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Niu L, Liang D, Ling Q, Zhang J, Li Z, Zhang D, Xia P, Zhu Z, Lin J, Shi A, Ma J, Yu P, Liu X. Insights into monkeypox pathophysiology, global prevalence, clinical manifestation and treatments. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1132250. [PMID: 37026012 PMCID: PMC10070694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1132250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On 23rd July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the ongoing monkeypox outbreak as a public medical crisis. Monkeypox virus (MPV), the etiological agent of monkeypox, is a zoonotic, linear, double-stranded DNA virus. In 1970, the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported the first case of MPV infection. Human-to-human transmission can happen through sexual contact, inhaled droplets, or skin-to-skin contact. Once inoculated, the viruses multiply rapidly and spread into the bloodstream to cause viremia, which then affect multiple organs, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, genitals, lungs, and liver. By September 9, 2022, more than 57,000 cases had been reported in 103 locations, especially in Europe and the United States. Infected patients are characterized by physical symptoms such as red rash, fatigue, backache, muscle aches, headache, and fever. A variety of medical strategies are available for orthopoxviruses, including monkeypox. Monkeypox prevention following the smallpox vaccine has shown up to 85% efficacy, and several antiviral drugs, such as Cidofovir and Brincidofovir, may slow the viral spread. In this article, we review the origin, pathophysiology, global epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and possible treatments of MPV to prevent the propagation of the virus and provide cues to generate specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Niu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Huan Kui College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dingfa Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qin Ling
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ziwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Deju Zhang
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Panpan Xia
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zicheng Zhu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jitao Lin
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ao Shi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- School of Medicine, St. George University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Peng Yu
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Dexing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dexing, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Oral lesions in human monkeypox disease and their management-a scoping review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 135:510-517. [PMID: 36737264 PMCID: PMC9715264 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monkeypox (MPX) disease poses a threat to the frontline health workers, including dental practitioners; however, there is limited literature on its dental implications. The objective of this scoping review was to map the oral manifestations of MPX and its management based on existing information. MATERIALS AND METHODS Articles published up to July 31, 2022 were searched to select relevant observational and experimental studies in humans who reported oral lesions in MPX disease, including case reports. The findings of this review are based on the pooled data of 1,136 patients (age range: 2-52 years) reported from different parts of the world. RESULTS Oral lesions included mouth sores, oral mucosal lesions, ulcers on the tongue, tongue swelling, pustular lesions on the gingiva, perioral erosive lesions, oral candidiasis, and oropharyngeal lesions. Oral lesions of MPX infection and their management strategies are relevant to dentists. Dental practitioners may be the first to detect the initial symptoms of MPX disease. CONCLUSION Oral lesions may present as initial lesions of MPX suggesting that dentists and dental personnel should be aware of the nature of the disease. Clinicians must be alert to rashes resembling MPX lesions and distinguish MPX from herpetic and similar vesicular-bullous lesions for differential diagnosis. Symptomatic and supportive care for oral lesions is important.
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Marietta M, Coluccio V, Luppi M. Monkeypox outbreak: after COVID-19, another challenge for the hemostatic system? Intern Emerg Med 2022; 17:2179-2183. [PMID: 36194336 PMCID: PMC9529604 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-022-03112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marietta
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy.
| | - Valeria Coluccio
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Section of Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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