use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Mohsen
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
| | - Carla Ibrahim
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
- Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (DSST), Lebanese University, Hadath P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
- PHENOL Research Group (Public HEalth Nutrition Program Lebanon), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
- Lebanese University Nutrition Surveillance Center (LUNSC), Lebanese Food Drugs and Chemical Administrations, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Khlood Bookari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia
- National Nutrition Committee, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Danielle Saadeh
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique d’Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut P.O. Box 1103, Lebanon
| | - Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo 11371, Egypt
| | - Yonna Sacre
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Lara Hanna-Wakim
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, School of Engineering, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Marwa Al-Jaafari
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
- Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (DSST), Lebanese University, Hadath P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
| | - Marwa Atwi
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
| | - Sabine AlAsmar
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
| | - Jessica Najem
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
| | - Maha Hoteit
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
- PHENOL Research Group (Public HEalth Nutrition Program Lebanon), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
- Lebanese University Nutrition Surveillance Center (LUNSC), Lebanese Food Drugs and Chemical Administrations, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
- University Medical Center, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 6573, Lebanon
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Prevalence, patterns, and attitude regarding dietary supplement use in Saudi Arabia: Data from 2019. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274412. [PMID: 36129901 PMCID: PMC9491604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements are products containing dietary elements including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, or botanicals. They can aid consumers with low dietary intake and quality, as well as those with high demands, by boosting nutritious value. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults living in Saudi Arabia aged between 18–60 years old using online self-administered questionnaire. Information regarding sociodemographic characteristics, use and type of dietary supplements, and attitude toward and patterns of dietary supplement use was collected. The chi-square test, Pearson correlations, and the independent t-test were used. In total, 531 participants (115 men and 416 women) were included. Approximately half of the participants (51.8%, n = 275) used dietary supplements. Participants who were using dietary supplements were significantly younger (29.16 ± 9.32 years), more highly educated (85.5%, n = 235), and worked in the health sector (63.7%, n = 100). Herbal supplement use was associated with older age and female sex. Single mineral supplements were used more frequently by married, female, pregnant, or breastfeeding participants and those not working in the health sector. Fatty supplements were used more frequently by participants with a higher level of education. Regarding the attitude toward dietary supplement use, women, single participants, and health care workers showed a significant positive attitude. In-depth investigation into the amount of and reasons for dietary supplement use in the health sector is required. Additionally, educating pregnant and breastfeeding women on the importance of dietary supplements is necessary.
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Almegewly WH, Alenazi RB, Albaqami FM, Alkharashi RA, Alsaedi FA, Almutairi RK, Alkharji AA, Althani GM, Aljuwayd WA. Perceptions and Patterns of Dietary Supplements' Use during COVID-19 among Undergraduate Female Students in Saudi Arabia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183728. [PMID: 36145104 PMCID: PMC9506526 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of Dietary Supplements (DSs) has increased for health promotion purposes. Few data records were found on the safe use of DSs among university students in Saudi Arabia, during COVID-19. This study aimed to assess the perceptions and patterns of DSs during COVID-19 among students at a selected female university. (2) Methods: A descriptive cross-section design was used. A convenient sample of undergraduate students (n = 651) were recruited via email, to fill in an online validated questionnaire: The nutrition and intake of DSs during COVID-19. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. (3) Results: Among the 509 students who did not have chronic diseases, 85% of them had taken DSs. About 35.5% of the students had not changed their dietary habits since the beginning of COVID-19, but 78.6% thought that they needed to improve their immunity by taking DSs. Half of the students 51.2% believed that healthy habits may reduce the chance of being infected with COVID-19. The most used DSs were vitamin C (84.3%), followed by honey (65.3%), and vitamin D (47.7%). At the top of students’ references for DSs was personal judgment or previous knowledge of the benefits (27.3%). (4) Conclusion: The usage and patterns of DSs were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking DSs without a doctor’s prescription may lead to several complications. DSs users should be educated effectively about the proper use of DSs as an external supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Hamad Almegewly
- Department of Community Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Rimah Bader Alenazi
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayhaa Mohammed Albaqami
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fatimah Abdulrhman Alsaedi
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Khalaf Almutairi
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alhanouf Abdullah Alkharji
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer Mohammed Althani
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Abdullah Aljuwayd
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Alateeq D, Alsubaie MA, Alsafi FA, Hisham Alsulaiman S, Korayem GB. The use of dietary supplements for mental health among the Saudi population: A cross-sectional survey. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:742-749. [PMID: 35812149 PMCID: PMC9257885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Methods Results Conclusion
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Alhakbany MA, Alzamil HA, Alnazzawi E, Alhenaki G, Alzahrani R, Almughaiseeb A, Al-Hazzaa HM. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Use of Protein Supplements among Saudi Adults: Gender Differences. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:394. [PMID: 35207007 PMCID: PMC8872357 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Saudi Arabia has witnessed recent reforms and positive socio-political changes that have led to increased opportunities for women to participate in fitness centers. This study investigated protein supplement consumption among Saudi females compared with that among males and examined the knowledge and attitudes of the participants toward protein supplement use. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh using a previously validated, self-administered online survey. The questionnaire included items related to the prevalence, knowledge, attitudes, and practice of protein supplementation. The participants were 354 adults (58.2% were females). The results showed that over 47% of the participants attended fitness centers with more male (80.3%) than female (41%) attendees. Nearly 50% of the participants consumed protein supplements, with males (68.7%) using significantly (p < 0.001) more protein supplements than females (35.6%). The powdered form was most commonly consumed. The percentage of gym attendees (67.8%) who used protein supplements was higher than that among non-gym attendees (32.2%). Gaining muscles (56.1%) followed by compensating for protein deficiency (28.6%) were the reasons for taking protein supplements, with a significant gender difference (p < 0.001). Coaches provided the most information on protein supplements. The participants appeared to be knowledgeable about protein supplements. Although over 68% of protein supplement users suffered from various symptoms, only 20% of the participants thought that there was no risk in taking protein supplements, with significant gender differences. It was concluded that Saudi male participants are twice more likely to attend the gym and consume protein supplements compared with females. Of both genders, those attending the gym consumed more protein supplements than non-gym attendees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan A. Alhakbany
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Hana A. Alzamil
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Esraa Alnazzawi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (G.A.); (R.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Ghadah Alhenaki
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (G.A.); (R.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Razan Alzahrani
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (G.A.); (R.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Aseel Almughaiseeb
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (G.A.); (R.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Iye R, Okuhara T, Okada H, Goto E, Furukawa E, Kiuchi T. The Effect of Exposure to "Exemption" Video Advertisements for Functional Foods: A Randomized Control Study in Japan. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:345. [PMID: 35206959 PMCID: PMC8872309 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous content analysis of video advertisements for functional foods identified "Exemption" advertisements. "Exemption" advertisements may imply to the audiences that "By taking functional foods, I can adopt unhealthy behaviors or I don't have to adopt healthy behaviors". In the context of Compensatory Health Beliefs (CHBs), this study refers to these beliefs as functional foods related to CHBs (FF-CHBs). This study aimed to assess the effects of exposure to "Exemption" advertisements for fat-reduction functional foods on audiences. The main hypothesis is exposure to "Exemption" video advertisements increases participants' FF-CHBs. Participants (n = 788) were randomly assigned to an intervention group that viewed three video advertisements or a control group and answered online self-administered questionnaires. Intervention videos were three videos with the highest number of views per month from among the "Exemption" video advertisements. Control videos were about how to brew green tea. FF-CHBs was assessed before and after the intervention. The intervention group showed significantly greater FF-CHBs after intervention (mean = 2.37 vs. 2.11, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.026) compared with the control group. "Exemption" functional foods video advertisements increased FF-CHBs that can lead to adopting unhealthy behaviors and avoiding healthy behaviors. The content of these functional foods video advertisements should be improved to promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Iye
- Department of Health Communication, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
| | - Tsuyoshi Okuhara
- Department of Health Communication, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.O.); (H.O.); (E.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Hiroko Okada
- Department of Health Communication, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.O.); (H.O.); (E.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Eiko Goto
- Department of Health Communication, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.O.); (H.O.); (E.G.); (T.K.)
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Department of Health Communication, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
| | - Takahiro Kiuchi
- Department of Health Communication, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (T.O.); (H.O.); (E.G.); (T.K.)
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Alghamdi SA, Alqarni AA, Alghamdi AF, Alghamdi TK, Hasosah NM, Aga SS, Khan MA. Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding dietary habits among medical and non-medical university students. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:3436-3443. [PMID: 34760770 PMCID: PMC8565122 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2227_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Medical students even though being aware of the importance of well-balanced nutrition do tend to have laxity in practicing it themselves leading to poor nutrition. The aim of this study was to compare the awareness and knowledge of dietary habits among medical and non-medical students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in two universities in the Jeddah province, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS) and King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah over 6 months. A self-administered online questionnaire was employed to assess the knowledge and attitude of the dietary habits among the students. Results: The number of students who responded positively to the survey was 386, the mean age was 21.5 ± 2.10. 310 (80.3%) of which were males while 76 (19.7%) were females by a ratio of 4.07:1. Most of the participants were single (95.9%); 238 (87.6%) participants lived with their family and 272 (70.5%) participants were in the college of medicine. Among the medical students, 41.9% did exercise “sometimes,” 57.4% identified breakfast as an important meal of the day, and 14.7% were smokers. Conclusion: In our study, we found that the medical students were having a higher level of awareness about the dietary and lifestyle habits but it was not reflected in their practice which needed to be taken care of.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ali Alghamdi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Abdullah Alqarni
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Fuad Alghamdi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Khalid Alghamdi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Mohammed Hasosah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Sameer Aga
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Anwar Khan
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs (NGHA), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Mohd Ashri MH, Abu Saad H, Adznam SNΆ. Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Body Weight Status and Energy Intake among Users and Non-Users of Dietary Supplements among Government Employees in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Nutrients 2021; 13:2248. [PMID: 34210072 PMCID: PMC8308269 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of dietary supplements is prevalent among many groups worldwide. However, few studies have examined their use among government employees. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the association among sociodemographic characteristics, body weight status, and energy intake with dietary supplement use among government employees in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Simple random sampling was used to select a sample of 460 government employees from six ministries in Putrajaya, Malaysia. The data used in this study were collected through anthropometric measurements (height, weight, % body fat, waist and hip circumferences), a self-administered questionnaire (sociodemographic characteristics and dietary supplements use), and an interviewer-administered questionnaire (24-hour dietary recall; fruit and vegetable intake). The results indicated that the prevalence of dietary supplement use was 55.4%, with vitamin C (38.4%) being the most popular type of dietary supplement. Health issues (80.8%) were the most common reason for usage, internet (59.2%) was the main source of information, and pharmacies (71.8%) were the most indicated places to purchase dietary supplements. A multivariate analysis showed that participants who were female, married, had better monthly income, lived within a smaller household size, had a normal body mass index, classified as having unhealthily high body fat percentage, did not skip breakfast, and consumed at least five servings of fruits and vegetables per day were significantly more likely to use dietary supplements. In conclusion, health-conscious groups were more prone to consume dietary supplements, and due to the high prevalence of dietary supplement use, dissemination of accurate scientific information regarding dietary supplements is highly recommended among government employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Hasrol Mohd Ashri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Hazizi Abu Saad
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Siti Nur Άsyura Adznam
- Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Malaysian Research Institute of Ageing, (MyAgeing) Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Karbownik MS, Horne R, Paul E, Kowalczyk E, Szemraj J. Determinants of Knowledge About Dietary Supplements Among Polish Internet Users: Nationwide Cross-sectional Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e25228. [PMID: 33658173 PMCID: PMC8100877 DOI: 10.2196/25228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An accurate understanding of dietary supplements (DS) is a prerequisite for informed decisions regarding their intake. However, there is a need for studies on this understanding among the public based on validated research tools. Objective This study aims to assess the knowledge about DS among Polish internet users with no medical education and to identify its determinants and design an appropriate predictive model. Methods The study protocol was prospectively registered with a statistical analysis plan. Polish users of a web-based health service and a social networking service were administered a survey consisting of the recently developed questionnaire on knowledge about DS, the questionnaire on trust in advertising DS, the beliefs about medicines questionnaire, and several other health-related single-item measures and sociodemographic questions. The results were subjected to general linear modeling. Results A total of 6273 participants were included. Of the 17 yes or no questions in the questionnaire of knowledge about DS, the mean number of correct responses was 9.0 (95% CI 8.9-9.1). Health service users performed worse than social networking users by 2.3 points (95% CI 2.1-2.5) in an analysis adjusted for potential confounders. Internet users had fewer true beliefs about DS if they presented higher trust in their advertising (adjusted β=−.37; 95% CI −.39 to −.34), used DS (adjusted β=−.14; 95% CI −.17 to −.12), experienced their positive effect (adjusted β=−.16; 95% CI −.18 to −.13), were older or younger than 35 years (adjusted β=−.14; 95% CI −.17 to −.12), expressed interest in the topic of DS (adjusted β=−.10; 95% CI −.13 to −.08), reported getting information about the products from friends (adjusted β=−.13; 95% CI −.15 to −.11), and believed that medicines are harmful (adjusted β=−.12; 95% CI −.15 to −.10). The proposed 5-predictor model could explain 31.2% of the variance in knowledge about DS. The model appeared resistant to overfitting and was able to forecast most of the observed associations. Conclusions Polish internet users with no medical education exhibit some false beliefs regarding DS. Trusting the advertising of DS appears to conflict with knowledge about them. There is an urgent need for effective web-based educational campaigns on DS and the promotion of advertising literacy. After the proposed predictive model is externally validated, it may help identify the least informed target audience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Horne
- Centre for Behavioural Medicine, The School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Edward Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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22
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Brodziak-Dopierała B, Fischer A, Ahnert B. Polish students’ knowledge of dietary supplements. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-021-01481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The increasing intake of dietary supplements (DS) can be observed worldwide. These preparations are classified as a special category of foods and are subject to food law, not pharmaceutical regulations. As a result, the requirements for DS are much less restrictive than for medications.
Methodology
This research was conducted in a group of young Polish students of pharmacy at the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (SUM) and of finance and accounting at the University of Economics in Katowice (UE). The survey contained questions concerning DS, such as difference to drugs, scope of use, and safety.
Results
The respondents answered questions about taking DS and the effects of their use. DS were used either currently or in the past by about 70% of the respondents, while about 30% of the surveyed population declared that they did not use these preparations. Women and UE students predominated among those not taking DS.
Conclusion
Multi-component products taken for a period of less than 3 months to supplement a deficit for a given component were used the most often. One product was taken at a time. The respondents read product information and followed the recommended doses. Over 50% of the studied population was aware of the negative effects of DS. Adverse symptoms of DS use were observed by 5% of the respondents.
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Alqrache A, Mostafa M, Ghabrah O, Ghabrah Z, Kamal N, Ghabrah T, Atta H. Knowledge and Patterns of Dietary Supplement Use among Students Attending King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2021; 58:469580211020882. [PMID: 34053321 PMCID: PMC8743916 DOI: 10.1177/00469580211020882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oral dietary supplements (DSs) include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, energy drinks, and herbal products. The use of DSs is increasing and their manufacturers promote their benefits. Studies have validated some of these benefits, but have also indicated that some DSs can have adverse effects, especially if used without the appropriate supervision. Little information on DS use among Saudis is available. This study assessed the use of dietary supplements among male and female university students with the goal of educating the community about DSs and the dangers associated with their misuse. Online and paper validated questionnaires were administered to King Abdulaziz University (KAU) students between September 2019 and January 2020. The responses were collected and analyzed statistically. Of the 954 KAU students who completed the survey, one-third used DSs (42.9% women vs 25.7% men). Of these, 51.7% believed that DSs are essential for health, 41.7% classified them as both food and drugs, 67.2% were aware that DSs could not replace a healthy diet, and 25.8% were aware of their potentially harmful effects. Multivitamins and minerals were the most used DSs. DS awareness among KAU students is limited. Additional health education is necessary to assist students in their selection of the most suitable DSs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Mostafa
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Ghabrah
- Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad Ghabrah
- Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nezar Kamal
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hazem Atta
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Tarı Selçuk K, Çevik C. Use of dietary supplements among nursing students in Turkey in the last 12 months and its relation with orthorexia nervosa. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2020; 56:885-893. [PMID: 32249454 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was aimed at investigating the use of dietary supplements among nursing students in Turkey in the last 12 months and its relation with orthorexia nervosa (ON). DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in Balıkesir, a province in northwestern Turkey, between November and December 2019 included 560 nursing students. FINDINGS Almost a fifth of the students had used dietary supplements in the last 12 months and the use of dietary supplements was associated with ON. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Students should be screened for ON symptoms and attempts to reduce ON symptoms in students at risk should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevser Tarı Selçuk
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Celalettin Çevik
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
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Alshahrani A. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of community pharmacists towards providing counseling on vitamins, and nutritional supplements in Saudi Arabia. AIMS Public Health 2020; 7:697-712. [PMID: 32968687 PMCID: PMC7505785 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists play an important role in the healthcare system and have a greater impact on the outcome of public health programs. Patients who seek nutrition and vitamin advice presume the role of community pharmacists including the recommendation of effective vitamin and nutritional products. Objective To determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of community pharmacists towards providing counseling on vitamins and nutritional supplements in Saudi Arabia. Setting All community pharmacies in all cities in Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study methodology. The study was conducted between September 2019 and April 2020. Google survey was used to collect the samples from community pharmacists across Saudi Arabia. Main outcome measure Main outcome measure knowledge, attitudes, and practice of community pharmacists towards providing counseling on vitamins and nutritional supplements. Results A total of 1199 questionnaires were distributed electronically. Only 1041 were obtained to representing an 86.8% success rate. A significant majority of the respondents in this study were males (98.7%) and aged between 23–34 years (80.7%). Most of the community pharmacists in this study were non-Saudi residents 96.4%. Only 24.0% had certification from the Saudi National Board. Daily, the majority of the pharmacists attended to an estimated 100–200 patients 62.3% with only 22.7% attending to more than 200 customers per day. Most of the community pharmacists 86.4% have received a form of training on vitamins and nutritional supplements. Most of the community pharmacists counsel their patients about the side effects of vitamins and nutritional supplements. Conclusion Community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia have adequate knowledge and a positive attitude about vitamins and nutritional supplements. Our findings indicate that training courses are needed to improve pharmacists' communication skills to play more roles in counseling and enhancing their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alshahrani
- Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy college, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Samreen S, Siddiqui NA, Wajid S, Mothana RA, Almarfadi OM. Prevalence and Use of Dietary Supplements Among Pharmacy Students in Saudi Arabia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:1523-1531. [PMID: 32982510 PMCID: PMC7494426 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s256656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dietary supplements (DSs) are popular in many countries, and their use among individuals is increasing worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and use of DSs among pharmacy students in King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design targeting male senior pharmacy students in their fourth and fifth years of Bachelor and Doctor of Pharmacy courses. The data were collected between August and October 2019 using paper-based questionnaires. Results A total of 46.8% of the students used DSs. Of all students surveyed, 19% used branded supplements whereas 9.7% used generic or local supplements and 12.3% used both generic and branded supplements. Furthermore, 8.2% students suffered from side effects, including 5.6% who suffered from nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea and 2.6% who suffered from headache, confusion, and disorientation. Approximately 24.6% of students used fiber DSs whereas 19% and 16.4% used DSs for protein and glucosamine/omega 3 fatty acids, respectively. Conclusion The study findings indicated that the prevalence of DS use is increasing. However, approximately half of the respondents encourage the use of DSs only with a doctor’s recommendation. Educating about the safe use of DSs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Samreen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Aurobindo College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal, India
| | - Nasir A Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Wajid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramzi A Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer M Almarfadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Alfawaz H, Khan N, Almarshad A, Wani K, Aljumah MA, Khattak MNK, Al-Daghri NM. The Prevalence and Awareness Concerning Dietary Supplement Use among Saudi Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103515. [PMID: 32443434 PMCID: PMC7277864 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current dietary supplement (DS) use among Saudi school students is not well described. In this study, we aim to investigate the prevalence and predictors of DS use among adolescents. This cross-sectional study collected data via self-administered questionnaire from 1221 students (12 to 18 years). The overall prevalence of DS use was 26.2%, significantly higher in females than males (33% vs. 17.9%, p < 0.001). High proportion of female DS users demonstrated normal BMI than males (84% vs. 56.5%, p < 0.001). High percentage of male DS users were engaged in vigorous and/or high physical activity (PA) levels than female DS users (58.2% vs. 43%, p = 0.022; and 57.1% vs. 20.7%, p < 0.001, respectively). The main reasons for DS use among females were vitamin deficiency (63.3%), hair condition (37.6%) and nail health (23.5%) while in males, the main reasons were vitamin deficiency (58.4%) and body building (34.4%). The predictors of DS use in Saudi adolescents included being female, having high family income and being physically active. In conclusion, the overall prevalence and preference of DS use, though low among Saudi adolescents, was driven mostly by gender, physical activity levels and socioeconomic factors like family income. DS use guidelines and counselling among Saudi adolescents are warranted to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Alfawaz
- College of Food Science & Agriculture, Department of Food Science & Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.W.); (M.N.K.K.); (N.M.A.-D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-8055890
| | - Nasiruddin Khan
- College of Applied and Health Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, A’ Sharqiyah University, Ibra 400, Oman;
| | - Alwateen Almarshad
- College of Food Science & Agriculture, Department of Food Science & Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kaiser Wani
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.W.); (M.N.K.K.); (N.M.A.-D.)
| | - Muneerah A. Aljumah
- College of Medicine Medical Student, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.W.); (M.N.K.K.); (N.M.A.-D.)
| | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.W.); (M.N.K.K.); (N.M.A.-D.)
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Algaeed HA, AlJaber MI, Alwehaibi AI, AlJaber LI, Arafah AM, Aloyayri MA, Binsebayel OA, Alotaiq SA, Alfozan MA, Ahmed IB. General public knowledge and use of dietary supplements in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:3147-3154. [PMID: 31742134 PMCID: PMC6857379 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_511_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Dietary supplements is a growing industry, pharmaceuticals are having several types of similar supplements and multivitamins as over-the-counter products, a complete diet is necessary for a healthy body which leads to the usage of supplements or multivitamins complementing diets as needed, therefore leading to its encouraged usage among the population worldwide. Aims: The study was aimed to determine the public's knowledge and their use of dietary supplements. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the general public of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods and Materials: The sample consisted of 679 participants including 41% males and 59% females. The ethnicity of the participants is 100% Arabs. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS. Results: The sociodemographic data showed there were more female participants than males (59.1% vs. 40.9%), most of our participants had at least bachelor degree (64.4%), most of our participants had normal BMI (62.3%). 88.5% had knowledge on supplements and only 11.5% stated they were not aware at all. Conclusions: Dietary supplements and multivitamins consumption is prevalent among Saudi Arabian population. Our study suggests the majority of consumers understand the supportive role of dietary supplements and are aware of risks and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad A Algaeed
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I AlJaber
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah I Alwehaibi
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna I AlJaber
- Clinical Dietitian/Home Health Care Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M Arafah
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Aloyayri
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Binsebayel
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan A Alotaiq
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaab A Alfozan
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Bin Ahmed
- College of Medicine, Family Medicine Department, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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