1
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Flint L. Multimodal Mass Spectrometry Imaging of an Aggregated 3D Cell Culture Model. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2688:147-159. [PMID: 37410291 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3319-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a leading approach for investigating the molecular processes within biological samples. The parallel detection of compounds including metabolites, lipids, proteins, and metal isotopes allows for a more holistic understanding of tissue microenvironments. Universal sample preparation is a primary enabler for samples of the same set to be run across multiple modalities. Using the same method and materials for a cohort of samples reduces any potential variability during sample preparation and allows for comparable analysis across analytical imaging techniques. Here, the MSI workflow is describing a sample preparation protocol for the analysis of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models. The analysis of biologically relevant cultures by multimodal MSI offers a method in which models of cancer and disease can be studied for the use in early-stage drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Flint
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.
- Imaging and Data Analytics, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
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2
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Rzagalinski I, Kovačević B, Hainz N, Meier C, Tschernig T, Volmer DA. Toward Higher Sensitivity in Quantitative MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of CNS Drugs Using a Nonpolar Matrix. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12592-12600. [PMID: 30260620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-specific ion suppression is an unavoidable matrix effect in MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), the negative impact of which on precision and accuracy in quantitative MALDI-MSI can be reduced to some extent by applying isotope internal standards for normalization and matrix-matched calibration routines. The detection sensitivity still suffers, however, often resulting in significant loss of signal for the investigated analytes. An MSI application considerably affected by this phenomenon is the quantitative spatial analysis of central nervous system (CNS) drugs. Most of these drugs are low molecular weight, lipophilic compounds, which exhibit inefficient desorption and ionization during MALDI using conventional polar acidic matrices (CHCA, DHB). Here, we present the application of the (2-[(2 E)-3-(4- tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylprop-2-enylidene]malononitrile) matrix for high sensitivity imaging of CNS drugs in mouse brain sections. Since DCTB is usually described as an electron-transfer matrix, we provide a rationale (i.e., computational calculations of gas-phase proton affinity and ionization energy) for an additional proton-transfer ionization mechanism with this matrix. Furthermore, we compare the extent of signal suppression for five different CNS drugs when employing DCTB versus CHCA matrices. The results showed that the signal suppression was not only several times lower with DCTB than with CHCA but also depended on the specific tissue investigated. Finally, we present the application of DCTB and ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to quantitative MALDI imaging of the anesthetic drug xylazine in mouse brain sections based on a linear matrix-matched calibration curve. DCTB afforded up to 100-fold signal intensity improvement over CHCA when comparing representative single MSI pixels and >440-fold improvement for the averaged mass spectrum of the adjacent tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Rzagalinski
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry , Saarland University , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Borislav Kovačević
- Group for Computational Life Sciences , Ruđer Bošković Institute , 10000 Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Nadine Hainz
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Saarland University , 66421 Homburg , Germany
| | - Carola Meier
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Saarland University , 66421 Homburg , Germany
| | - Thomas Tschernig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology , Saarland University , 66421 Homburg , Germany
| | - Dietrich A Volmer
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt University of Berlin , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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3
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Abstract
MS imaging has rapidly evolved over the last decade, finding roles in all aspects of pharmaceutical research and development. This article discusses possible methodological and technological future advancements and describes research areas where the technology can expand and continue to prove to be worthwhile tool for drug discovery and development.
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4
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Cobice DF, Goodwin RJA, Andren PE, Nilsson A, Mackay CL, Andrew R. Future technology insight: mass spectrometry imaging as a tool in drug research and development. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3266-83. [PMID: 25766375 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In pharmaceutical research, understanding the biodistribution, accumulation and metabolism of drugs in tissue plays a key role during drug discovery and development. In particular, information regarding pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and transport properties of compounds in tissues is crucial during early screening. Historically, the abundance and distribution of drugs have been assessed by well-established techniques such as quantitative whole-body autoradiography (WBA) or tissue homogenization with LC/MS analysis. However, WBA does not distinguish active drug from its metabolites and LC/MS, while highly sensitive, does not report spatial distribution. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) can discriminate drug and its metabolites and endogenous compounds, while simultaneously reporting their distribution. MSI data are influencing drug development and currently used in investigational studies in areas such as compound toxicity. In in vivo studies MSI results may soon be used to support new drug regulatory applications, although clinical trial MSI data will take longer to be validated for incorporation into submissions. We review the current and future applications of MSI, focussing on applications for drug discovery and development, with examples to highlight the impact of this promising technique in early drug screening. Recent sample preparation and analysis methods that enable effective MSI, including quantitative analysis of drugs from tissue sections will be summarized and key aspects of methodological protocols to increase the effectiveness of MSI analysis for previously undetectable targets addressed. These examples highlight how MSI has become a powerful tool in drug research and development and offers great potential in streamlining the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Cobice
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R J A Goodwin
- Drug Metabolism and Distribution, Mass Spectrometry Imaging, AstraZeneca R&D, Macclesfield, UK
| | - P E Andren
- Biomolecular Imaging and Proteomics, National Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Nilsson
- Biomolecular Imaging and Proteomics, National Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C L Mackay
- SIRCAMS, School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Andrew
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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5
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Barry JA, Robichaud G, Bokhart MT, Thompson C, Sykes C, Kashuba AD, Muddiman DC. Mapping antiretroviral drugs in tissue by IR-MALDESI MSI coupled to the Q Exactive and comparison with LC-MS/MS SRM assay. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:2038-47. [PMID: 24744212 PMCID: PMC4201889 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the coupling of the IR-MALDESI imaging source with the Q Exactive mass spectrometer. IR-MALDESI MSI was used to elucidate the spatial distribution of several HIV drugs in cervical tissues that had been incubated in either a low or high concentration. Serial sections of those analyzed by IR-MALDESI MSI were homogenized and analyzed by LC-MS/MS to quantify the amount of each drug present in the tissue. By comparing the two techniques, an agreement between the average intensities from the imaging experiment and the absolute quantities for each drug was observed. This correlation between these two techniques serves as a prerequisite to quantitative IR-MALDESI MSI. In addition, a targeted MS(2) imaging experiment was also conducted to demonstrate the capabilities of the Q Exactive and to highlight the added selectivity that can be obtained with SRM or MRM imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Barry
- W.M. Keck FT Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Guillaume Robichaud
- W.M. Keck FT Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Mark T. Bokhart
- W.M. Keck FT Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Corbin Thompson
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Craig Sykes
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Angela D.M. Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David C. Muddiman
- W.M. Keck FT Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Author for Correspondence: David C. Muddiman, Ph.D., W.M. Keck FT Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, Phone: 919-513-0084, Fax: 919-513-7993,
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6
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Swales JG, Tucker JW, Strittmatter N, Nilsson A, Cobice D, Clench MR, Mackay CL, Andren PE, Takáts Z, Webborn PJH, Goodwin RJA. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Cassette-Dosed Drugs for Higher Throughput Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Analysis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8473-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502217r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John G. Swales
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
- Biomedical Research
Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, U.K
| | - James W. Tucker
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Nicole Strittmatter
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Biomolecular Imaging
and Proteomics, National Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 05, Sweden
| | - Diego Cobice
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Malcolm R. Clench
- Biomedical Research
Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, U.K
| | - C. Logan Mackay
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Per E. Andren
- Biomolecular Imaging
and Proteomics, National Center for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 05, Sweden
| | - Zoltán Takáts
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Peter J. H. Webborn
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
| | - Richard J. A. Goodwin
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, U.K
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7
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MALDI imaging MS analysis of drug distribution in tissue: the right time!(?). Bioanalysis 2014; 4:2549-51. [PMID: 23173789 DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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8
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Qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometry imaging of drugs and metabolites in tissue at therapeutic levels. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:93-104. [PMID: 23881163 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a rapidly evolving technology that yields qualitative and quantitative distribution maps of small pharmaceutical-active molecules and their metabolites in tissue sections in situ. The simplicity, high sensitivity and ability to provide comprehensive spatial distribution maps of different classes of biomolecules make MSI a valuable tool to complement histopathology for diagnostics and biomarker discovery. In this review, qualitative and quantitative MSI of drugs and metabolites in tissue at therapeutic levels are discussed and the impact of this technique in drug discovery and clinical research is highlighted.
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9
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Castellino S, Groseclose MR, Sigafoos J, Wagner D, de Serres M, Polli JW, Romach E, Myer J, Hamilton B. Central Nervous System Disposition and Metabolism of Fosdevirine (GSK2248761), a Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor: An LC-MS and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Imaging MS Investigation into Central Nervous System Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 26:241-51. [DOI: 10.1021/tx3004196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Castellino
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - M. Reid Groseclose
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - James Sigafoos
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - David Wagner
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - Mark de Serres
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - Joseph W. Polli
- Drug Metabolism
and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - Elizabeth Romach
- Safety
Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - James Myer
- Safety
Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
| | - Brad Hamilton
- Safety
Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina
27709, United States
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10
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Parson WB, Koeniger SL, Johnson RW, Erickson J, Tian Y, Stedman C, Schwartz A, Tarcsa E, Cole R, Van Berkel GJ. Analysis of chloroquine and metabolites directly from whole-body animal tissue sections by liquid extraction surface analysis (LESA) and tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1420-8. [PMID: 23147817 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid and direct analysis of the amount and spatial distribution of exogenous chloroquine (CHQ) and CHQ metabolites from tissue sections by liquid extraction surface sampling analysis coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LESA-MS/MS) was demonstrated. LESA-MS/MS results compared well with previously published CHQ quantification data collected by organ excision, extraction and fluorescent detection. The ability to directly sample and analyze spatially resolved exogenous molecules from tissue sections with minimal sample preparation and analytical method development has the potential to facilitate the assessment of target tissue penetration of pharmaceutical compounds, to establish pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships, and to complement established pharmacokinetic methods used in the drug discovery process during tissue distribution assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney B Parson
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
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11
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Nilsson A, Forngren B, Bjurström S, Goodwin RJA, Basmaci E, Gustafsson I, Annas A, Hellgren D, Svanhagen A, Andrén PE, Lindberg J. In situ mass spectrometry imaging and ex vivo characterization of renal crystalline deposits induced in multiple preclinical drug toxicology studies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47353. [PMID: 23110069 PMCID: PMC3479109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug toxicity observed in animal studies during drug development accounts for the discontinuation of many drug candidates, with the kidney being a major site of tissue damage. Extensive investigations are often required to reveal the mechanisms underlying such toxicological events and in the case of crystalline deposits the chemical composition can be problematic to determine. In the present study, we have used mass spectrometry imaging combined with a set of advanced analytical techniques to characterize such crystalline deposits in situ. Two potential microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 inhibitors, with similar chemical structure, were administered to rats over a seven day period. This resulted in kidney damage with marked tubular degeneration/regeneration and crystal deposits within the tissue that was detected by histopathology. Results from direct tissue section analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging were combined with data obtained following manual crystal dissection analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the crystal deposits was successfully identified as a common metabolite, bisulphonamide, of the two drug candidates. In addition, an un-targeted analysis revealed molecular changes in the kidney that were specifically associated with the area of the tissue defined as pathologically damaged. In the presented study, we show the usefulness of combining mass spectrometry imaging with an array of powerful analytical tools to solve complex toxicological problems occurring during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Medical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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Sample preparation for mass spectrometry imaging: Small mistakes can lead to big consequences. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4893-4911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Shimma S, Kubo A, Satoh T, Toyoda M. Detailed structural analysis of lipids directly on tissue specimens using a MALDI-SpiralTOF-Reflectron TOF mass spectrometer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37107. [PMID: 22623981 PMCID: PMC3356408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct tissue analysis using a novel tandem time-of-flight (TOF-TOF) mass spectrometer is described. This system consists of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ion source, a spiral ion trajectory TOF mass spectrometer “SpiralTOF (STOF)”, a collision cell, and an offset parabolic reflectron (RTOF). The features of this system are high precursor ion selectivity due to a 17-m flight path length in STOF and elimination of post-source decay (PSD) ions. The acceleration energy is 20 keV, so that high-energy collision-induced dissociation (HE-CID) is possible. Elimination of PSD ions allows observation of the product ions inherent to the HE-CID process. By using this tandem TOF instrument, the product ion spectrum of lipids provided detailed structural information of fatty acid residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Shimma
- Venture Business Laboratory, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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14
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Zhao SS, Zhong X, Chen DD. Atmospheric pressure ion lens extends the stable operational region of an electrospray ion source for capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1322-30. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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15
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MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: bridging biology and chemistry in drug development. Bioanalysis 2012; 3:2427-41. [PMID: 22074284 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of drug tissue distribution impacts a number of areas in drug development, including: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, drug-drug interactions, transport and metabolism. Despite their extensive use, autoradiography and tissue homogenate LC-MS analysis have limitations in providing a comprehensive assessment of tissue distributions. In the case of autoradiography, it is the inability to distinguish between parent drug and drug metabolites. In LC-MS analysis of tissue homogenate, all tissue localization information is lost. The emerging technique of MALDI imaging mass spectrometry has the capability to distinguish between parent and metabolites while maintaining spatial distribution in tissues. In this article, we will review the MALDI imaging MS methodology as applied to drug development and provide examples highlighting the impact of this important technique in drug development.
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16
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Goodwin RJA, Iverson SL, Andren PE. The significance of ambient-temperature on pharmaceutical and endogenous compound abundance and distribution in tissues sections when analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:494-8. [PMID: 22302488 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mass spectrometry imaging has proven to be a complementary assay to the traditional labeled-compound studies employed in drug research and development. However, there has been limited examination of the technical limitations of the technique with respect to small molecule stability in samples. METHODS Raclopride dosed rat brain tissue sections (single dose i.v. 2 mg/kg) were allowed to warm to room temperature for 0 to 5 min prior to either a solvent-based wet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrix or a solvent-free dry MALDI matrix being applied. Subsequent MS imaging analysis was at a spatial resolution of 200 µm, performed using a MALDI TOF/TOF (Ultraflex II, Bruker Daltonics). RESULTS MALDI-MS has been used to monitor the time-dependent appearance and loss of small molecule abundance in tissue sections brought rapidly to room temperature for short periods of time. The abundances of a range of markers were seen to vary across the time course, both increasing and decreasing. The intensity of some markers changed significantly within 1 min. Importantly, the abundance of raclopride was seen to decrease over the 5-min time period examined. CONCLUSIONS The results strongly indicate that considerable care is required to allow comparison of both pharmaceutical and endogenous compounds between MALDI-MSI experiments and also has implications for the standard practice of thaw-mounting multiple tissue sections onto MALDI-MS targets during MSI experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J A Goodwin
- Medical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Goodwin RJA, Mackay CL, Nilsson A, Harrison DJ, Farde L, Andren PE, Iverson SL. Qualitative and quantitative MALDI imaging of the positron emission tomography ligands raclopride (a D2 dopamine antagonist) and SCH 23390 (a D1 dopamine antagonist) in rat brain tissue sections using a solvent-free dry matrix application method. Anal Chem 2011; 83:9694-701. [PMID: 22077717 DOI: 10.1021/ac202630t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of positron emission tomography (PET) ligands in rat brain tissue sections were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI). The detection of the PET ligands was possible following the use of a solvent-free dry MALDI matrix application method employing finely ground dry α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA). The D2 dopamine receptor antagonist 3,5-dichloro-N-{[(2S)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methyl}-2-hydroxy-6-methoxybenzamide (raclopride) and the D1 dopamine receptor antagonist 7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-ol (SCH 23390) were both detected at decreasing abundance at increasing period postdosing. Confirmation of the compound identifications and distributions was achieved by a combination of mass-to-charge ratio accurate mass, isotope distribution, and MS/MS fragmentation imaging directly from tissue sections (performed using MALDI TOF/TOF, MALDI q-TOF, and 12T MALDI-FT-ICR mass spectrometers). Quantitative data was obtained by comparing signal abundances from tissues to those obtained from quantitation control spots of the target compound applied to adjacent vehicle control tissue sections (analyzed during the same experiment). Following a single intravenous dose of raclopride (7.5 mg/kg), an average tissue concentration of approximately 60 nM was detected compared to 15 nM when the drug was dosed at 2 mg/kg, indicating a linear response between dose and detected abundance. SCH 23390 was established to have an average tissue concentration of approximately 15 μM following a single intravenous dose at 5 mg/kg. Both target compounds were also detected in kidney tissue sections when employing the same MSI methodology. This study illustrates that a MSI may well be readily applied to PET ligand research development when using a solvent-free dry matrix coating.
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18
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Blatherwick EQ, Van Berkel GJ, Pickup K, Johansson MK, Beaudoin ME, Cole RO, Day JM, Iverson S, Wilson ID, Scrivens JH, Weston DJ. Utility of spatially-resolved atmospheric pressure surface sampling and ionization techniques as alternatives to mass spectrometric imaging (MSI) in drug metabolism. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:720-34. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.587550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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19
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Goodwin RJA, Pitt AR, Harrison D, Weidt SK, Langridge-Smith PRR, Barrett MP, Logan Mackay C. Matrix-free mass spectrometric imaging using laser desorption ionisation Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:969-72. [PMID: 21416534 PMCID: PMC3505379 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is a powerful tool in metabolomics and proteomics for the spatial localization and identification of pharmaceuticals, metabolites, lipids, peptides and proteins in biological tissues. However, sample preparation remains a crucial variable in obtaining the most accurate distributions. Common washing steps used to remove salts, and solvent-based matrix application, allow analyte spreading to occur. Solvent-free matrix applications can reduce this risk, but increase the possibility of ionisation bias due to matrix adhesion to tissue sections. We report here the use of matrix-free MSI using laser desorption ionisation performed on a 12 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer. We used unprocessed tissue with no post-processing following thaw-mounting on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) indium-tin oxide (ITO) target plates. The identification and distribution of a range of phospholipids in mouse brain and kidney sections are presented and compared with previously published MALDI time-of-flight (TOF) MSI distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J A Goodwin
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Koeniger SL, Talaty N, Luo Y, Ready D, Voorbach M, Seifert T, Cepa S, Fagerland JA, Bouska J, Buck W, Johnson RW, Spanton S. A quantitation method for mass spectrometry imaging. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:503-10. [PMID: 21259359 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A new quantitation method for mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been developed. In this method, drug concentrations were determined by tissue homogenization of five 10 µm tissue sections adjacent to those analyzed by MSI. Drug levels in tissue extracts were measured by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The integrated MSI response was correlated to the LC/MS/MS drug concentrations to determine the amount of drug detected per MSI ion count. The study reported here evaluates olanzapine in liver tissue. Tissue samples containing a range of concentrations were created from liver harvested from rats administered a single dose of olanzapine at 0, 1, 4, 8, 16, 30, or 100 mg/kg. The liver samples were then analyzed by MALDI-MSI and LC/MS/MS. The MALDI-MSI and LC/MS/MS correlation was determined for tissue concentrations of ~300 to 60,000 ng/g and yielded a linear relationship over two orders of magnitude (R(2) = 0.9792). From this correlation, a conversion factor of 6.3 ± 0.23 fg/ion count was used to quantitate MSI responses at the pixel level (100 µm). The details of the method, its importance in pharmaceutical analysis, and the considerations necessary when implementing it are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stormy L Koeniger
- Advanced Technology, GPRD, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064, USA.
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ARAKAWA R, KAWASAKI H. Functionalized Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces for Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:1229-40. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi ARAKAWA
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
| | - Hideya KAWASAKI
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University
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