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Zemitis A, Vanags J, Fan J, Klavins K, Laganovska G. Metabolomic Disparities in Intraocular Fluid Across Varied Stages of Cataract Progression: Implications for the Analysis of Cataract Development. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024. [PMID: 38976556 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2024.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The lens's metabolic demands are met through a continuous circulation of aqueous humor, encompassing a spectrum of components such as organic and inorganic ions, carbohydrates, glutathione, urea, amino acids, proteins, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water. Metabolomics is a pivotal tool, offering an initial insight into the complexities of integrated metabolism. In this investigative study, we systematically scrutinize the composition of intraocular fluid in individuals afflicted with cataracts. Methods: The investigation involved a comprehensive analysis of aqueous humor samples from a cohort comprising 192 patients. These individuals were stratified by utilizing the SPONCS classification system, delineating distinct groups characterized by the hardness of cataracts. The analytical approach employed targeted quantitative metabolite analysis using HILIC-based liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometric detection. The metabolomics data analysis was performed with MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Results: The results of the enrichment analysis have facilitated the inference that the discerned disparities among groups arise from disruptions in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, variations in tryptophan metabolism, and modifications in mitochondrial beta-oxidation of short-chain saturated fatty acids and pyrimidine metabolism. Conclusion: A decline in taurine concentration precipitates diminished glutathione activity, prompting an elevated requirement for NAD+ and instigating tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway. Activation of this pathway is additionally prompted by interferon-gamma and UV radiation, leading to the induction of IDO. Concurrently, heightened mitochondrial beta-oxidation signifies a distinctive scenario in translocating fatty acids into the mitochondria, enhancing energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturs Zemitis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Clinic of Ophthalmology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Juris Vanags
- Department of Ophthalmology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Clinic of Ophthalmology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Jingzhi Fan
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Kristaps Klavins
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Guna Laganovska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Clinic of Ophthalmology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
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Perryman R, Chau TW, De-Felice J, O’Neill K, Syed N. Distinct Capabilities in NAD Metabolism Mediate Resistance to NAMPT Inhibition in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2054. [PMID: 38893173 PMCID: PMC11171005 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) cells require high levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to fuel metabolic reactions, regulate their cell cycle and support DNA repair in response to chemotherapy and radiation. Inhibition of a key enzyme in NAD biosynthesis, NAMPT, has demonstrated significant anti-neoplastic activity. Here, we sought to characterise NAD biosynthetic pathways in GBM to determine resistance mechanisms to NAD inhibitors. GBM cells were treated with the NAMPT inhibitor FK866 with and without NAD precursors, and were analysed by qPCR, Western blot and proliferation assays (monolayer and spheroid). We also measured changes in the cell cycle, apoptosis, NAD/NADH levels and energy production. We performed orthoptic xenograft experiments in athymic nude mice to test the efficacy of FK866 in combination with temozolomide (TMZ). We show that the expression of key genes involved in NAD biosynthesis is highly variable across GBM tumours. FK866 inhibits proliferation, reduces NAD levels and limits oxidative metabolism, leading to G2/M cell cycle arrest; however, this can be reversed by supplementation with specific NAD precursors. Furthermore, FK866 potentiates the effects of radiation and TMZ in vitro and in vivo. NAMPT inhibitors should be considered for the treatment of GBM, with patients stratified based on their expression of key enzymes in other NAD biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Perryman
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK (K.O.)
| | | | | | | | - Nelofer Syed
- John Fulcher Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK (K.O.)
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3
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Dehhaghi M, Heydari M, Panahi HKS, Lewin SR, Heng B, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. The roles of the kynurenine pathway in COVID-19 neuropathogenesis. Infection 2024:10.1007/s15010-024-02293-y. [PMID: 38802702 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the highly contagious respiratory disease Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) that may lead to various neurological and psychological disorders that can be acute, lasting days to weeks or months and possibly longer. The latter is known as long-COVID or more recently post-acute sequelae of COVID (PASC). During acute COVID-19 infection, a strong inflammatory response, known as the cytokine storm, occurs in some patients. The levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interferon-β (IFN-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are particularly increased. These cytokines are known to activate the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1), catalysing the first step of tryptophan (Trp) catabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) leading to the production of several neurotoxic and immunosuppressive metabolites. There is already data showing elevation in KP metabolites both acutely and in PASC, especially regarding cognitive impairment. Thus, it is likely that KP involvement is significant in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis especially neurologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mostafa Heydari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Pertanian Bogor University, Bogor, Indonesia
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León-Letelier RA, Dou R, Vykoukal J, Sater AHA, Ostrin E, Hanash S, Fahrmann JF. The kynurenine pathway presents multi-faceted metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1256769. [PMID: 37876966 PMCID: PMC10591110 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1256769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) and associated catabolites play key roles in promoting tumor progression and modulating the host anti-tumor immune response. To date, considerable focus has been on the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and its catabolite, kynurenine (Kyn). However, increasing evidence has demonstrated that downstream KP enzymes and their associated metabolite products can also elicit tumor-microenvironment immune suppression. These advancements in our understanding of the tumor promotive role of the KP have led to the conception of novel therapeutic strategies to target the KP pathway for anti-cancer effects and reversal of immune escape. This review aims to 1) highlight the known biological functions of key enzymes in the KP, and 2) provide a comprehensive overview of existing and emerging therapies aimed at targeting discrete enzymes in the KP for anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A. León-Letelier
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rongzhang Dou
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jody Vykoukal
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ali Hussein Abdel Sater
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Edwin Ostrin
- Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Samir Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Johannes F. Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Sapienza J, Spangaro M, Guillemin GJ, Comai S, Bosia M. Importance of the dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway on cognition in schizophrenia: a systematic review of clinical studies. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:1317-1328. [PMID: 36460745 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychotic disease burdened by cognitive deficits which hamper daily functioning causing disability and costs for society. Biological determinants underlying cognitive impairment are only partially understood and there are no convincing pharmacological targets able to improve cognitive outcome. Mounting evidence has shown the involvement of the kynurenine pathway in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, also concerning cognitive symptoms. Therefore, the action of specific metabolites of kynurenine could affects cognition in schizophrenia. To evaluate the impact of the metabolites of kynurenine pathway on cognitive functions in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, with a focus on the modulating role of gender, to identify predictors of cognitive functioning and hypothetical pharmacological targets able to resize disability by improving cognition, thus functioning and quality of life. A systematic review was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. All studies measuring the direct impact of kynurenine metabolites on cognitive performances in living individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders were included in the review. Six studies were included. The activation of the kynurenine pathway resulted associated with greater cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia and both elevations and reduction of metabolites seemed able to affect cognitive outcome. No modulating role of sex emerged. This systematic review provides evidence that the activation of the kynurenine pathway affects cognition in patients with schizophrenia and highlights this pathway as a possible future target for developing novel drugs toward this still unmet clinical need. However, evidence is still limited and future studies are needed to further clarify the relationship between kynurenine pathway and cognition in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie Medicine School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stefano Comai
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Marta Bosia
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Felipe Souza E Silva L, Siena Dos Santos A, Mayumi Yuzawa J, Luiz de Barros Torresi J, Ziroldo A, Rosado Rosenstock T. SIRTUINS MODULATORS COUNTERACT MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN CELLULAR MODELS OF HYPOXIA: RELEVANCE TO SCHIZOPHRENIA. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00200-2. [PMID: 37169164 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a neurodevelopmental-associated disorder strongly related to environmental factors, such as hypoxia. Because there is no cure for SZ or any pharmacological approach that could revert hypoxia-induced cellular damages, we evaluated whether modulators of sirtuins could abrogate hypoxia-induced mitochondrial deregulation as a neuroprotective strategy. Firstly, astrocytes from control (Wistar) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR), a model of both SZ and neonatal hypoxia, were submitted to chemical hypoxia. Then, cells were exposed to different concentrations of Nicotinamide (NAM), Resveratrol (Resv), and Sirtinol (Sir) for 48hrs. Our data indicate that sirtuins modulation reduces cell death increasing the acetylation of histone 3. This outcome is related to the rescue of loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, changes in mitochondrial calcium buffering capacity, decreased O2-• levels and increased expression of metabolic regulators (Nrf-1 and Nfe2l2) and mitochondrial content. Such findings are relevant not only for hypoxia-associated conditions, named pre-eclampsia but also for SZ since prenatal hypoxia is a relevant environmental factor related to this burdensome neuropsychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe Souza E Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Siena Dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica Mayumi Yuzawa
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alan Ziroldo
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Science, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Rosado Rosenstock
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Dept. of Bioscience, In-vitro Neuroscience, Sygnature Discovery, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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7
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Lashgari NA, Roudsari NM, Shayan M, Niazi Shahraki F, Hosseini Y, Momtaz S, Abdolghaffari AH. IDO/Kynurenine; novel insight for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2023; 166:156206. [PMID: 37120946 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress play pivotal roles in pathogenesis of many diseases including cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, neurological diseases, and inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Inflammatory mediators such as interleukins (ILs), interferons (INF-s), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α are related to an extended chance of inflammatory diseases initiation or progression due to the over expression of the nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-κB), signal transducer of activators of transcription (STAT), nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP), toll-like receptors (TLR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. These pathways are completely interconnected. Theindoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) subset of the kynurenine (KYN) (IDO/KYN), is a metabolic inflammatory pathway involved in production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ). It has been shown that IDO/KYN actively participates in inflammatory processes and can increase the secretion of cytokines that provoke inflammatory diseases. Data were extracted from clinical and animal studies published in English between 1990-April 2022, which were collected from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane library. IDO/KYN is completely associated with inflammatory-related pathways, thus leading to the production of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and ultimately development and progression of various inflammatory disorders. Inhibition of the IDO/KYN pathway might be a novel therapeutic option for inflammatory diseases. Herein, we gathered data on probable interactions of the IDO/KYN pathway with induction of some inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Niazi Shahraki
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasamin Hosseini
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Momtaz
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; GI Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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Shen H, Xu X, Bai Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Zhong J, Wu Q, Luo Y, Shang T, Shen R, Xi M, Sun H. Therapeutic potential of targeting kynurenine pathway in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115258. [PMID: 36917881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Kynurenine pathway (KP), the primary pathway of L-tryptophan (Trp) metabolism in mammals, contains several neuroactive metabolites such as kynurenic acid (KA) and quinolinic acid (QA). Its imbalance involved in aging and neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) has attracted much interest in therapeutically targeting KP enzymes and KP metabolite-associated receptors, especially kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO). Currently, many agents have been discovered with significant improvement in animal models but only one aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonist 30 (laquinimod) has entered clinical trials for treating Huntington's disease (HD). In this review, we describe neuroactive KP metabolites, discuss the dysregulation of KP in aging and NDs and summarize the development of KP regulators in preclinical and clinical studies, offering an outlook of targeting KP for NDs treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Shen
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xinde Xu
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing, 312500, China
| | - Yalong Bai
- Zhejiang Medicine Co. Ltd., Shaoxing, 312500, China
| | | | - Yibin Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jia Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Qiyi Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yanjuan Luo
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Tianbo Shang
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Runpu Shen
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Meiyang Xi
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Fat-soluble Vitamin, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Effects of Ozone on Sickness and Depressive-like Behavioral and Biochemical Phenotypes and Their Regulation by Serum Amyloid A in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021612. [PMID: 36675130 PMCID: PMC9860713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is an air pollutant that primarily damages the lungs, but growing evidence supports the idea that O3 also harms the brain; acute exposure to O3 has been linked to central nervous system (CNS) symptoms such as depressed mood and sickness behaviors. However, the mechanisms by which O3 inhalation causes neurobehavioral changes are limited. One hypothesis is that factors in the circulation bridge communication between the lungs and brain following O3 exposure. In this study, our goals were to characterize neurobehavioral endpoints of O3 exposure as they relate to markers of systemic and pulmonary inflammation, with a particular focus on serum amyloid A (SAA) and kynurenine as candidate mediators of O3 behavioral effects. We evaluated O3-induced dose-, time- and sex-dependent changes in pulmonary inflammation, circulating SAA and kynurenine and its metabolic enzymes, and sickness and depressive-like behaviors in Balb/c and CD-1 mice. We found that 3 parts per million (ppm) O3, but not 2 or 1 ppm O3, increased circulating SAA and lung inflammation, which were resolved by 48 h and was worse in females. We also found that indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (Ido1) mRNA expression was increased in the brain and spleen 24 h after 3 ppm O3 and that kynurenine was increased in blood. Sickness and depressive-like behaviors were observed at all O3 doses (1-3 ppm), suggesting that behavioral responses to O3 can occur independently of increased SAA or neutrophils in the lungs. Using SAA knockout mice, we found that SAA did not contribute to O3-induced pulmonary damage or inflammation, systemic increases in kynurenine post-O3, or depressive-like behavior but did contribute to weight loss. Together, these findings indicate that acute O3 exposure induces transient symptoms of sickness and depressive-like behaviors that may occur in the presence or absence of overt pulmonary neutrophilia and systemic increases of SAA. SAA does not appear to contribute to pulmonary inflammation induced by O3, although it may contribute to other aspects of sickness behavior, as reflected by a modest effect on weight loss.
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Pallotta MT, Rossini S, Suvieri C, Coletti A, Orabona C, Macchiarulo A, Volpi C, Grohmann U. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1): an up-to-date overview of an eclectic immunoregulatory enzyme. FEBS J 2022; 289:6099-6118. [PMID: 34145969 PMCID: PMC9786828 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the initial rate-limiting step in the degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. When discovered more than 50 years ago, IDO1 was thought to be an effector molecule capable of mediating a survival strategy based on the deprivation of bacteria and tumor cells of the essential amino acid tryptophan. Since 1998, when tryptophan catabolism was discovered to be crucially involved in the maintenance of maternal T-cell tolerance, IDO1 has become the focus of several laboratories around the world. Indeed, IDO1 is now considered as an authentic immune regulator not only in pregnancy, but also in autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and tumor immunity. However, in the last years, a bulk of new information-including structural, biological, and functional evidence-on IDO1 has come to light. For instance, we now know that IDO1 has a peculiar conformational plasticity and, in addition to a complex and highly regulated catalytic activity, is capable of performing a nonenzymic function that reprograms the expression profile of immune cells toward a highly immunoregulatory phenotype. With this state-of-the-art review, we aimed at gathering the most recent information obtained for this eclectic protein as well as at highlighting the major unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Rossini
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Chiara Suvieri
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | | | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
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Afridi R, Rahman MH, Suk K. Implications of glial metabolic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105874. [PMID: 36154877 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant cells of the brain, outnumbering neurons. These multifunctional cells are crucial for maintaining brain homeostasis by providing trophic and nutritional support to neurons, sculpting synapses, and providing an immune defense. Glia are highly plastic and undergo both structural and functional alterations in response to changes in the brain microenvironment. Glial phenotypes are intimately regulated by underlying metabolic machinery, which dictates the effector functions of these cells. Altered brain energy metabolism and chronic neuroinflammation are common features of several neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia and astrocytes are the major glial cells fueling the ongoing neuroinflammatory process, exacerbating neurodegeneration. Distinct metabolic perturbations in microglia and astrocytes, including altered carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism have been documented in neurodegenerative diseases. These disturbances aggravate the neurodegenerative process by potentiating the inflammatory activation of glial cells. This review covers the recent advances in the molecular aspects of glial metabolic changes in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we discuss studies exploiting glial metabolism as a potential therapeutic avenue in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Neves D, Goodfellow BJ, Vieira SI, Silva RM. The role of NAD metabolism in neuronal differentiation. Neurochem Int 2022; 159:105402. [PMID: 35843422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism is involved in redox and non-redox reactions that regulate several processes including differentiation of cells of different origins. Here, the role of NAD metabolism in neuronal differentiation, which remains elusive so far, was investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS A protein-protein interaction network between neurotrophin signaling and NAD metabolic pathways was built. Expression of NAD biosynthetic enzymes in SH-SY5Y cells during retinoic acid (RA)/brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) differentiation, was evaluated. The effects of NAD biosynthetic enzymes QPRT and NAPRT inhibition in neurite outgrowth, cell viability, NAD availability and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, were analysed in RA- and BDNF-differentiated cells. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis revealed the interaction between NAD biosynthetic enzyme NMNAT1 and NTRK2, a receptor activated by RA/BDNF sequential treatment. Differences were found in the expression of NAD biosynthetic enzymes during neuronal differentiation, namely, increased QPRT gene expression along the course of RA/BDNF treatment and NAPRT protein expression after a 5-day treatment with RA. QPRT inhibition in BDNF-differentiated SH-SY5Y cells resulted in less neuritic length per cell, decreased expression of the neuronal marker β-III Tubulin and also decreased NAD+ levels and HDAC activity. NAPRT inhibition had no effect in neuritic length per cell, NAD+ levels and HDAC activity. Of note, NAD supplementation along with RA, but not with BDNF, resulted in considerable cell death. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results show the involvement of NAD metabolism in neuronal differentiation, specifically, the importance of QPRT-mediated NAD biosynthesis in BDNF-associated SH-SY5Y differentiation and suggest additional roles for NAPRT beyond NAD production in RA-differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Neves
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas & Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal.
| | | | - Sandra I Vieira
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas & Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Raquel M Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Médicas & Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal; Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Saúde, Viseu, Portugal
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13
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Zheng M, Schultz MB, Sinclair DA. NAD + in COVID-19 and viral infections. Trends Immunol 2022; 43:283-295. [PMID: 35221228 PMCID: PMC8831132 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
NAD+, as an emerging regulator of immune responses during viral infections, may be a promising therapeutic target for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this Opinion, we suggest that interventions that boost NAD+ levels might promote antiviral defense and suppress uncontrolled inflammation. We discuss the association between low NAD+ concentrations and risk factors for poor COVID-19 outcomes, including aging and common comorbidities. Mechanistically, we outline how viral infections can further deplete NAD+ and its roles in antiviral defense and inflammation. We also describe how coronaviruses can subvert NAD+-mediated actions via genes that remove NAD+ modifications and activate the NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Finally, we explore ongoing approaches to boost NAD+ concentrations in the clinic to putatively increase antiviral responses while curtailing hyperinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyan Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael B Schultz
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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14
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Sharma VK, Singh TG, Prabhakar NK, Mannan A. Kynurenine Metabolism and Alzheimer's Disease: The Potential Targets and Approaches. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1459-1476. [PMID: 35133568 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03546-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
L-tryptophan, an essential amino acid, regulates protein homeostasis and plays a role in neurotransmitter-mediated physiological events. It also influences age-associated neurological alterations and neurodegenerative changes. The metabolism of tryptophan is carried majorly through the kynurenine route, leading to the production of several pharmacologically active enzymes, substrates, and metabolites. These metabolites and enzymes influence a variety of physiological and pathological outcomes of the majority of systems, including endocrine, haemopoietic, gastrointestinal, immunomodulatory, inflammatory, bioenergetic metabolism, and neuronal functions. An extensive literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on the kynurenine metabolites that influence cellular redox potential, immunoregulatory mechanisms, inflammatory pathways, cell survival channels, and cellular communication in close association with several neurodegenerative changes. The imbalanced state of kynurenine pathways has found a close association to several pathological disorders, including HIV infections, cancer, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative and neurological disorders including Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and has found special attention in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Kynurenine pathway (KP) is intricately linked to AD pathogenesis owing to the influence of kynurenine metabolites on excitotoxic neurotransmission, oxidative stress, uptake of neurotransmitters, and modulation of neuroinflammation, amyloid aggregation, microtubule disruption, and their ability to induce a state of dysbiosis. Pharmacological modulation of KP pathways has shown encouraging results, indicating that it may be a viable and explorable target for the therapy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
- Govt. College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171207, India
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
| | | | - Ashi Mannan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India
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15
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Dehhaghi M, Panahi HKS, Kavyani B, Heng B, Tan V, Braidy N, Guillemin GJ. The Role of Kynurenine Pathway and NAD + Metabolism in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Aging Dis 2022; 13:698-711. [PMID: 35656104 PMCID: PMC9116917 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a serious, complex, and highly debilitating long-term illness. People with ME/CFS are typically unable to carry out their routine activities. Key hallmarks of the disease are neurological and gastrointestinal impairments accompanied by pervasive malaise that is exacerbated after physical and/or mental activity. Currently, there is no validated cure of biomarker signature for this illness. Impaired tryptophan (TRYP) metabolism is thought to play significant role in the pathobiology of ME/CFS. TRYP is an important precursor for serotonin and the essential pyridine nucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). TRYP has been associated with the development of some parts of the brain responsible for behavioural functions. The main catabolic route for TRYP is the kynurenine pathway (KP). The KP produces NAD+ and several neuroactive metabolites with neuroprotective (i.e., kynurenic acid (KYNA)) and neurotoxic (i.e., quinolinic acid (QUIN)) activities. Hyperactivation of the KP, whether compensatory or a driving mechanism of degeneration can limit the availability of NAD+ and exacerbate the symptoms of ME/CFS. This review discusses the potential association of altered KP metabolism in ME/CFS. The review also evaluates the role of the patient’s gut microbiota on TRYP availability and KP activation. We propose that strategies aimed at raising the levels of NAD+ (e.g., using nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside) may be a promising intervention to overcome symptoms of fatigue and to improve the quality of life in patients with ME/CFS. Future clinical trials should further assess the potential benefits of NAD+ supplements for reducing some of the clinical features of ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Dehhaghi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia.
- PANDIS.org, Australia.
| | | | - Bahar Kavyani
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia.
| | - Benjamin Heng
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia.
- PANDIS.org, Australia.
| | - Vanessa Tan
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia.
- PANDIS.org, Australia.
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Gilles J. Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia.
- PANDIS.org, Australia.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Gilles J. Guillemin, Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia. .
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16
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Curry A, White D, Cen Y. Small Molecule Regulators Targeting NAD + Biosynthetic Enzymes. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:1718-1738. [PMID: 34060996 PMCID: PMC8630097 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210531144629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a key player in many metabolic pathways as an activated carrier of electrons. In addition to being the cofactor for redox reactions, NAD+ also serves as the substrate for various enzymatic transformations such as adenylation and ADP-ribosylation. Maintaining cellular NAD+ homeostasis has been suggested as an effective anti-aging strategy. Given the importance of NAD+ in regulating a broad spectrum of cellular events, small molecules targeting NAD+ metabolism have been pursued as therapeutic interventions for the treatment of mitochondrial disorders and agerelated diseases. In this article, small molecule regulators of NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes will be reviewed. The focus will be given to the discovery and development of these molecules, the mechanism of action as well as their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Curry
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Dawanna White
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Yana Cen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA;,Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA; Tel: 804-828-7405;
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17
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Lucchetti J, Fumagalli F, Olivari D, Affatato R, Fracasso C, De Giorgio D, Perego C, Motta F, Passoni A, Staszewsky L, Novelli D, Magliocca A, Garattini S, Latini R, Ristagno G, Gobbi M. Brain Kynurenine Pathway and Functional Outcome of Rats Resuscitated From Cardiac Arrest. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e021071. [PMID: 34816736 PMCID: PMC9075408 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Brain injury and neurological deficit are consequences of cardiac arrest (CA), leading to high morbidity and mortality. Peripheral activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP), the main catabolic route of tryptophan metabolized at first into kynurenine, predicts poor neurological outcome in patients resuscitated after out-of-hospital CA. Here, we investigated KP activation in hippocampus and plasma of rats resuscitated from CA, evaluating the effect of KP modulation in preventing CA-induced neurological deficit. Methods and Results Early KP activation was first demonstrated in 28 rats subjected to electrically induced CA followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Hippocampal levels of the neuroactive metabolites kynurenine, 3-hydroxy-anthranilic acid, and kynurenic acid were higher 2 hours after CA, as in plasma. Further, 36 rats were randomized to receive the inhibitor of the first step of KP, 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan, or vehicle, before CA. No differences were observed in hemodynamics and myocardial function. The CA-induced KP activation, sustained up to 96 hours in hippocampus (and plasma) of vehicle-treated rats, was counteracted by the inhibitor as indicated by lower hippocampal (and plasmatic) kynurenine/tryptophan ratio and kynurenine levels. 1-Methyl-DL-tryptophan reduced the CA-induced neurological deficits, with a significant correlation between the neurological score and the individual kynurenine levels, as well as the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, in plasma and hippocampus. Conclusions These data demonstrate the CA-induced lasting activation of the first step of the KP in hippocampus, showing that this activation was involved in the evolving neurological deficit. The degree of peripheral activation of KP may predict neurological function after CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Lucchetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Francesca Fumagalli
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Davide Olivari
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Roberta Affatato
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Claudia Fracasso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Daria De Giorgio
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Carlo Perego
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Francesca Motta
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Alice Passoni
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Lidia Staszewsky
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Deborah Novelli
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Aurora Magliocca
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | | | - Roberto Latini
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
| | - Giuseppe Ristagno
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and EmergencyFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
- Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversity of MilanItaly
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular PharmacologyIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCSMilanItaly
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18
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Collier ME, Zhang S, Scrutton NS, Giorgini F. Inflammation control and improvement of cognitive function in COVID-19 infections: is there a role for kynurenine 3-monooxygenase inhibition? Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1473-1481. [PMID: 33609782 PMCID: PMC7889466 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The novel respiratory virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged during late 2019 and spread rapidly across the world. It is now recognised that the nervous system can be affected in COVID-19, with several studies reporting long-term cognitive problems in patients. The metabolic pathway of tryptophan degradation, known as the kynurenine pathway (KP), is significantly activated in patients with COVID-19. KP metabolites have roles in regulating both inflammatory/immune responses and neurological functions. In this review, we speculate on the effects of KP activation in patients with COVID-19, and how modulation of this pathway might impact inflammation and reduce neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ew Collier
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Shaowei Zhang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Flaviano Giorgini
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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19
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Błaszczyk JW. Energy Metabolism Decline in the Aging Brain-Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110450. [PMID: 33171879 PMCID: PMC7695180 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidencethat indicates that the aging of the brain results from the decline of energy metabolism. In particular, the neuronal metabolism of glucose declines steadily, resulting in a growing deficit of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production-which, in turn, limits glucose access. This vicious circle of energy metabolism at the cellular level is evoked by a rising deficiency of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the mitochondrial salvage pathway and subsequent impairment of the Krebs cycle. A decreasing NAD level also impoverishes the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes that augments genetic errors and initiate processes of neuronal degeneration and death.This sequence of events is characteristic of several brain structures in which neurons have the highest energy metabolism. Neurons of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia with long unmyelinated axons and these with numerous synaptic junctions are particularly prone to senescence and neurodegeneration. Unfortunately, functional deficits of neurodegeneration are initially well-compensated, therefore, clinical symptoms are recognized too late when the damages to the brain structures are already irreversible. Therefore, future treatment strategies in neurodegenerative disorders should focus on energy metabolism and compensation age-related NAD deficit in neurons. This review summarizes the complex interrelationships between metabolic processes on the systemic and cellular levels and provides directions on how to reduce the risk of neurodegeneration and protect the elderly against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Wiesław Błaszczyk
- Department of Human Motor Behavior, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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20
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Gong Q, Hu J, Wang P, Li X, Zhang X. A comprehensive review on β-lapachone: Mechanisms, structural modifications, and therapeutic potentials. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:112962. [PMID: 33158575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
β-Lapachone (β-lap, 1), an ortho-naphthoquinone natural product isolated from the lapacho tree (Tabebuia avellanedae) in many regions of South America, has received extensive attention due to various pharmacological activities, such as antitumor, anti-Trypanosoma cruzi, anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis, antibacterial, and antimalarial activities. Related mechanisms of β-lap have been widely investigated for a full understanding of its therapeutic potentials. Numerous derivatives of β-lap have been reported with aims to generate new chemical entities, improve the corresponding biological potency, and overcome disadvantages of its physical and chemical properties and safety profiles. This review will give insight into the pharmacological mechanisms of β-lap and provide a comprehensive understanding of its structural modifications with regard to different therapeutic potentials. The available clinical trials related to β-lap and its derivatives are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijie Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, And Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jiabao Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, And Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, And Department of Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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21
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Jain R, Özgümüş T, Jensen TM, du Plessis E, Keindl M, Møller CL, Falhammar H, Nyström T, Catrina SB, Jörneskog G, Jessen LE, Forsblom C, Haukka JK, Groop PH, Rossing P, Groop L, Eliasson M, Eliasson B, Brismar K, Al-Majdoub M, Nilsson PM, Taskinen MR, Ferrannini E, Spégel P, Berg TJ, Lyssenko V. Liver nucleotide biosynthesis is linked to protection from vascular complications in individuals with long-term type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11561. [PMID: 32665614 PMCID: PMC7360755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of biomarkers associated with protection from developing diabetic complications is a prerequisite for an effective prevention and treatment. The aim of the present study was to identify clinical and plasma metabolite markers associated with freedom from vascular complications in people with very long duration of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Individuals with T1D, who despite having longer than 30 years of diabetes duration never developed major macro- or microvascular complications (non-progressors; NP) were compared with those who developed vascular complications within 25 years from diabetes onset (rapid progressors; RP) in the Scandinavian PROLONG (n = 385) and DIALONG (n = 71) cohorts. The DIALONG study also included 75 healthy controls. Plasma metabolites were measured using gas and/or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Lower hepatic fatty liver indices were significant common feature characterized NPs in both studies. Higher insulin sensitivity and residual ß-cell function (C-peptide) were also associated with NPs in PROLONG. Protection from diabetic complications was associated with lower levels of the glycolytic metabolite pyruvate and APOCIII in PROLONG, and with lower levels of thiamine monophosphate and erythritol, a cofactor and intermediate product in the pentose phosphate pathway as well as higher phenylalanine, glycine and serine in DIALONG. Furthermore, T1D individuals showed elevated levels of picolinic acid as compared to the healthy individuals. The present findings suggest a potential beneficial shunting of glycolytic substrates towards the pentose phosphate and one carbon metabolism pathways to promote nucleotide biosynthesis in the liver. These processes might be linked to higher insulin sensitivity and lower liver fat content, and might represent a mechanism for protection from vascular complications in individuals with long-term T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Jain
- Department of Clinical Science/Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Türküler Özgümüş
- Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, 5032, Bergen, Norway
| | - Troels Mygind Jensen
- Research Unit for General Practice, Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Elsa du Plessis
- Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, 5032, Bergen, Norway
| | - Magdalena Keindl
- Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, 5032, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Nyström
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Division of Internal Medicine, Unit for Diabetes Research, Karolinska Institute, South Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Diabetes, Academica Specialist Centrum, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gun Jörneskog
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Leon Eyrich Jessen
- Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carol Forsblom
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani K Haukka
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center, Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Science/Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mats Eliasson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Björn Eliasson
- Department of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kerstin Brismar
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Rolf Luft Center for Diabetes Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud Al-Majdoub
- Department of Clinical Science/Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter M Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Science/Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Program Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Peter Spégel
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tore Julsrud Berg
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Valeriya Lyssenko
- Department of Clinical Science/Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, 205 02, Malmö, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, 5032, Bergen, Norway.
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22
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Joisten N, Walzik D, Metcalfe AJ, Bloch W, Zimmer P. Physical Exercise as Kynurenine Pathway Modulator in Chronic Diseases: Implications for Immune and Energy Homeostasis. Int J Tryptophan Res 2020; 13:1178646920938688. [PMID: 32684749 PMCID: PMC7346690 DOI: 10.1177/1178646920938688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence highlights the substantial role of the kynurenine pathway in various physiological systems and pathological conditions. Physical exercise has been shown to impact the kynurenine pathway in response to both single (acute) and multiple (chronic) exercise training stimuli. In this perspective article, we briefly outline the current knowledge concerning exercise-induced modulations of the kynurenine pathway and discuss underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we expose the potential involvement of exercise-induced kynurenine pathway modulations on energy homeostasis (eg, through de novo synthesis of NAD+) and finally suggest how these modulations may contribute to exercise-induced benefits in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Joisten
- Department of ‘Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)’, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Walzik
- Department of ‘Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)’, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Alan J Metcalfe
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Department of ‘Performance and Health (Sports Medicine)’, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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Nassan FL, Gunn JA, Hill MM, Williams PL, Hauser R. Association of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites with quinolinic acid among women: A potential link to neurological disorders. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105643. [PMID: 32179323 PMCID: PMC7136979 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinolinic acid (QA), a neuroactive metabolite produced during tryptophan degradation, is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. Phthalates are structurally similar to QA, and exposure to phthalates has demonstrated increased QA production and excretion in rodent studies. We recently showed that very high exposure to dibutyl phthalate was associated with higher concentrations of urinary QA in men. However, no human studies examined the associations between background (low) phthalate exposures and QA. OBJECTIVES To examine the associations of urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites with QA. METHODS Female participants (N = 126) who participated in a prospective cohort study at the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center provided 758 urine samples (273 during pregnancy and 485 during non-pregnancy). Concentrations of 11 phthalate metabolites and QA in urine were measured. We used multivariable linear mixed effect models to estimate the percent change in urinary QA concentrations associated with a doubling (100%) of urinary phthalate metabolite concentration, and evaluated whether there was effect modification by pregnancy status. RESULTS Women's mean (standard deviation) age was 34.2 (4.0) years with a body mass index of 23.5 (3.7) kg/m2. The women were primarily Caucasian (92%), had at least a college degree (98%), and none were current smokers. Pairwise Spearman correlations between concentrations for phthalate metabolites and QA measured in the same urine samples ranged from 0.36 for MEHP to 0.68 for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) metabolites. In multivariable-adjusted models, the percent change in urinary QA concentrations was significantly higher for each doubling of several urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations. For example, each doubling of DBP metabolites was associated with a 13.7% (95%CI: 10.6, 16.9)% higher QA. Associations between the low molecular weight phthalate metabolites and QA were stronger among samples collected during pregnancy as compared to non-pregnancy samples from the same women. CONCLUSIONS Urinary concentrations of several phthalate metabolites were positively associated with QA among women. These findings, along with the known neurotoxicity of QA, warrant the need to examine whether QA concentrations may serve as a pathway for the adverse neurodevelopment outcomes found in children's health studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiby L Nassan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | - Paige L Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wu Z, Palanimuthu D, Braidy N, Salikin NH, Egan S, Huang MLH, Richardson DR. Novel multifunctional iron chelators of the aroyl nicotinoyl hydrazone class that markedly enhance cellular NAD + /NADH ratios. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1967-1987. [PMID: 31895471 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial condition leading to cognitive decline and represents a major global health challenge in ageing populations. The lack of effective AD therapeutics led us to develop multifunctional nicotinoyl hydrazones to target several pathological characteristics of AD. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We synthesised 20 novel multifunctional agents based on the nicotinoyl hydrazone scaffold, which acts as a metal chelator and a lipophilic delivery vehicle, donating a NAD+ precursor to cells, to target metal dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress, β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, and a decrease in the NAD+ /NADH ratio. KEY RESULTS The most promising compound, 6-methoxysalicylaldehyde nicotinoyl hydrazone (SNH6), demonstrated low cytotoxicity, potent iron (Fe)-chelation efficacy, significant inhibition of copper-mediated Aβ aggregation, oxidative stress alleviation, effective donation of NAD+ to NAD-dependent metabolic processes (PARP and sirtuin activity) and enhanced cellular NAD+ /NADH ratios, as well as significantly increased median Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan (to 1.46-fold of the control); partly decreased BACE1 expression, resulting in significantly lower soluble amyloid precursor protein-β (sAPPβ) and Aβ1-40 levels; and favourable blood-brain barrier-permeation properties. Structure-activity relationships demonstrated that the ability of these nicotinoyl hydrazones to increase NAD+ was dependent on the electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents on the aldehyde- or ketone-derived moiety. Aldehyde-derived hydrazones containing the ONO donor set and electron-donating groups were required for NAD+ donation and low cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The nicotinoyl hydrazones, particularly SNH6, have the potential to act as multifunctional therapeutic agents and delivery vehicles for NAD+ precursors for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixuan Wu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Duraippandi Palanimuthu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Schools of Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou, China
| | - Nor Hawani Salikin
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suhelen Egan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Marine Science and Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael L H Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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25
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Castro-Portuguez R, Sutphin GL. Kynurenine pathway, NAD + synthesis, and mitochondrial function: Targeting tryptophan metabolism to promote longevity and healthspan. Exp Gerontol 2020; 132:110841. [PMID: 31954874 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in the normal physiological functions of an organism, ultimately leading to mortality. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential cofactor that plays a critical role in mitochondrial energy production as well as many enzymatic redox reactions. Age-associated decline in NAD+ is implicated as a driving factor in several categories of age-associated disease, including metabolic and neurodegenerative disease, as well as deficiency in the mechanisms of cellular defense against oxidative stress. The kynurenine metabolic pathway is the sole de novo NAD+ biosynthetic pathway, generating NAD+ from ingested tryptophan. Altered kynurenine pathway activity is associated with both aging and a variety of age-associated diseases. Kynurenine pathway interventions can extend lifespan in both fruit flies and nematodes, and altered NAD+ metabolism represents one potential mediating mechanism. Recent studies demonstrate that supplementation with NAD+ or NAD+-precursors increase longevity and promote healthy aging in fruit flies, nematodes, and mice. NAD+ levels and the intrinsic relationship to mitochondrial function have been widely studied in the context of aging. Mitochondrial function and dynamics have both been implicated in longevity determination in a range of organisms from yeast to humans, at least in part due to their intimate link to regulating an organism's cellular energy economy and capacity to resist oxidative stress. Recent findings support the idea that complex communication between the mitochondria and the nucleus orchestrates a series of events and stress responses involving mitophagy, mitochondrial number, mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and mitochondria fission and fusion events. In this review, we discuss how mitochondrial morphological changes and dynamics operate during aging, and how altered metabolism of tryptophan to NAD+ through the kynurenine pathway interacts with these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Castro-Portuguez
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, USA
| | - George L Sutphin
- Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, USA.
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Liu CL, Cheng SP, Chen MJ, Lin CH, Chen SN, Kuo YH, Chang YC. Quinolinate Phosphoribosyltransferase Promotes Invasiveness of Breast Cancer Through Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:621944. [PMID: 33613454 PMCID: PMC7890081 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.621944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbed Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) homeostasis is involved in cancer progression and metastasis. Quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine pathway participating in NAD+ generation. In this study, we demonstrated that QPRT expression was upregulated in invasive breast cancer and spontaneous mammary tumors from MMTV-PyVT transgenic mice. Knockdown of QPRT expression inhibited breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Consistently, ectopic expression of QPRT promoted cell migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. Treatment with QPRT inhibitor (phthalic acid) or P2Y11 antagonist (NF340) could reverse the QPRT-induced invasiveness and phosphorylation of myosin light chain. Similar reversibility could be observed following treatment with Rho inhibitor (Y16), ROCK inhibitor (Y27632), PLC inhibitor (U73122), or MLCK inhibitor (ML7). Altogether, these results indicate that QPRT enhanced breast cancer invasiveness probably through purinergic signaling and might be a potential prognostic indicator and therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Liang Liu
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jen Chen
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsin Lin
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Na Chen
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hue Kuo
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ching Chang
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yuan-Ching Chang,
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27
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Ryan KM, Allers KA, McLoughlin DM, Harkin A. Tryptophan metabolite concentrations in depressed patients before and after electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 83:153-162. [PMID: 31606477 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan and kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites are implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. We aimed to investigate their plasma concentrations in medicated patients with depression (n = 94) compared to age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 57), and in patients with depression after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in a real-world clinical setting, taking account of co-variables including ECT modality and heterogenous psychopathology. Depression severity was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D24). Tryptophan (TRP) and kynurenine (KYN) metabolite concentrations [anthranilic acid (AA), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA), picolinic acid (PA), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and xanthurenic acid (XA)] and KYNA/KYN and KYNA/quinolinic acid (QUIN) ratios were lower in patients compared to controls. For the total group there was no significant change in KP metabolites post-ECT or correlations with mood ratings. However, improvements in mood score were correlated with increased KYN, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK), 3HAA, QUIN, and KYN/TRP in a subgroup of unipolar depressed patients. Additionally, in remitters baseline KYN, 3HK, and QUIN were associated with baseline HAM-D24 scores, and changes in 3HK and 3HAA concentrations post-ECT correlated with improvement in mood. KYN, KYNA, AA, 3HK, XA, PA, and QUIN were increased in a smaller 3-month follow-up group (n = 19) compared to pre-ECT concentrations. Overall, the results indicate that ECT mobilizes the KP, where a moderate association between selected metabolites and treatment response in unipolar depressed patients is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Ryan
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, St. Patrick's University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kelly A Allers
- Central Nervous System Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH + Co. KG, Birkendorferstrabe 65, Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, St. Patrick's University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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28
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Tryptophan metabolism as a common therapeutic target in cancer, neurodegeneration and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:379-401. [PMID: 30760888 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 785] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
L-Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) is involved in the regulation of immunity, neuronal function and intestinal homeostasis. Imbalances in Trp metabolism in disorders ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative disease have stimulated interest in therapeutically targeting the KP, particularly the main rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), IDO2 and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) as well as kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO). However, although small-molecule IDO1 inhibitors showed promise in early-stage cancer immunotherapy clinical trials, a phase III trial was negative. This Review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological roles of Trp metabolism, highlighting the vast opportunities and challenges for drug development in multiple diseases.
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29
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Impaired metabolism of kynurenine and its metabolites in CSF of parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2019; 714:134576. [PMID: 31654722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIM The kynurenine (KYN) pathway plays an important role in degrading molecules responsible for oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS), but can also have neurotoxic effects. Both 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and quinolinic acid are neurotoxic metabolites produced from this pathway. In Parkinson's disease (PD), oxidative stress is suspected to represent a key pathogenic mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the function of the KYN pathway and interactions between oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in PD. METHODS Participants comprised 20 patients with PD and 13 controls. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of KYN and 3-HK were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrochemical detector. CSF levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-γ were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and results were statistically compared between PD patients and controls. RESULTS Median CSF levels of KYN and 3-HK were 49.0 nM and 4.25 nM in PD and 30.5 nM and 1.55 nM in controls, respectively, showing significantly higher levels in PD (p < 0.05). CSF levels of measured cytokines showed that TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly higher in PD patients than in controls. No positive correlation between 3-HK and TNF-α was seen in PD. CONCLUSION Dysfunction of the KYN pathway may induce oxidative stress in the CNS in PD, and may also induce cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation. Functional amelioration of the KYN pathway may facilitate modification of neurodegenerative processes in PD.
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30
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KIBI MEGUMI, NISHIUMI SHIN, KOBAYASHI TAKASHI, KODAMA YUZO, YOSHIDA MASARU. GC/MS and LC/MS-based Tissue Metabolomic Analysis Detected Increased Levels of Antioxidant Metabolites in Colorectal Cancer. THE KOBE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 65:E19-E27. [PMID: 31341153 PMCID: PMC6668592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage colorectal cancer is resistant to current treatments. Understanding the biological processes responsible for the development and progression of colorectal cancer could aid the development of new diagnostic and treatment approaches. We used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis to measure metabolite levels in pairs of colorectal cancer tissue samples and samples of the adjacent macroscopically normal mucosal tissue from 10 colon cancer patients. Regarding nucleotide metabolomic intermediates, the colorectal cancer tissue contained lower levels of ribulose 5-phosphate and higher levels of xanthine, adenine, and hypoxanthine than the normal tissue. The levels of antioxidant metabolites, such as sulfur-containing amino acids, were also significantly higher in the colorectal cancer tissue. The level of tryptophan was decreased, and the levels of molecules downstream of the tryptophan pathway, such as kynurenine and quinolinic acid, which protect colorectal cancer against the host's immune system and function in de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis, were increased in the colorectal cancer tissue. The colorectal cancer tissue samples also contained higher levels of lysophospholipids and fatty acids, especially stearic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Thus, understanding these cancer-specific alterations could make it possible to detect colorectal cancer early and aid the development of additional treatments for the disease, leading to improvements in colorectal cancer patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- MEGUMI KIBI
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - SHIN NISHIUMI
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - TAKASHI KOBAYASHI
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - YUZO KODAMA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - MASARU YOSHIDA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Metabolomics Research, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, Kobe, Japan
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Nassan FL, Gunn JA, Hill MM, Coull BA, Hauser R. High phthalate exposure increased urinary concentrations of quinolinic acid, implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders: Is this a potential missing link? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:430-436. [PMID: 30826665 PMCID: PMC6511314 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinolinic acid (QA), a neuroactive metabolite of the Kynurenine Pathway (KP), is an excitotoxin that is implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurological disorders. KP is the main tryptophan degradation pathway. Phthalates can structurally mimic tryptophan metabolites and diets containing phthalates in rats enhanced the production and excretion of QA. However, there are no human studies that have examined the association between phthalates and QA. OBJECTIVES Taking advantage of different mesalamine formulations with/without dibutyl phthalate (DBP), we assessed whether DBP from mesalamine (>1000x background) altered the urinary concentrations of QA. METHODS Men with inflammatory bowel disease participated in a prospective crossover pilot study. 15 Men were on non-DBP mesalamine (background) at baseline crossed-over for 4 months to high-DBP mesalamine (high) (B1H-Arm) and vice versa for 15 men who were on high-DBP mesalamine at baseline (H1B-Arm). Men provided 60 urine samples (2/man). We estimated crossover and cross-sectional changes in the creatinine normalized-QA using multivariable linear mixed effect models with random intercepts. RESULTS At baseline, men who were on high-DBP mesalamine (H1B-Arm) had 72%, (95% confidence interval (CI): 18, 151) higher normalized-QA than men who were on background exposure and when high-DBP mesalamine was removed for four months, normalized-QA decreased with 32%, (95% CI: -45.0, -15.1). Consistently, when men in B1H-Arm were newly-exposed to high-DBP mesalamine, normalized-QA increased with 11%, (95% CI: -11, 38). CONCLUSIONS High-DBP exposure from mesalamine increased the urinary concentrations of QA, which was largely reversed after removal of the high-DBP exposure for four months. This novel hypothesis should warrant new promising research considering the KP and QA concentrations as a plausible mediator for the neurotoxicity possibly linked with phthalate exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiby L Nassan
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | - Brent A Coull
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Activation of SIRT1 by L-serine increases fatty acid oxidation and reverses insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2019; 35:457-470. [PMID: 30721374 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-019-09463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylase, and the function is linked to cellular metabolism including mitochondrial biogenesis. Hepatic L-serine concentration is decreased significantly in fatty liver disease. We reported that the supplementation of the amino acid ameliorated the alcoholic fatty liver by enhancing L-serine-dependent homocysteine metabolism. In this study, we hypothesized that the metabolic production of NAD+ from L-serine and thus activation of SIRT1 contribute to the action of L-serine. To this end, we evaluated the effects of L-serine on SIRT1 activity and mitochondria biogenesis in C2C12 myotubes. L-Serine increased intracellular NAD+ content and led to the activation of SIRT1 as determined by p53 luciferase assay and western blot analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) acetylation. L-Serine treatment increased the expression of the genes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis and enhanced mitochondrial mass and function. In addition, L-serine reversed cellular insulin resistance determined by insulin-induced phosphorylation of Akt and GLUT4 expression and membrane translocation. L-Serine-induced mitochondrial gene expression, fatty acid oxidation, and insulin sensitization were mediated by enhanced SIRT1 activity, which was verified by selective SIRT1 inhibitor (Ex-527) and siRNA directed to SIRT1. L-Serine effect on cellular NAD+ level is dependent on the L-serine metabolism to pyruvate that is subsequently converted to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase. In summary, these data suggest that L-serine increases cellular NAD+ level and thus SIRT1 activity in C2C12 myotubes.
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Castellano-Gonzalez G, Jacobs KR, Don E, Cole NJ, Adams S, Lim CK, Lovejoy DB, Guillemin GJ. Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Activity in Human Primary Neurons and Effect on Cellular Bioenergetics Identifies New Neurotoxic Mechanisms. Neurotox Res 2019; 35:530-541. [PMID: 30666558 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-9997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan metabolism is commonly observed in neurodegenerative disease. When activated, L-kynurenine (KYN) increases in the periphery and central nervous system where it is further metabolised to other neuroactive metabolites including 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid (QUIN). Particularly biologically relevant metabolites are 3-HK and QUIN, formed downstream of the enzyme kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) which plays a pivotal role in maintaining KP homeostasis. Indeed, excessive production of 3-HK and QUIN has been described in neurodegenerative disease including Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. In this study, we characterise KMO activity in human primary neurons and identified new mechanisms by which KMO activation mediates neurotoxicity. We show that while transient activation of the KP promotes synthesis of the essential co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), allowing cells to meet short-term increased energy demands, chronic KMO activation induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial damage and decreases spare-respiratory capacity (SRC). We further found that these events generate a vicious-cycle, as mitochondrial dysfunction further shunts the KP towards the KMO branch of the KP to presumably enhance QUIN production. These mechanisms may be especially relevant in neurodegenerative disease as neurons are highly sensitive to oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Castellano-Gonzalez
- Neuroinflammation Group, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), Macquarie University, 2, Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Kelly R Jacobs
- Neuroinflammation Group, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), Macquarie University, 2, Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Emily Don
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Cole
- Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Seray Adams
- Neuroinflammation Group, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), Macquarie University, 2, Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Neuroinflammation Group, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), Macquarie University, 2, Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - David B Lovejoy
- Neuroinflammation Group, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), Macquarie University, 2, Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Centre for Motor Neuron Disease Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FMHS), Macquarie University, 2, Technology Place, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Braidy N, Berg J, Clement J, Khorshidi F, Poljak A, Jayasena T, Grant R, Sachdev P. Role of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Related Precursors as Therapeutic Targets for Age-Related Degenerative Diseases: Rationale, Biochemistry, Pharmacokinetics, and Outcomes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:251-294. [PMID: 29634344 PMCID: PMC6277084 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential pyridine nucleotide that serves as an essential cofactor and substrate for a number of critical cellular processes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, DNA repair, epigenetically modulated gene expression, intracellular calcium signaling, and immunological functions. NAD+ depletion may occur in response to either excessive DNA damage due to free radical or ultraviolet attack, resulting in significant poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation and a high turnover and subsequent depletion of NAD+, and/or chronic immune activation and inflammatory cytokine production resulting in accelerated CD38 activity and decline in NAD+ levels. Recent studies have shown that enhancing NAD+ levels can profoundly reduce oxidative cell damage in catabolic tissue, including the brain. Therefore, promotion of intracellular NAD+ anabolism represents a promising therapeutic strategy for age-associated degenerative diseases in general, and is essential to the effective realization of multiple benefits of healthy sirtuin activity. The kynurenine pathway represents the de novo NAD+ synthesis pathway in mammalian cells. NAD+ can also be produced by the NAD+ salvage pathway. Recent Advances: In this review, we describe and discuss recent insights regarding the efficacy and benefits of the NAD+ precursors, nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide riboside (NR), and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), in attenuating NAD+ decline in degenerative disease states and physiological aging. Critical Issues: Results obtained in recent years have shown that NAD+ precursors can play important protective roles in several diseases. However, in some cases, these precursors may vary in their ability to enhance NAD+ synthesis via their location in the NAD+ anabolic pathway. Increased synthesis of NAD+ promotes protective cell responses, further demonstrating that NAD+ is a regulatory molecule associated with several biochemical pathways. Future Directions: In the next few years, the refinement of personalized therapy for the use of NAD+ precursors and improved detection methodologies allowing the administration of specific NAD+ precursors in the context of patients' NAD+ levels will lead to a better understanding of the therapeutic role of NAD+ precursors in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jade Berg
- Australasian Research Institute, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Fatemeh Khorshidi
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anne Poljak
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tharusha Jayasena
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ross Grant
- Australasian Research Institute, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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The Impact of Protein Acetylation/Deacetylation on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124007. [PMID: 30545086 PMCID: PMC6321219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease in which the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells. Although the exact cause of SLE has not been identified, it is clear that both genetics and environmental factors trigger the disease. Identical twins have a 24% chance of getting lupus disease if the other one is affected. Internal factors such as female gender and sex hormones, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus and other genetic polymorphisms have been shown to affect SLE, as well as external, environmental influences such as sunlight exposure, smoking, vitamin D deficiency, and certain infections. Several studies have reported and proposed multiple associations between the alteration of the epigenome and the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Epigenetic factors contributing to SLE include microRNAs, DNA methylation status, and the acetylation/deacetylation of histone proteins. Additionally, the acetylation of non-histone proteins can also influence cellular function. A better understanding of non-genomic factors that regulate SLE will provide insight into the mechanisms that initiate and facilitate disease and also contribute to the development of novel therapeutics that can specifically target pathogenic molecular pathways.
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Liu H, Ding L, Zhang H, Mellor D, Wu H, Zhao D, Wu C, Lin Z, Yuan J, Peng D. The Metabolic Factor Kynurenic Acid of Kynurenine Pathway Predicts Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:552. [PMID: 30510519 PMCID: PMC6252326 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Metabolic factors in the kynurenine pathway (KP) have been widely accepted as being a major mechanism in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). However, the effects of these metabolites on the degree and pattern of MDD are still poorly understood, partly due to the elusiveness of the level of metabolites when diagnosing depression. This study aimed to explore a novel diagnostic method analyzing peripheral blood with mass spectrometry to assess metabolites from KP in patients with MDD and Bipolar Depression (BD). Methods: Thirty-three patients with MDD, 20 patients with BD, and 23 healthy control participants were enrolled Metabolic factors of KP from plasma including tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and quinolinic acid (QUIN) were analyzed by UPLC-3Q-MS, and levels compared across three groups. Correlation between HAMD scores and metabolite levels conducted. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the diagnostic value of metabolic factors in MDD. Results: Levels of KYNA, QUIN, KYNA/QUIN, and KYNA/KYN were statistically different across the three groups (P < 0.05); HAMD scores and TRP, KYN, KYNA/QUIN levels were negatively correlated in the MDD group (r = -0.633, -0.477, -0.418, P < 0.05); Accuracy of KYNA diagnosing MDD was 82.5% with the optimal diagnostic value being 15.48 ng/ml. Diagnostic accuracy was increased to 83.6% when KYNA and QUIN levels were used in combination. Conclusion: This results indicate that metabolic factors of KP play a crucial role in the occurrence and development of MDD, supporting the metabolic imbalance hypothesis of MDD. Furthermore, our study also provides a new diagnostic method to study MDD based on plasma KYNA level, and suggests that KYNA would be a potential biomarker in diagnosing depression patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Liu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huifeng Zhang
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - David Mellor
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Haiyan Wu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuangxin Wu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiguang Lin
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojian Yuan
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daihui Peng
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Haslinger D, Waltes R, Yousaf A, Lindlar S, Schneider I, Lim CK, Tsai MM, Garvalov BK, Acker-Palmer A, Krezdorn N, Rotter B, Acker T, Guillemin GJ, Fulda S, Freitag CM, Chiocchetti AG. Loss of the Chr16p11.2 ASD candidate gene QPRT leads to aberrant neuronal differentiation in the SH-SY5Y neuronal cell model. Mol Autism 2018; 9:56. [PMID: 30443311 PMCID: PMC6220561 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Altered neuronal development is discussed as the underlying pathogenic mechanism of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Copy number variations of 16p11.2 have recurrently been identified in individuals with ASD. Of the 29 genes within this region, quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT) showed the strongest regulation during neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. We hypothesized a causal relation between this tryptophan metabolism-related enzyme and neuronal differentiation. We thus analyzed the effect of QPRT on the differentiation of SH-SY5Y and specifically focused on neuronal morphology, metabolites of the tryptophan pathway, and the neurodevelopmental transcriptome. Methods The gene dosage-dependent change of QPRT expression following Chr16p11.2 deletion was investigated in a lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) of a deletion carrier and compared to his non-carrier parents. Expression of QPRT was tested for correlation with neuromorphology in SH-SY5Y cells. QPRT function was inhibited in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells using (i) siRNA knockdown (KD), (ii) chemical mimicking of loss of QPRT, and (iii) complete CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock out (KO). QPRT-KD cells underwent morphological analysis. Chemically inhibited and QPRT-KO cells were characterized using viability assays. Additionally, QPRT-KO cells underwent metabolite and whole transcriptome analyses. Genes differentially expressed upon KO of QPRT were tested for enrichment in biological processes and co-regulated gene-networks of the human brain. Results QPRT expression was reduced in the LCL of the deletion carrier and significantly correlated with the neuritic complexity of SH-SY5Y. The reduction of QPRT altered neuronal morphology of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Chemical inhibition as well as complete KO of the gene were lethal upon induction of neuronal differentiation, but not proliferation. The QPRT-associated tryptophan pathway was not affected by KO. At the transcriptome level, genes linked to neurodevelopmental processes and synaptic structures were affected. Differentially regulated genes were enriched for ASD candidates, and co-regulated gene networks were implicated in the development of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala. Conclusions In this study, QPRT was causally related to in vitro neuronal differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells and affected the regulation of genes and gene networks previously implicated in ASD. Thus, our data suggest that QPRT may play an important role in the pathogenesis of ASD in Chr16p11.2 deletion carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Haslinger
- 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Regina Waltes
- 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Afsheen Yousaf
- 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Silvia Lindlar
- 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ines Schneider
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Chai K Lim
- 3Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Meng-Miao Tsai
- 4Neuropathology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Boyan K Garvalov
- 4Neuropathology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,5Department of Microvascular Biology and Pathobiology, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amparo Acker-Palmer
- 6Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), JW Goethe University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | | | - Till Acker
- 4Neuropathology, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- 3Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales Australia
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine M Freitag
- 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andreas G Chiocchetti
- 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Sharma R, Razdan K, Bansal Y, Kuhad A. Rollercoaster ride of kynurenines: steering the wheel towards neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:849-867. [PMID: 30223691 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1524877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with cerebral cognitive deficits exhibiting two cardinal hallmarks: accruement of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The currently accessible therapeutic armamentarium merely provides symptomatic relief. Therefore, the cry for prospective neuroprotective strategies seems to be the need of the hour. Areas covered: This review comprehensively establishes correlation between kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites and AD with major emphasis on its two functionally contrasting neuroactive metabolites i.e. kynurenic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid (QUIN) and enlists various clinical studies which hold a potential for future therapeutics in AD. Also, major hypotheses of AD and mechanisms underlying them have been scrutinized with the aim to brush up the readers with basic pathology of AD. Expert opinion: KP is unique in itself as it holds two completely different domains i.e. neurotoxic QUIN and neuroprotective KYNA and disrupted equilibrium between the two has a hand in neurodegeneration. KYNA has long been demonstrated to be neuroprotective but lately being disparaged for cognitive side effects. But we blaze a trail by amalgamating the pharmacological mechanistic studies of KYNA in kinship with α7nAChRs, NMDARs and GABA which lends aid in favour of KA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Sharma
- a Pharmacology Research Laboratory , University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Karan Razdan
- b Pharmaceutics division , University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Yashika Bansal
- a Pharmacology Research Laboratory , University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Anurag Kuhad
- a Pharmacology Research Laboratory , University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
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Dostal CR, Gamsby NS, Lawson MA, McCusker RH. Glia- and tissue-specific changes in the Kynurenine Pathway after treatment of mice with lipopolysaccharide and dexamethasone. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:321-335. [PMID: 29241670 PMCID: PMC5857427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral symptoms associated with mood disorders have been intimately linked with immunological and psychological stress. Induction of immune and stress pathways is accompanied by increased tryptophan entry into the Kynurenine (Kyn) Pathway as governed by the rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine/tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases (DO's: Ido1, Ido2, Tdo2). Indeed, elevated DO expression is associated with inflammation- and stress-related depression symptoms. Here we examined central (brain, astrocyte and microglia) and peripheral (lung, liver and spleen) DO expression in mice treated intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and dexamethasone (DEX) to model the response of the Kyn Pathway to inflammation and glucocorticoids. LPS-induced expression of cytokines in peripheral tissues was attenuated by DEX, confirming inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, respectively. Increased Kyn levels following LPS and DEX administration verified Kyn Pathway activation. Expression of multiple mRNA isoforms for each DO, which we have shown to be differentially utilized and regulated, were quantified including reference/full-length (FL) and variant (v) transcripts. LPS increased Ido1-FL in brain (∼1000-fold), a response paralleled by increased expression in both astrocytes and microglia. Central Ido1-FL was not changed by DEX; however, LPS-induced Ido1-FL was decreased by DEX in peripheral tissues. In contrast, DEX increased Ido1-v1 expression by astrocytes and microglia, but not peripheral tissues. In comparison, brain Ido2 was minimally induced by LPS or DEX. Uniquely, Ido2-v6 was LPS- and DEX-inducible in astrocytes, suggesting a unique role for astrocytes in response to inflammation and glucocorticoids. Only DEX increased central Tdo2 expression; however, peripheral Tdo2 was upregulated by either LPS or DEX. In summary, specific DO isoforms are increased by LPS and DEX, but LPS-dependent Ido1 and Ido2 induction are attenuated by DEX only in the periphery indicating that elevated DO expression and Kyn production within the brain can occur independent of the periphery. These findings demonstrate a plausible interaction between immune activation and glucocorticoids associated with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. Dostal
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States,Medical Scholars Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States,Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Nicolaus S. Gamsby
- School of Earth, Society and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Marcus A. Lawson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States,Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States,Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States,Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, United States
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Jacobs KR, Castellano-Gonzalez G, Guillemin GJ, Lovejoy DB. Major Developments in the Design of Inhibitors along the Kynurenine Pathway. Curr Med Chem 2017; 24:2471-2495. [PMID: 28464785 PMCID: PMC5748880 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170502123114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Disrupted kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolism has been implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative disease, psychiatric disorders and cancer. Modulation of enzyme activity along this pathway may therefore offer potential new therapeutic strategies for these conditions. Considering their prominent positions in the KP, the enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase and kynurenine aminotransferase, appear the most attractive targets. Already, increasing interest in this pathway has led to the identification of a number of potent and selective enzyme inhibitors with promising pre-clinical data and the elucidation of several enzyme crystal structures provides scope to rationalize the molecular mechanisms of inhibitor activity. The field seems poised to yield one or more inhibitors that should find clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Jacobs
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. Australia
| | - Gloria Castellano-Gonzalez
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney. Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney. Australia
| | - David B Lovejoy
- Department of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, 2 Technology Place, Sydney. Australia
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Rodriguez Cetina Biefer H, Vasudevan A, Elkhal A. Aspects of Tryptophan and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Immunity: A New Twist in an Old Tale. Int J Tryptophan Res 2017; 10:1178646917713491. [PMID: 28659716 PMCID: PMC5476425 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917713491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence underscores the interesting ability of tryptophan to regulate immune responses. However, the exact mechanisms of tryptophan's immune regulation remain to be determined. Tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway is known to play an important role in tryptophan's involvement in immune responses. Interestingly, quinolinic acid, which is a neurotoxic catabolite of the kynurenine pathway, is the major pathway for the de novo synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). Recent studies have shown that NAD+, a natural coenzyme found in all living cells, regulates immune responses and creates homeostasis via a novel signaling pathway. More importantly, the immunoregulatory properties of NAD+ are strongly related to the overexpression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1). This review provides recent knowledge of tryptophan and NAD+ and their specific and intriguing roles in the immune system. Furthermore, it focuses on the mechanisms by which tryptophan regulates NAD+ synthesis as well as innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anju Vasudevan
- Angiogenesis and Brain Development Laboratory, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Abdallah Elkhal
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Lee JM, Tan V, Lovejoy D, Braidy N, Rowe DB, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. Involvement of quinolinic acid in the neuropathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2017; 112:346-364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Ullmark T, Montano G, Järvstråt L, Jernmark Nilsson H, Håkansson E, Drott K, Nilsson B, Vidovic K, Gullberg U. Anti-apoptotic quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT) is a target gene of Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1) protein in leukemic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:802-807. [PMID: 27889611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Wilms' tumor gene 1 (WT1) is a zinc finger transcription factor that has been implicated as an oncogene in leukemia and several other malignancies. When investigating possible gene expression network partners of WT1 in a large acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient cohort, one of the genes with the highest correlation to WT1 was quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPRT), a key enzyme in the de novo nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis pathway. To investigate the possible relationship between WT1 and QPRT, we overexpressed WT1 in hematopoietic progenitor cells and cell lines, resulting in an increase of QPRT expression. WT1 knock-down gave a corresponding decrease in QPRT gene and protein expression. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation revealed WT1 binding to a conserved site in the first intron of the QPRT gene. Upon overexpression in leukemic K562 cells, QPRT conferred partial resistance to the anti-leukemic drug imatinib, indicating possible anti-apoptotic functions, consistent with previous reports on glioma cells. Interestingly, the rescue effect of QPRT overexpression was not correlated to increased NAD + levels, suggesting NAD + independent mechanisms. We conclude that QPRT, encoding a protein with anti-apoptotic properties, is a novel and direct target gene of WT1 in leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Ullmark
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giorgia Montano
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Linnea Järvstråt
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Erik Håkansson
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kristina Drott
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karina Vidovic
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Urban Gullberg
- Department of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Brooks AK, Lawson MA, Rytych JL, Yu KC, Janda TM, Steelman AJ, McCusker RH. Immunomodulatory Factors Galectin-9 and Interferon-Gamma Synergize to Induce Expression of Rate-Limiting Enzymes of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Mouse Hippocampus. Front Immunol 2016; 7:422. [PMID: 27799931 PMCID: PMC5065983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with symptomology of several psychiatric disorders, notably major depressive disorder. Symptomology has been linked to inflammation/cytokine-dependent induction of the Kynurenine Pathway. Galectins, like pro-inflammatory cytokines, play a role in neuroinflammation and the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders but without a clearly defined mechanism of action. Their involvement in the Kynurenine Pathway has not been investigated. Thus, we searched for a link between galectins and the Kynurenine Pathway using in vivo and ex vivo models. Mice were administered LPS and pI:C to determine if galectins (Gal's) were upregulated in the brain following in vivo inflammatory challenges. We then used organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) to determine if Gal's, alone or with inflammatory mediators [interferon-gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (pI:C), and dexamethasone (Dex; synthetic glucocorticoid)], would increase expression of indoleamine/tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenases (DO's: Ido1, Ido2, and Tdo2; Kynurenine Pathway rate-limiting enzymes). In vivo, hippocampal expression of cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, and IFNγ), Gal-3, and Gal-9 along with Ido1 and Ido2 were increased by LPS and pI:C (bacterial and viral mimetics). Of the cytokines induced in vivo, only IFNγ increased expression of two Ido1 transcripts (Ido1-FL and Ido1-v1) by OHSCs. Although ineffective alone, Gal-9 accentuated IFNγ-induced expression of only Ido1-FL. Similarly, IFNγ induced expression of several Ido2 transcripts (Ido2-v1, Ido2-v3, Ido2-v4, Ido2-v5, and Ido2-v6). Gal-9 accentuated IFNγ-induced expression of only Ido2-v1. Surprisingly, Gal-9 alone, slightly but significantly, induced expression of Tdo2 (Tdo2-v1 and Tdo2-v2, but not Tdo2-FL). These effects were specific to Gal-9 as Gal-1 and Gal-3 did not alter DO expression. These results are the first to show that brain Gal-9 is increased during LPS- and pI:C-induced neuroinflammation. Increased expression of Gal-9 may be critical for neuroinflammation-dependent induction of DO expression, either acting alone (Tdo2-v1 and Tdo2-v2) or to enhance IFNγ activity (Ido1-FL and Ido2-v1). Although these novel actions of Gal-9 are described for hippocampus, they have the potential to operate as DO-dependent immunomodulatory processes outside the brain. With the expanding implications of Kynurenine Pathway activation across multiple immune and psychiatric disorders, this synergy provides a new target for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Brooks
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marcus A Lawson
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Rytych
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kevin C Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tiffany M Janda
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew J Steelman
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Braidy N, Rossez H, Lim CK, Jugder BE, Brew BJ, Guillemin GJ. Characterization of the Kynurenine Pathway in CD8 + Human Primary Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:620-632. [PMID: 27510585 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) is a major degradative pathway of the amino acid, L-tryptophan (TRP), that ultimately leads to the anabolism of the essential pyridine nucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. TRP catabolism results in the production of several important metabolites, including the major immune tolerance-inducing metabolite KYN, and the neurotoxin and excitotoxin quinolinic acid. Dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to mediate immunoregulatory roles that mediated by TRP catabolism. However, characterization of the KP in human DCs has so far only been partly delineated. It is critical to understand which KP enzymes are expressed and which KP metabolites are produced to be able to understand their regulatory effects on the immune response. In this study, we characterized the KP in human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) in comparison with the human primary macrophages using RT-PCR, high-pressure gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, and immunocytochemistry. Our results show that the KP is entirely expressed in human MDDC. Following activation of the KP using interferon gamma, MDDCs can mediate apoptosis of T h cells in vitro. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating KP metabolism in MDDCs may provide renewed insight for the development of novel therapeutics aimed at modulating immunological effects and peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Helene Rossez
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Neuropharmacology Group, MND and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Bat-Erdene Jugder
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Neurology and HIV Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuropharmacology Group, MND and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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Herbel C, Patsoukis N, Bardhan K, Seth P, Weaver JD, Boussiotis VA. Clinical significance of T cell metabolic reprogramming in cancer. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:29. [PMID: 27510264 PMCID: PMC4980327 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0110-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conversion of normal cells to cancer is accompanied with changes in their metabolism. During this conversion, cell metabolism undergoes a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, also known as Warburg effect, which is a hallmark for cancer cell metabolism. In cancer cells, glycolysis functions in parallel with the TCA cycle and other metabolic pathways to enhance biosynthetic processes and thus support proliferation and growth. Similar metabolic features are observed in T cells during activation but, in contrast to cancer, metabolic transitions in T cells are part of a physiological process. Currently, there is intense interest in understanding the cause and effect relationship between metabolic reprogramming and T cell differentiation. After the recent success of cancer immunotherapy, the crosstalk between immune system and cancer has come to the forefront of clinical and basic research. One of the key goals is to delineate how metabolic alterations of cancer influence metabolism-regulated function and differentiation of tumor resident T cells and how such effects might be altered by immunotherapy. Here, we review the unique metabolic features of cancer, the implications of cancer metabolism on T cell metabolic reprogramming during antigen encounters, and the translational prospective of harnessing metabolism in cancer and T cells for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Herbel
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Nikolaos Patsoukis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kankana Bardhan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Dana 513, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Jessica D Weaver
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Vassiliki A Boussiotis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Dana 513, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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47
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Lovelace MD, Varney B, Sundaram G, Franco NF, Ng ML, Pai S, Lim CK, Guillemin GJ, Brew BJ. Current Evidence for a Role of the Kynurenine Pathway of Tryptophan Metabolism in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:246. [PMID: 27540379 PMCID: PMC4972824 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the major metabolic pathway of the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP). Stimulation by inflammatory molecules, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ), is the trigger for induction of the KP, driving a complex cascade of production of both neuroprotective and neurotoxic metabolites, and in turn, regulation of the immune response and responses of brain cells to the KP metabolites. Consequently, substantial evidence has accumulated over the past couple of decades that dysregulation of the KP and the production of neurotoxic metabolites are associated with many neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, AIDS-related dementia, motor neurone disease, schizophrenia, Huntington’s disease, and brain cancers. In the past decade, evidence of the link between the KP and multiple sclerosis (MS) has rapidly grown and has implicated the KP in MS pathogenesis. KP enzymes, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) and tryptophan dioxygenase (highest expression in hepatic cells), are the principal enzymes triggering activation of the KP to produce kynurenine from TRP. This is in preference to other routes such as serotonin and melatonin production. In neurological disease, degradation of the blood–brain barrier, even if transient, allows the entry of blood monocytes into the brain parenchyma. Similar to microglia and macrophages, these cells are highly responsive to IFN-γ, which upregulates the expression of enzymes, including IDO-1, producing neurotoxic KP metabolites such as quinolinic acid. These metabolites circulate systemically or are released locally in the brain and can contribute to the excitotoxic death of oligodendrocytes and neurons in neurological disease principally by virtue of their agonist activity at N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptors. The latest evidence is presented and discussed. The enzymes that control the checkpoints in the KP represent an attractive therapeutic target, and consequently several KP inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for other neurological diseases, and hence may make suitable candidates for MS patients. Underpinning these drug discovery endeavors, in recent years, several advances have been made in how KP metabolites are assayed in various biological fluids, and tremendous advancements have been made in how specimens are imaged to determine disease progression and involvement of various cell types and molecules in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Lovelace
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bianca Varney
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Gayathri Sundaram
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Nunzio F Franco
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Mei Li Ng
- Faculty of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Saparna Pai
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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48
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Zádori D, Veres G, Szalárdy L, Klivényi P, Fülöp F, Toldi J, Vécsei L. Inhibitors of the kynurenine pathway as neurotherapeutics: a patent review (2012–2015). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:815-32. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1189531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Lopez YP, Kenis G, Rutten BPF, Myint AM, Steinbusch HWM, van den Hove DLA. Quinolinic acid-immunoreactivity in the naïve mouse brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 71:6-12. [PMID: 26686288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinic acid (QUIN) has been suggested to be involved in infections, inflammatory neurological disorders and in the development of psychiatric disorders. In this view, several studies have been performed to investigate QUIN localization in the brain and its neurotoxic effects. However, evidence is lacking regarding QUIN in healthy, control conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the region-specific distribution and pattern of QUIN expression in the naïve mouse brain. In addition, possible sex differences in QUIN-immunoreactivity and its link with affect-related behavioural observations were assessed. For this purpose, naïve mice were subjected to the forced swim test (FST) and 20 min open field (OF) testing to measure affect-related behaviour. Afterwards, brains were assessed for QUIN-immunoreactivity. QUIN-immunoreactivity was particularly observed in the cingulate cortex (CC), highlighting clearly delineated cells, and the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), showing a more diffuse staining pattern. Subsequently, QUIN-positive cells in the CC were counted, while QUIN-immunoreactivity in the TRN was examined using gray value measurements. No significant differences between sexes were observed for the number of QUIN-positive cells in the CC, neither in levels of QUIN-immunoreactivity in the TRN. A direct correlation was found between QUIN-positive cells in the CC and QUIN-immunoreactivity in the TRN. Moreover, in male mice, a very strong correlation (rsp=.943; p<.01) between QUIN-immunoreactivity at the level of the TRN and motor activity in the OF was observed. Thus, our results suggest that QUIN - detected in the CC and the TRN - may play a role in regulating motor activity in normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Pujol Lopez
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Aye M Myint
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Psychiatric Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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50
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Favennec M, Hennart B, Caiazzo R, Leloire A, Yengo L, Verbanck M, Arredouani A, Marre M, Pigeyre M, Bessede A, Guillemin GJ, Chinetti G, Staels B, Pattou F, Balkau B, Allorge D, Froguel P, Poulain-Godefroy O. The kynurenine pathway is activated in human obesity and shifted toward kynurenine monooxygenase activation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:2066-74. [PMID: 26347385 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study characterized the kynurenine pathway (KP) in human obesity by evaluating circulating levels of kynurenines and the expression of KP enzymes in adipose tissue. METHODS Tryptophan and KP metabolite levels were measured in serum of individuals from the D.E.S.I.R. cohort (case-cohort study: 212 diabetic, 836 randomly sampled) and in women with obesity, diabetic or normoglycemic, from the ABOS cohort (n = 100). KP enzyme gene expressions were analyzed in omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue of women from the ABOS cohort, in human primary adipocytes and in monocyte-derived macrophages. RESULTS In the D.E.S.I.R. cohort, kynurenine levels were positively associated with body mass index (BMI) (P = 4.68 × 10(-19) ) and with a higher HOMA2-IR insulin resistance index (P = 6.23 × 10(-4) ). The levels of kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid were associated with higher BMI (P < 0.05). The expression of several KP enzyme genes (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 [IDO1], kynureninase [KYNU], kynurenine 3-monooxygenase [KMO], and kynurenine aminotransferase III [CCBL2]) was increased in the omental adipose tissue of women with obesity compared to lean (P < 0.05), and their expression was induced by proinflammatory cytokines in human primary adipocytes (P < 0.05), except for KMO that is not expressed in these cells. The expressions of IDO1, KYNU, KMO, and CCBL2 were higher in proinflammatory than in anti-inflammatory macrophages (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In the context of obesity, the presence of macrophages in adipose tissue may contribute to diverting KP toward KMO activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Favennec
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CHRU De Lille, Lille, France
| | - Benjamin Hennart
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- CHRU De Lille, Lille, France
- EA4483, Lille, France
| | - Robert Caiazzo
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CHRU De Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM UMR 1190, Lille, France
| | - Audrey Leloire
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - Loïc Yengo
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - Marie Verbanck
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | | | | | - Marie Pigeyre
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CHRU De Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM UMR 1190, Lille, France
| | | | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Giulia Chinetti
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- INSERM UMR 1011, Lille, France
| | - Bart Staels
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- INSERM UMR 1011, Lille, France
| | - François Pattou
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CHRU De Lille, Lille, France
- INSERM UMR 1190, Lille, France
| | | | - Delphine Allorge
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- CHRU De Lille, Lille, France
- EA4483, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
- CHRU De Lille, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Odile Poulain-Godefroy
- CNRS UMR 8199, Lille, France
- University of Lille, Lille, France
- Institut Pasteur De Lille, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
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