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Gandhi P, Hebert B, Yun A, Bradley J, Moldoveanu B. Histoplasmosis around the world: A global perspective on the presentation, virulence factors, and treatment of histoplasmosis. Am J Med Sci 2024:S0002-9629(24)01283-7. [PMID: 38885929 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a systemic infection caused by an endemic dimorphic fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum. Though prevalent in the eastern United States of America, near the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, the evidence underlying the global prevalence of histoplasmosis, especially in immunocompromised populations, is underappreciated. This article highlights the global epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology and pathophysiological characteristics, pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations, prevention measures, radiographic patterns, diagnostic techniques, and antifungal treatment approaches for Histoplasma capsulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gandhi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Brandon Hebert
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Angelica Yun
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - James Bradley
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Bogdan Moldoveanu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care Medicine, and Sleep Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Höft MA, Duvenage L, Salie S, Keeton R, Botha A, Schwartz IS, Govender NP, Brown GD, Hoving JC. The pathogenesis of experimental Emergomycosis in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011850. [PMID: 38198478 PMCID: PMC10805315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Emergomyces africanus is a recently identified thermally-dimorphic fungal pathogen that causes disseminated infection in people living with advanced HIV disease. Known as emergomycosis, this disseminated disease is associated with very high case fatality rates. Over the last decade, improved diagnostics and fungal identification in South Africa resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of reported cases. Although the true burden of disease is still unknown, emergomycosis is among the most frequently diagnosed dimorphic fungal infections in Southern Africa; and additional species in the genus have been identified on four continents. Little is known about the pathogenesis and the host's immune response to this emerging pathogen. Therefore, we established a murine model of pulmonary infection using a clinical isolate, E. africanus (CBS 136260). Both conidia and yeast forms caused pulmonary and disseminated infection in mice with organisms isolated in culture from lung, spleen, liver, and kidney. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice demonstrated a drop in body weight at two weeks post-infection, corresponding to a peak in fungal burden in the lung, spleen, liver, and kidney. An increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production was detected in homogenized lung supernatants including IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL12-p40 and IL-17 at three- and four-weeks post-infection. No significant differences in TNF, IL-12p70 and IL-10 were observed in wild-type mice between one and four-weeks post-infection. Rag-1-deficient mice, lacking mature T-and B-cells, had an increased fungal burden associated with reduced IFN-γ production. Together our data support a protective T-helper type-1 immune response to E. africanus infection. This may provide a possible explanation for the susceptibility of only a subset of people living with advanced HIV disease despite hypothesized widespread environmental exposure. In summary, we have established a novel murine model of E. africanus disease providing critical insights into the host immune components required for eliminating the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine A. Höft
- CMM AFRICA Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lucian Duvenage
- CMM AFRICA Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sumayah Salie
- CMM AFRICA Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Roanne Keeton
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alfred Botha
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ilan S. Schwartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nelesh P. Govender
- CMM AFRICA Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- CMM AFRICA Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Claire Hoving
- CMM AFRICA Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building Stocker Road, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Brown AJP. Fungal resilience and host-pathogen interactions: Future perspectives and opportunities. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12946. [PMID: 35962618 PMCID: PMC10078341 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We are constantly exposed to the threat of fungal infection. The outcome-clearance, commensalism or infection-depends largely on the ability of our innate immune defences to clear infecting fungal cells versus the success of the fungus in mounting compensatory adaptive responses. As each seeks to gain advantage during these skirmishes, the interactions between host and fungal pathogen are complex and dynamic. Nevertheless, simply compromising the physiological robustness of fungal pathogens reduces their ability to evade antifungal immunity, their virulence, and their tolerance against antifungal therapy. In this article I argue that this physiological robustness is based on a 'Resilience Network' which mechanistically links and controls fungal growth, metabolism, stress resistance and drug tolerance. The elasticity of this network probably underlies the phenotypic variability of fungal isolates and the heterogeneity of individual cells within clonal populations. Consequently, I suggest that the definition of the fungal Resilience Network represents an important goal for the future which offers the clear potential to reveal drug targets that compromise drug tolerance and synergise with current antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair J P Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Valdez AF, Miranda DZ, Guimarães AJ, Nimrichter L, Nosanchuk JD. Pathogenicity & Virulence of Histoplasma capsulatum - a multifaceted organism adapted to intracellular environments. Virulence 2022; 13:1900-1919. [PMID: 36266777 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2137987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Although healthy individuals can develop histoplasmosis, the disease is particularly life-threatening in immunocompromised patients, with a wide range of clinical manifestations depending on the inoculum and virulence of the infecting strain. In this review, we discuss the established virulence factors and pathogenesis traits that make H. capsulatum highly adapted to a wide variety of hosts, including mammals. Understanding and integrating these mechanisms is a key step towards devising new preventative and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro F Valdez
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Zamith Miranda
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Allan Jefferson Guimarães
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia - MIP, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Nimrichter
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Tirado-Sánchez A, Vazquez-González D, Sáenz-Dávila B, Bonifaz A. Antifungal Vaccines: Current Status and Future Directions. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89664-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rodriguez-Echeverri C, Bonilla-Porras A, Gonzalez A. Hematopoietic and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: New Immunological Roles During Fungal Infections. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:1049-1055. [PMID: 34514808 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells are characterized not only by their regenerative and immunomodulatory capacity but also by their therapeutic potential in various pathologies that include hematological malignancies, cancer, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, among others. However, these cells seem to play a paradoxical role during the development of the immune response in some infectious diseases. As an example, Candida albicans can induce the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progenitors, a process known as emergency hematopoiesis. Moreover, Aspergillus fumigatus and C. albicans, once recognized by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), can induce an anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory profile, respectively, and, in turn, these cells can inhibit the growth of these fungal pathogens. Additionally, the transplantation of MSCs, in an experimental pulmonary model of paracoccidioidomycosis, has been shown to exacerbate the inflammatory response. More recently, in vitro studies have shown that MSCs recognize Paracoccidioides brasiliensis through a mechanism mediated by toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and Dectin-1, which, in turn, induces a proinflammatory profile. This review describes the main mechanisms and immunomodulatory properties of HSCs and MSCs during infections caused by some medically important fungal pathogens described so far in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodriguez-Echeverri
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Research Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Angelica Bonilla-Porras
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Research Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Angel Gonzalez
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Research Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Giusiano G. The Trojan Horse Model in Paracoccidioides: A Fantastic Pathway to Survive Infecting Human Cells. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:605679. [PMID: 33680980 PMCID: PMC7928272 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.605679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most relevant systemic endemic mycosis limited to Latin American countries. The etiological agents are thermally dimorphic species of the genus Paracoccidioides. Infection occurs via respiratory tract by inhalation of propagules from the environmental (saprophytic) phase. In the lung alveoli the fungus converts to the characteristic yeast phase (parasitic) where interact with extracellular matrix proteins, epithelial cells, and the host cellular immunity. The response involves phagocytic cells recognition but intracellular Paracoccidioides have demonstrated the ability to survive and also multiply inside the neutrophils, macrophages, giant cells, and dendritic cells. Persistence of Paracoccidioides as facultative intracellular pathogen is important in terms of the fungal load but also regarding to the possibility to disseminate penetrating other tissues even protected by the phagocytes. This strategy to invade other organs via transmigration of infected phagocytes is called Trojan horse mechanism and it was also described for other fungi and considered a factor of pathogenicity. This mini review comprises a literature revision of the spectrum of tools and mechanisms displayed by Paracoccidioides to overcame phagocytosis, discusses the Trojan horse model and the immunological context in proven models or the possibility that Paracoccidioides apply this tool for dissemination to other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Giusiano
- Mycology Department, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Resistencia, Argentina
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Singulani JDL, Silva JDFD, Gullo FP, Costa MC, Fusco-Almeida AM, Enguita FJ, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Fungal-host interactions: insights into microRNA in response to Paracoccidioides species. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200238. [PMID: 32756740 PMCID: PMC7398106 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paracoccidioides spp. causes paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an important and frequent systemic mycosis that occurs in Latin America. The infectious process begins with contact between the fungus and lung cells, and the molecular pattern of this interaction is currently poorly understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate the gene expression in many biological processes, including in the infections. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyse the expression of miRNAs in lung cells as response to infection by Paracoccidioides spp. METHODS A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) based screening was employed to verify differentially expressed miRNAs in human lung cells infected with three different species; Paracoccidioides lutzii, Paracoccidioides americana, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Furthermore, the in silico predictions of target genes and pathways for miRNAs were obtained. FINDINGS The results showed that miRNAs identified in the lung cells were different according to the species studied. However, based on the predicted targets, the potential signaling pathways regulated by miRNAs are common and related to adhesion, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, apoptosis, and immune response mediated by T cells and TGF-β. MAIN CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study showed the miRNAs pattern of epithelial cells in response to infection by Paracoccidioides species and the potential role of these molecules in the regulation of key pathogenesis mechanisms of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marina Célia Costa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Francisco Javier Enguita
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, Lisboa, Portugal
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Santos LA, Grisolia JC, Malaquias LCC, Paula FBDA, Dias ALT, Burger E. Medication association and immunomodulation: An approach in fungal diseases and in particular in the treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis. Acta Trop 2020; 206:105412. [PMID: 32135141 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections have been increasing in recent decades, mainly affecting immunocompromised individuals, although certain mycoses, such as paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), infect immunologically competent individuals. The major problems observed regarding fungal diseases are inadequate diagnosis, prolonged treatment time, the reduced number of drugs available for treatment, in addition to the fact that there are no vaccines for clinical use. Drug combination in order to immunomodulate the immune response is a new strategy used for the treatment of mycoses, since it is difficult to develop new antifungal drugs. The aim of this study is to present and analyze strategies recently suggested for the treatment of fungi of medical interest, in particular for PCM, such as the utilization of combinations of protein fractions or dead microorganisms, as vaccinal antigens, and cellular immunotherapy. We will also propose new therapeutic alternatives, such as lipids, vitamins, synthetic or natural products as well as the use of low intensity LASER therapy (LLLT) to modulate the immune response of the host, enhancing the efficiency of the existing treatments of mycoses of medical interest and in particular of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauana Aparecida Santos
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Julianne Caravita Grisolia
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Cosme Cotta Malaquias
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Borges de Araújo Paula
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Amanda Latércia Tranches Dias
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Eva Burger
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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Silva LBR, Taira CL, Dias LS, Souza ACO, Nosanchuk JD, Travassos LR, Taborda CP. Experimental Therapy of Paracoccidioidomycosis Using P10-Primed Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Isolated From Infected Mice. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1727. [PMID: 31417520 PMCID: PMC6685297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic mycosis in Latin American caused by the thermodimorphic fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides spp. Notably, a Th1 immune response is required to control PCM. In this context, dendritic cells (DCs) seem to be essential players in capture, processing and presentation of Paracoccidioides antigens to naïve T cells and their further activation. We have previously demonstrated that differentiated DCs from bone marrow cells, pulsed with the immunoprotective peptide 10 (P10), effectively control experimental PCM immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice. However, this procedure may not be infeasible or it is limited for the therapy of human patients. Therefore, we have sought a less invasive but equally effective approach that would better mimics the autologous transplant of DC in a human patient. Here, we isolated and generated monocyte differentiated dendritic cells (MoDCs) from infected mice, pulsed them with P-10, and used them in the therapy of PCM in syngeneic mice. Similar to the results using BMDCs, the P10-pulsed MoDCs stimulated the proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes, induced a mixed production of Th1/Th2 cytokines and decreased the fungal burden in murine lungs in the setting of PCM. The process of differentiating MoDCs derived from an infected host, and subsequently used for therapy of PCM is much simpler than that for obtaining BMDCs, and represents a more reasonable approach to treat patients infected with Paracoccidioides. The results presented suggest that P10-primed MoDC may be a promising strategy to combat complicated PCM as well as to significantly shorten the lengthy requirements for treatment of patients with this fungal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro B R Silva
- USP-LIM53, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleison L Taira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Dias
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C O Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- USP-LIM53, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Peres da Silva R, Longo LGV, Cunha JPCD, Sobreira TJP, Rodrigues ML, Faoro H, Goldenberg S, Alves LR, Puccia R. Comparison of the RNA Content of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070765. [PMID: 31340551 PMCID: PMC6678485 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii cause human paracoccidioidomycosis. We have previously characterized the <200-nt RNA sub-populations contained in fungal extracellular vesicles (EVs) from P. brasiliensis Pb18 and other pathogenic fungi. We have presently used the RNA-seq strategy to compare the <200- and >200-nt RNA fractions contained in EVs isolated from culture supernatants of P. brasiliensis Pb18, Pb3, and P. lutzii Pb01. Shared mRNA sequences were related to protein modification, translation, and DNA metabolism/biogenesis, while those related to transport and oxidation-reduction were exclusive to Pb01. The presence of functional full-length mRNAs was validated by in vitro translation. Among small non-coding (nc)RNA, 15 were common to all samples; small nucleolar (sno)RNAs were enriched in P. brasiliensis EVs, whereas for P. lutzii there were similar proportions of snoRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. Putative exonic sRNAs were highly abundant in Pb18 EVs. We also found sRNA sequences bearing incomplete microRNA structures mapping to exons. RNA-seq data suggest that extracellular fractions containing Pb18 EVs can modulate the transcriptome of murine monocyte-derived dendritic cells in a transwell system. Considering that sRNA classes are involved in transcription/translation modulation, our general results may indicate that differences in virulence among fungal isolates can be related to their distinct EV-RNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Peres da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Larissa G V Longo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Julia P C da Cunha
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular-Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling-Center (CeTICS), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago J P Sobreira
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Marcio L Rodrigues
- Instituto Carlos Chagas-FIOCRUZ PR, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil
- Instituto de Microbiologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil
| | - Helisson Faoro
- Instituto Carlos Chagas-FIOCRUZ PR, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rosana Puccia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil.
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Roth MT, Zamith-Miranda D, Nosanchuk JD. Immunization Strategies for the Control of Histoplasmosis. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2019; 6:35-41. [PMID: 31772912 PMCID: PMC6879175 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-019-00172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Histoplasmosis is an infection caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Histoplasmosis is typically self-limited and presents asymptomatically in most people. Nevertheless, histoplasmosis can cause severe pulmonary disease and death. Histoplasmosis is increasingly found worldwide; however, it is best documented in the endemic region of the Mississippi river valley system in the Eastern part of the United States (US). Epidemiological studies from the US detailing the morbidity, mortality, and cost associated with histoplasmosis underscore the need to develop a vaccine. PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will detail some of the major developments in potential vaccines against histoplasmosis, with particular emphasis on those that could be used to immunize immunocompromised hosts. Additionally, this review will highlight some non-traditional vaccine-like ideas for the prevention of diverse mycoses. RECENT FINDINGS Historically, immunization strategies against histoplasmosis have largely focused on identifying immunogenic proteins that confer protection in animal models. More recently, novel active, therapeutic, and immunomodulatory strategies have been explored as potential alternatives for those with various immune-deficiencies. SUMMARY The studies summarized in this review demonstrate that more research is needed to clarify the immunobiology, clinical role and efficacy of each candidate vaccine in the ever-expanding potential armamentarium against histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell T Roth
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Zamith-Miranda
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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13
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Vaccine Development to Systemic Mycoses by Thermally Dimorphic Fungi. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-019-00179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Mittal J, Ponce MG, Gendlina I, Nosanchuk JD. Histoplasma Capsulatum: Mechanisms for Pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 422:157-191. [PMID: 30043340 PMCID: PMC7212190 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Histoplasmosis, caused by the dimorphic environmental fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, is a major mycosis on the global stage. Acquisition of the fungus by mammalian hosts can be clinically silent or it can lead to life-threatening systemic disease, which can occur in immunologically intact or deficient hosts, albeit severe disease is more likely in the setting of compromised cellular immunity. H. capsulatum yeast cells are highly adapted to the mammalian host as they can effectively survive within intracellular niches in select phagocytic cells. Understanding the biological response by both the host and H. capsulatum will facilitate improved approaches to prevent and/or modify disease. This review presents our current understanding of the major pathogenic mechanisms involved in histoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Mittal
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Maria G Ponce
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Inessa Gendlina
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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15
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Taborda CP, Nosanchuk JD. Editorial: Vaccines, Immunotherapy and New Antifungal Therapy against Fungi: Updates in the New Frontier. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1743. [PMID: 28951730 PMCID: PMC5599784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Taborda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo-LIM53/Medical School, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Albert Einstein College of MedicineBronx, NY, United States
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16
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Silva LBR, Dias LS, Rittner GMG, Muñoz JE, Souza ACO, Nosanchuk JD, Travassos LR, Taborda CP. Dendritic Cells Primed with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Peptide P10 Are Therapeutic in Immunosuppressed Mice with Paracoccidioidomycosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1057. [PMID: 28659882 PMCID: PMC5469887 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic systemic mycosis in Latin America, with the highest prevalence in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. Fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus are etiologic agents of the disease. The 15 amino acid peptide P10 is derived from gp43, the main diagnostic antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. We previously reported that P10-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) induce a protective response against P. brasiliensis. Presently, dexamethasone-treated BALB/c mice were intratracheally infected with P. brasiliensis Pb18 to establish the therapeutic efficacy of P10-pulsed DCs. Immunosuppressed and infected animals that received DCs had a reduction in their fungal burden, and this result was most pronounced in mice receiving DCs primed with P10. The efficacy of therapeutic DCs was significantly augmented by concomitant treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Additionally, primed-DCs with or without the antifungal drug induced a beneficial Th1-biased immune response and significantly reduced tissue damage. In conclusion, these studies with immunocompromised mice demonstrate that P10-pulsed DCs with or without concomitant antifungal drugs are potently effective in combating invasive PCM. These findings support further translational studies to validate the use of P10-primed DCs for PCM in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro B R Silva
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Tropical Medicine Institute USP-LIM53, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas S Dias
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glauce M G Rittner
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julián E Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C O Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, BronxNY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, BronxNY, United States
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Taborda
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Tropical Medicine Institute USP-LIM53, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Camacho E, Niño-Vega GA. Paracoccidioides Spp.: Virulence Factors and Immune-Evasion Strategies. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:5313691. [PMID: 28553014 PMCID: PMC5434249 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5313691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides spp. are dimorphic fungal pathogens responsible for one of the most relevant systemic mycoses in Latin America, paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM). Their exact ecological niche remains unknown; however, they have been isolated from soil samples and armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus), which have been proposed as animal reservoir for these fungi. Human infection occurs by inhalation of conidia or mycelia fragments and is mostly associated with immunocompetent hosts inhabiting and/or working in endemic rural areas. In this review focusing on the pathogen perspective, we will discuss some of the microbial attributes and molecular mechanisms that enable Paracoccidioides spp. to tolerate, adapt, and ultimately avoid the host immune response, establishing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Camacho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunobiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo A. Niño-Vega
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, GTO, Mexico
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18
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Abstract
The chapter reviews methods utilized for the isolation and characterization of a promising immunogen candidate, aiming at a human vaccine against paracoccidioidomycosis. Peptide P10 carries a T-CD4+ epitope and was identified as an internal sequence of the major diagnostic antigen known as gp43 glycoprotein. It successfully treated massive intratracheal infections by virulent Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in combination with chemotherapy.An introduction about the systemic mycosis was found essential to understand the various options that were considered to design prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine protocols using peptide P10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos P Taborda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology IMTSP/LIM53/HCFMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Travassos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Botucatu 862, 8th floor, São Paulo, 04021-001, Brazil.
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19
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Yun Z, Jianping P. [Progress on the role of Toll-like receptors in Candida albicans infections]. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2016; 45:302-7. [PMID: 27651197 PMCID: PMC10396928 DOI: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2016.05.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll like receptors (TLRs) are expressed mainly on innate immunocytes such as dendritic cells and macrophages, and may have the potential to recognize and bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from Candida albicans, thereby triggering the downstream signals. The genetic polymorphism of TLRs is associated with susceptibility to Candida albicans. The activation of TLRs by PAMPs from Candida albicans can induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines that play key roles in the anti-infection of Candida albicans. However, in order to evade the immune response of host,Candida albicans can also change its bacterial phase. Understanding of the interaction between TLRs and Candida albicans will provide novel evidence to further clarify the mechanisms of anti-fungal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yun
- Zhejiang University City College School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310015, China;Department of Pathogen Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pan Jianping
- Zhejiang University City College School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310015, China.
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20
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Elmore SA, Farman CA, Hailey JR, Kovi RC, Malarkey DE, Morrison JP, Neel J, Pesavento PA, Porter BF, Szabo KA, Teixeira LBC, Quist EM. Proceedings of the 2015 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:502-35. [PMID: 27075180 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316631844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The 2015 Annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri" was held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, at the American College of Veterinary Pathologists/American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology/Society of Toxicologic Pathology combined meeting. The goal of this symposium is to present and discuss diagnostic pathology challenges or nomenclature issues. Because of the combined meeting, both laboratory and domestic animal cases were presented. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks, including challenging diagnostic cases or nomenclature issues that were presented, along with select images that were used for audience voting and discussion. Some lesions and topics covered during the symposium included hepatocellular lesions, a proposed harmonized diagnostic approach to rat cardiomyopathy, crop milk in a bird, avian feeding accoutrement, heat exchanger in a tuna, metastasis of a tobacco carcinogen-induced pulmonary carcinoma, neurocytoma in a rat, pituicytoma in a rat, rodent mammary gland whole mounts, dog and rat alveolar macrophage ultrastructure, dog and rat pulmonary phospholipidosis, alveolar macrophage aggregation in a dog, degenerating yeast in a cat liver aspirate, myeloid leukemia in lymph node aspirates from a dog, Trypanosoma cruzi in a dog, solanum toxicity in a cow, bovine astrovirus, malignant microglial tumor, and nomenclature challenges from the Special Senses International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria Organ Working Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David E Malarkey
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Neel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erin M Quist
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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21
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de Oliveira HC, Assato PA, Marcos CM, Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva ACA, Da Silva JDF, Singulani JDL, Alarcon KM, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Paracoccidioides-host Interaction: An Overview on Recent Advances in the Paracoccidioidomycosis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1319. [PMID: 26635779 PMCID: PMC4658449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii are etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an important endemic mycosis in Latin America. During its evolution, these fungi have developed characteristics and mechanisms that allow their growth in adverse conditions within their host through which they efficiently cause disease. This process is multi-factorial and involves host-pathogen interactions (adaptation, adhesion, and invasion), as well as fungal virulence and host immune response. In this review, we demonstrated the glycoproteins and polysaccharides network, which composes the cell wall of Paracoccidioides spp. These are important for the change of conidia or mycelial (26°C) to parasitic yeast (37°C). The morphological switch, a mechanism for the pathogen to adapt and thrive inside the host, is obligatory for the establishment of the infection and seems to be related to pathogenicity. For these fungi, one of the most important steps during the interaction with the host is the adhesion. Cell surface proteins called adhesins, responsible for the first contact with host cells, contribute to host colonization and invasion by mediating this process. These fungi also present the capacity to form biofilm and through which they may evade the host's immune system. During infection, Paracoccidioides spp. can interact with different host cell types and has the ability to modulate the host's adaptive and/or innate immune response. In addition, it participates and interferes in the coagulation system and phenomena like cytoskeletal rearrangement and apoptosis. In recent years, Paracoccidioides spp. have had their endemic areas expanding in correlation with the expansion of agriculture. In response, several studies were developed to understand the infection using in vitro and in vivo systems, including alternative non-mammal models. Moreover, new advances were made in treating these infections using both well-established and new antifungal agents. These included natural and/or derivate synthetic substances as well as vaccines, peptides, and anti-adhesins sera. Because of all the advances in the PCM study, this review has the objective to summarize all of the recent discoveries on Paracoccidioides-host interaction, with particular emphasis on fungi surface proteins (molecules that play a fundamental role in the adhesion and/or dissemination of the fungi to host-cells), as well as advances in the treatment of PCM with new and well-established antifungal agents and approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline M Marcos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C A de Paula E Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julhiany De Fátima Da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaila M Alarcon
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araraquara, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Laboratório de Micologia Clínica São Paulo, Brazil
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