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Chen J, Pan Y, Lu Y, Fang X, Ma T, Chen X, Wang Y, Fang X, Zhang C, Song C. The Function and Mechanism of Long Noncoding RNAs in Adipogenic Differentiation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:875. [PMID: 39062654 PMCID: PMC11275360 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes are crucial for maintaining energy balance. Adipocyte differentiation involves distinct stages, including the orientation stage, clone amplification stage, clone amplification termination stage, and terminal differentiation stage. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms governing adipogenic differentiation is essential for comprehending the physiological processes and identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases, ultimately improving glucose and fat metabolism. Adipogenic differentiation is influenced not only by key factors such as hormones, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family, and the CCATT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family but also by noncoding RNA, including microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA). Among these, lncRNA has been identified as a significant regulator in adipogenic differentiation. Research has demonstrated various ways in which lncRNAs contribute to the molecular mechanisms of adipogenic differentiation. Throughout the adipogenesis process, lncRNAs modulate adipocyte differentiation and development by influencing relevant signaling pathways and transcription factors. This review provides a brief overview of the function and mechanism of lncRNAs in adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (J.C.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.M.); (X.C.); (Y.W.); (X.F.)
| | - Chengchuang Song
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China; (J.C.); (Y.P.); (Y.L.); (X.F.); (T.M.); (X.C.); (Y.W.); (X.F.)
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2
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Lu Z, Ding L, Jiang X, Zhang S, Yan M, Yang G, Tian X, Wang Q. Single-nucleus RNA transcriptome profiling reveals murine adipose tissue endothelial cell proliferation gene networks involved in obesity development. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 757:110029. [PMID: 38729594 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Endothelial cells play an important role in the metabolism of adipose tissue (AT). This study aimed to analyze the changes that adipose tissue in AT endothelial cells undergo during the development of obesity, using single-nucleus RNA sequence (snRNA-seq). Mouse paraepididymal AT cells were subjected to snRNA-seq with the 10X Genomics platform. The cell types were then clustered using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding and unbiased computational informatics analyses. Protein-protein interactions network was established using the STRING database and visualized using Cytoscape. The dataset was subjected to differential gene enrichment analysis. In total, 21,333 cells acquired from 24 mouse paraepididymal AT samples were analyzed using snRNA-seq. This study identified 18 distinct clusters and annotated macrophages, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, T cells, endothelial cells, stem cells, neutrophil cells, and neutrophil cell types based on representative markers. Cluster 12 was defined as endothelial cells. The proportion of endothelial cells decreased with the development of obesity. Inflammatory factors, such as Vegfa and Prdm16 were upregulated in the medium obesity group but downregulated in the obesity group. Genes, such as Prox1, Erg, Flt4, Kdr, Flt1, and Pecam1 promoted the proliferation of AT endothelial cells and maintained the internal environment of AT. This study established a reference model and general framework for studying the mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic targets of endothelial cell dysfunction-related diseases at the single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Lu
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, 250102, Jinan, China
| | - Ling Ding
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, 250102, Jinan, China
| | - Xing Jiang
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, 250102, Jinan, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, 250102, Jinan, China
| | - Min Yan
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, 250102, Jinan, China
| | - Guangxin Yang
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, 250102, Jinan, China
| | - Xuewen Tian
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, 250102, Jinan, China.
| | - Qinglu Wang
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, 250102, Jinan, China.
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Amri EZ. Beige or brite adipocytes of the adipose organ: Link with white and brown adipocytes. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2024; 85:253-254. [PMID: 38871507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2024.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
MESH Headings
- Humans
- Adipocytes, Brown/physiology
- Adipocytes, White/physiology
- Adipocytes, White/cytology
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Animals
- Adipocytes, Beige/physiology
- Adipocytes, Beige/metabolism
- Adipocytes, Beige/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, White/physiology
- Adipose Tissue, White/cytology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/physiology
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue/cytology
- Obesity/pathology
- Adipocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ez-Zoubir Amri
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Adipocible, Nice, France.
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Zhao JY, Zhou LJ, Ma KL, Hao R, Li M. MHO or MUO? White adipose tissue remodeling. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13691. [PMID: 38186200 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
In this review, we delve into the intricate relationship between white adipose tissue (WAT) remodeling and metabolic aspects in obesity, with a specific focus on individuals with metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). WAT is a highly heterogeneous, plastic, and dynamically secreting endocrine and immune organ. WAT remodeling plays a crucial role in metabolic health, involving expansion mode, microenvironment, phenotype, and distribution. In individuals with MHO, WAT remodeling is beneficial, reducing ectopic fat deposition and insulin resistance (IR) through mechanisms like increased adipocyte hyperplasia, anti-inflammatory microenvironment, appropriate extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, appropriate vascularization, enhanced WAT browning, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SWAT) deposition. Conversely, for those with MUO, WAT remodeling leads to ectopic fat deposition and IR, causing metabolic dysregulation. This process involves adipocyte hypertrophy, disrupted vascularization, heightened pro-inflammatory microenvironment, enhanced brown adipose tissue (BAT) whitening, and accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VWAT) deposition. The review underscores the pivotal importance of intervening in WAT remodeling to hinder the transition from MHO to MUO. This insight is valuable for tailoring personalized and effective management strategies for patients with obesity in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yi Zhao
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Juan Zhou
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Le Ma
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Hao
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Research Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Hager M, Chang P, Lee M, Burns CM, Endicott SJ, Miller RA, Li X. Recapitulation of anti-aging phenotypes by global overexpression of PTEN in mice. GeroScience 2024; 46:2653-2670. [PMID: 38114855 PMCID: PMC10828233 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The PTEN gene negatively regulates the oncogenic PI3K-AKT pathway by encoding a lipid and protein phosphatase that dephosphorylates lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) resulting in the inhibition of PI3K and downstream inhibition of AKT. Overexpression of PTEN in mice leads to a longer lifespan compared to control littermates, although the mechanism is unknown. Here, we provide evidence that young adult PTENOE mice exhibit many characteristics shared by other slow-aging mouse models, including those with mutations that affect GH/IGF1 pathways, calorie-restricted mice, and mice treated with anti-aging drugs. PTENOE white adipose tissue (WAT) has increased UCP1, a protein linked to increased thermogenesis. WAT of PTENOE mice also shows a change in polarization of fat-associated macrophages, with elevated levels of arginase 1 (Arg1, characteristic of M2 macrophages) and decreased production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, characteristic of M1 macrophages). Muscle and hippocampus showed increased expression of the myokine FNDC5, and higher levels of its cleavage product irisin in plasma, which has been linked to increased conversion of WAT to more thermogenic beige/brown adipose tissue. PTENOE mice also have an increase, in plasma and liver, of GPLD1, which is known to improve cognition in mice. Hippocampus of the PTENOE mice has elevation of both BDNF and DCX, indices of brain resilience and neurogenesis. These changes in fat, macrophages, liver, muscle, hippocampus, and plasma may be considered "aging rate indicators" in that they seem to be consistently changed across many of the long-lived mouse models and may help to extend lifespan by delaying many forms of late-life illness. Our new findings show that PTENOE mice can be added to the group of long-lived mice that share this multi-tissue suite of biochemical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Hager
- College of Literature, Sciences, & the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Peter Chang
- College of Literature, Sciences, & the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael Lee
- College of Literature, Sciences, & the Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Calvin M Burns
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Room 3160, BSRB ,109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - S Joseph Endicott
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Room 3160, BSRB ,109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Room 3160, BSRB ,109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xinna Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Room 3160, BSRB ,109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA.
- University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Quan Y, Li J, Cai J, Liao Y, Zhang Y, Lu F. Transplantation of beige adipose organoids fabricated using adipose acellular matrix hydrogel improves metabolic dysfunction in high-fat diet-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes mice. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31191. [PMID: 38219044 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Transplantation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a promising approach for treating obesity and metabolic disorders. However, obtaining sufficient amounts of functional BAT or brown adipocytes for transplantation remains a major challenge. In this study, we developed a hydrogel that combining adipose acellular matrix (AAM) and GelMA and HAMA that can be adjusted for stiffness by modulating the duration of light-crosslinking. We used human white adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments to create beige adipose organoids (BAO) that were encapsulated in either a soft or stiff AAM hydrogel. We found that BAOs cultivated in AAM hydrogels with high stiffness demonstrated increased metabolic activity and upregulation of thermogenesis-related genes. When transplanted into obese and type 2 diabetes mice, the HFD + BAO group showed sustained improvements in metabolic rate, resulting in significant weight loss and decreased blood glucose levels. Furthermore, the mice showed a marked reduction in nonalcoholic liver steatosis, indicating improved liver function. In contrast, transplantation of 2D-cultured beige adipocytes failed to produce these beneficial effects. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating beige adipose organoids in vitro and administering them by injection, which may represent a promising therapeutic approach for obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Quan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junrong Cai
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yunjun Liao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yuteng Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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Ghesmati Z, Rashid M, Fayezi S, Gieseler F, Alizadeh E, Darabi M. An update on the secretory functions of brown, white, and beige adipose tissue: Towards therapeutic applications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:279-308. [PMID: 38051471 PMCID: PMC10942928 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, including white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and beige adipose tissue, is vital in modulating whole-body energy metabolism. While WAT primarily stores energy, BAT dissipates energy as heat for thermoregulation. Beige adipose tissue is a hybrid form of adipose tissue that shares characteristics with WAT and BAT. Dysregulation of adipose tissue metabolism is linked to various disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and infertility. Both brown and beige adipocytes secrete multiple molecules, such as batokines, packaged in extracellular vesicles or as soluble signaling molecules that play autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine roles. A greater understanding of the adipocyte secretome is essential for identifying novel molecular targets in treating metabolic disorders. Additionally, microRNAs show crucial roles in regulating adipose tissue differentiation and function, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for metabolic disorders. The browning of WAT has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach in treating obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Many browning agents have been identified, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have been developed to enhance their efficacy. This review scrutinizes the characteristics of and differences between white, brown, and beige adipose tissues, the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of the adipocytes, the significant roles of batokines, and regulatory microRNAs active in different adipose tissues. Finally, the potential of WAT browning in treating obesity and atherosclerosis, the relationship of BAT with cancer and fertility disorders, and the crosstalk between adipose tissue with circadian system and circadian disorders are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ghesmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Fayezi
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women's Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Gieseler
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
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8
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Abbas NAT, Fayed FA, El Sebaey RS, Hassan HA. Telmisartan and candesartan promote browning of white adipose tissue and reverse fatty liver changes in high fat diet fed male albino rats. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2359-2378. [PMID: 37831115 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02771-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a key risk factor for many diseases, as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, infertility, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as well as increased risk for many cancers. Telmisartan and Candesartan cilexetil are angiotensin II receptor blockers which had proven to involve in pathogenesis of obesity and NAFLD. AIMS This work is designed to explore the possible mitigated effects of Telmisartan and Candesartan cilexetil on weight gain and fatty liver in high fat diet (HFD) fed rats. MAIN METHODS The HFD rat model was achieved with induction of NAFLD. For Seven weeks either telmisartan or candesartan were orally administered at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg respectively once daily. The effects of both drugs were evaluated by measurements of rat's body weight, food intakes, length, body mass index (BMI), liver weight, inguinal and interscapular fat weights. In addition, we assayed lipid profile, liver functions tests, serum inflammatory cytokines, adipokine and leptin. Lastly, liver and adipose tissue histopathological structures were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS at end of experiment, telmisartan and candesartan were highly effective in decreasing rat's body weight from (213.1±2.68 to 191.2±2.54 and 203.5±5.89 gm , respectively), BMI, liver weight, fat weights in addition reduced serum levels of lipid and liver enzymes. Also, inflammatory cytokines were reduced with repaired histopathological insults in liver by significantly damped NAFLD score from (6.5 ±0.17 to 1±0 and 4 ±0, respectively) and decreased areas of adipocytes from (21239.12 to 5355.7 and 11607.1 um2 , respectively). SIGNIFICANCE Telmisartan and candesartan have therapeutic potential against obesity and NAFLD induced by HFD in rats. All the previous indices showed more improvement in telmisartan than candesartan group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A T Abbas
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Fawkia A Fayed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Rabab Saber El Sebaey
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Heba A Hassan
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Al-Karak, 61710, Jordan.
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9
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Bose GS, Kalakoti G, Kulkarni AP, Mittal S. AP-1/C-FOS and AP-1/FRA2 differentially regulate early and late adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Biochem 2024. [PMID: 38440920 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is defined as an abnormal accumulation of adipose tissue in the body and is a major global health problem due to increased morbidity and mortality. Adipose tissue is made up of adipocytes, which are fat-storing cells, and the differentiation of these fat cells is known as adipogenesis. Several transcription factors (TFs) such as CEBPβ, CEBPα, PPARγ, GATA, and KLF have been reported to play a key role in adipogenesis. In this study, we report one more TF AP-1, which is found to be involved in adipogenesis. Human mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated into adipocytes, and the expression pattern of different subunits of AP-1 was examined during adipogenesis. It was observed that C-FOS was predominantly expressed at an early stage (Day 2), whereas FRA2 expression peaked at later stages (Days 6 and 8) of adipogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing analysis revealed that C-FOS binds mainly to the promoters of WNT1, miR-30a, and ANAPC7 and regulates their expression during mitotic clonal expansion. In contrast, FRA2 binds to the promoters of CIDEA, NOTCH1, ARAF, and MYLK, regulating their expression and lipid metabolism. Data obtained clearly indicate that the differential expression of C-FOS and FRA2 is crucial for different stages of adipogenesis. This also raises the possibility of considering AP-1 as a therapeutic target for treating obesity and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Suraj Bose
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Garima Kalakoti
- Bioinformatics Center, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | | | - Smriti Mittal
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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10
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Mallick R, Basak S, Das RK, Banerjee A, Paul S, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Fatty Acids and their Proteins in Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:35-51. [PMID: 37794302 PMCID: PMC10867084 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade adipose tissue inflammation is associated with metabolic disorders. Inflammation results from the intertwined cross-talks of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the immune response of adipose tissue. In addition, adipose FABP4 levels and lipid droplet proteins are involved in systemic and tissue inflammation. Dysregulated adipocytes help infiltrate immune cells derived from bone marrow responsible for producing cytokines and chemokines. When adipose tissue expands in excess, adipocyte exhibits increased secretion of adipokines and is implicated in metabolic disturbances due to the release of free fatty acids. This review presents an emerging concept in adipose tissue fat metabolism, fatty acid handling and binding proteins, and lipid droplet proteins and their involvement in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranjit K Das
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc, San Pablo, Queretaro, 76130, Mexico
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, POB 1046 Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
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11
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Dinicola S, Unfer V, Soulage CO, Margarita Yap-Garcia MI, Bevilacqua A, Benvenga S, Barbaro D, Wdowiak A, Nordio M, Dewailly D, Appetecchia M, Aragona C, Bezerra Espinola MS, Bizzarri M, Cavalli P, Colao A, D’Anna R, Vazquez-Levin MH, Marin IH, Kamenov Z, Laganà AS, Monastra G, Oliva MM, Özay AC, Pintaudi B, Porcaro G, Pustotina O, Pkhaladze L, Prapas N, Roseff S, Salehpour S, Stringaro A, Tugushev M, Unfer V, Vucenik I, Facchinetti F. <sc>d</sc>-Chiro-Inositol in Clinical Practice: A Perspective from the Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI). Gynecol Obstet Invest 2024; 89:284-294. [PMID: 38373412 PMCID: PMC11309080 DOI: 10.1159/000536081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND d-Chiro-inositol is a natural molecule that, in association with its well-studied isomer myo-inositol, may play a role in treating various metabolic and gynecological disorders. OBJECTIVES This perspective seeks to explore the mechanisms and functions of d-chiro-inositol, laying the foundations to discuss its use in clinical practice, across dysmetabolism, obesity, and hormonal dysregulation. METHODS A narrative review of all the relevant papers known to the authors was conducted. OUTCOME d-Chiro-inositol acts through a variety of mechanisms, acting as an insulin sensitizer, inhibiting the transcription of aromatase, in addition to modulating white adipose tissue/brown adipose tissue transdifferentiation. These different modes of action have potential applications in a variety of therapeutic fields, including PCOS, dysmetabolism, obesity, hypoestrogenic/hyperandrogenic disorders, and bone health. CONCLUSIONS d-Chiro-inositol mode of action has been studied in detail in recent years, resulting in a clear differentiation between d-chiro-inositol and its isomer myo-inositol. The insulin-sensitizing activities of d-chiro-inositol are well understood; however, its potential applications in other fields, in particular obesity and hyperestrogenic/hypoandrogenic disorders in men and women, represent promising avenues of research that require further clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Dinicola
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Unfer
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- UniCamillus – Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Christophe O. Soulage
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- INSERM U1060, INSA de Lyon, University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maria Isidora Margarita Yap-Garcia
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- St. Luke’s Medical Center College of Medicine, William H. Quasha Memorial, Quezon, Philippines
| | - Arturo Bevilacqua
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Department of Dynamic, Clinical Psychology and Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Benvenga
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Daniele Barbaro
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Director of U.O. Endocrinology in Livorno Hospital, Livorno, Italy
| | - Artur Wdowiak
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Maurizio Nordio
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- A.S.L. RMF, Civitavecchia, Italy
| | - Didier Dewailly
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine Henri Warembourg, University of Lille, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Marialuisa Appetecchia
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cesare Aragona
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Salomè Bezerra Espinola
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Rome, Italy
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Cavalli
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Italian Society of Endocrinology, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario D’Anna
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Mónica Hebe Vazquez-Levin
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Imelda Hernàndez Marin
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Human Reproduction Department, Hospital Juárez de México, and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, Mexico
| | - Zdravko Kamenov
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital “Alexandrovska”, Clinic of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Paolo Giaccone” Hospital, Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monastra
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Montanino Oliva
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Santo Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ali Cenk Özay
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Basilio Pintaudi
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Porcaro
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Women's Health Centre, USL UMBRIA 2, Terni, Italy
| | - Olga Pustotina
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology with Reproductive Medicine, F.I. Inozemtsev Academy of Medical Education, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lali Pkhaladze
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Zhordania and Khomasuridze Institute of Reproductology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nikos Prapas
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Third Department of OB-GYNAE, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, and IVF Laboratory, IAKENTRO Fertility Centre, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Scott Roseff
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, South Florida Institute for Reproductive Medicine (IVFMD), Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Saghar Salehpour
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Preventative Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Annarita Stringaro
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Marat Tugushev
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Embryology and Genetics of Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Virginia Unfer
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- A.G.Un.Co. Obstetrics and Gynecology Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivana Vucenik
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- Department of Medical and Research Technology and Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine in Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fabio Facchinetti
- The Experts Group on Inositol in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI) Rome, Italy
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- President Italian Society of Perinatal Medicine (SIMP), Modena, Italy
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12
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Pathak MP, Patowary P, Chattopadhyay P, Barbhuiyan PA, Islam J, Gogoi J, Wankhar W. Obesity-associated Airway Hyperresponsiveness: Mechanisms Underlying Inflammatory Markers and Possible Pharmacological Interventions. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2024; 24:1053-1068. [PMID: 37957906 DOI: 10.2174/0118715303256440231028072049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is rapidly becoming a global health problem affecting about 13% of the world's population affecting women and children the most. Recent studies have stated that obese asthmatic subjects suffer from an increased risk of asthma, encounter severe symptoms, respond poorly to anti-asthmatic drugs, and ultimately their quality-of-life decreases. Although, the association between airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and obesity is a growing concern among the public due to lifestyle and environmental etiologies, however, the precise mechanism underlying this association is yet to establish. Apart from aiming at the conventional antiasthmatic targets, treatment should be directed towards ameliorating obesity pathogenesis too. Understanding the pathogenesis underlying the association between obesity and AHR is limited, however, a plethora of obesity pathologies have been reported viz., increased pro-inflammatory and decreased anti-inflammatory adipokines, depletion of ROS controller Nrf2/HO-1 axis, NLRP3 associated macrophage polarization, hypertrophy of WAT, and down-regulation of UCP1 in BAT following down-regulated AMPKα and melanocortin pathway that may be correlated with AHR. Increased waist circumference (WC) or central obesity was thought to be related to severe AHR, however, some recent reports suggest body mass index (BMI), not WC tends to exaggerate airway closure in AHR due to some unknown mechanisms. This review aims to co-relate the above-mentioned mechanisms that may explain the copious relation underlying obesity and AHR with the help of published reports. A proper understanding of these mechanisms discussed in this review will ensure an appropriate treatment plan for patients through advanced pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pompy Patowary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, India
| | | | | | - Johirul Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Assam Kaziranga University, Jorhat, India
| | - Jyotchna Gogoi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati, India
| | - Wankupar Wankhar
- Department of Dialysis, Faculty of Paramedical Science, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati, India
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13
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Seike M, Ashida H, Yamashita Y. Dietary flaxseed oil induces production of adiponectin in visceral fat and prevents obesity in mice. Nutr Res 2024; 121:16-27. [PMID: 38039598 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Induction of obesity by dietary fats and oils differs according to the type of fat. Adiponectin is believed to be related to obesity prevention. We hypothesized that flaxseed oil is important for preventing obesity and producing adiponectin. To clarify this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between obesity and different fat sources in mice fed diets with 6 types of fat and oils. C57BL/6J mice were given a control diet containing 5% corn oil or a high-fat diet containing 20% of either lard, palm oil, rapeseed oil, oleate-rich safflower oil, corn oil, or flaxseed oil for 14 weeks. In another experiment, mice were given a control diet and rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg body weight) by oral gavage for 1 week. At the end of study, plasma adiponectin and expression of fatty acid metabolism-related factors in white and brown adipose tissue and the liver were measured. Dietary flaxseed oil, which is rich in α-linolenic acid, did not induce obesity. Flaxseed oil resulted in increased β-oxidation-related factors in epididymal white adipose tissue, decreased fatty acid synthesis-related factors in the liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in brown adipose tissue following increase of plasma adiponectin. The results suggested that increase in plasma adiponectin after intake of flaxseed oil may be due to altered expression of AdipoQ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in epididymal white adipose tissue. Flaxseed oil increased expression of adiponectin in visceral fat and regulated obesity-controlling fatty acid metabolism-related factors in white adipose tissue and liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Seike
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ashida
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamashita
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
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14
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Kueck PJ, Morris JK, Stanford JA. Current Perspectives: Obesity and Neurodegeneration - Links and Risks. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 13:111-129. [PMID: 38196559 PMCID: PMC10774290 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s388579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasing in prevalence across all age groups. Long-term obesity can lead to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases through its effects on adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue. Pathological mechanisms associated with obesity include immune response and inflammation as well as oxidative stress and consequent endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent evidence links obesity to diminished brain health and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Both AD and PD are associated with insulin resistance, an underlying syndrome of obesity. Despite these links, causative mechanism(s) resulting in neurodegenerative disease remain unclear. This review discusses relationships between obesity, AD, and PD, including clinical and preclinical findings. The review then briefly explores nonpharmacological directions for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Kueck
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jill K Morris
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - John A Stanford
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Landon Center on Aging, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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15
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Garnett L, Tran KN, Schiffman Z, Muise KA, Fletcher QE, Dzal YA, Leung A, Albietz A, Warner BM, Griffin BD, Kobasa D, Willis CKR, Strong JE. Adipose Tissues from Human and Bat-Derived Cell Lines Support Ebola Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:1827. [PMID: 37766234 PMCID: PMC10537186 DOI: 10.3390/v15091827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus is a zoonotic pathogen with a geographic range covering diverse ecosystems that are home to many potential reservoir species. Although researchers have detected Ebola virus RNA and serological evidence of previous infection in different rodents and bats, the infectious virus has not been isolated. The field is missing critical knowledge about where the virus is maintained between outbreaks, either because the virus is rarely encountered, overlooked during sampling, and/or requires specific unknown conditions that regulate viral expression. This study assessed adipose tissue as a previously overlooked tissue capable of supporting Ebola virus infection. Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ helping to regulate and coordinate homeostasis, energy metabolism, and neuroendocrine and immune functions. Through in vitro infection of human and bat (Eptesicus fuscus) brown adipose tissue cultures using wild-type Ebola virus, this study showed high levels of viral replication for 28 days with no qualitative indicators of cytopathic effects. In addition, alterations in adipocyte metabolism following long-term infection were qualitatively observed through an increase in lipid droplet number while decreasing in size, a harbinger of lipolysis or adipocyte browning. The finding that bat and human adipocytes are susceptible to Ebola virus infection has important implications for potential tissue tropisms that have not yet been investigated. Additionally, the findings suggest how the metabolism of this tissue may play a role in pathogenesis, viral transmission, and/or zoonotic spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Garnett
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Kaylie N. Tran
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Zachary Schiffman
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Kristina A. Muise
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Quinn E. Fletcher
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Yvonne A. Dzal
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - Anders Leung
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Alix Albietz
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Bryce M. Warner
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Bryan D. Griffin
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Craig K. R. Willis
- Department of Biology and Centre for Forest Interdisciplinary Research, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9, Canada
| | - James E. Strong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Pediatrics & Child Health, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1S1, Canada
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16
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Schirinzi V, Poli C, Berteotti C, Leone A. Browning of Adipocytes: A Potential Therapeutic Approach to Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:2229. [PMID: 37432449 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity suggests that current strategies based on diet, exercise, and pharmacological knowledge are not sufficient to tackle this epidemic. Obesity results from a high caloric intake and energy storage, the latter by white adipose tissue (WAT), and when neither are counterbalanced by an equally high energy expenditure. As a matter of fact, current research is focused on developing new strategies to increase energy expenditure. Against this background, brown adipose tissue (BAT), whose importance has recently been re-evaluated via the use of modern positron emission techniques (PET), is receiving a great deal of attention from research institutions worldwide, as its main function is to dissipate energy in the form of heat via a process called thermogenesis. A substantial reduction in BAT occurs during normal growth in humans and hence it is not easily exploitable. In recent years, scientific research has made great strides and investigated strategies that focus on expanding BAT and activating the existing BAT. The present review summarizes current knowledge about the various molecules that can be used to promote white-to-brown adipose tissue conversion and energy expenditure in order to assess the potential role of thermogenic nutraceuticals. This includes tools that could represent, in the future, a valid weapon against the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Schirinzi
- Endocrinology and Care of Diabetes Unit-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Orsola Malpighi, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carolina Poli
- IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Orsola Malpighi, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Berteotti
- PRISM Lab, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leone
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status and the Development of Dietary Intervention Strategies (ICANS-DIS), Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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17
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Monastra G, Gambioli R, Unfer V, Forte G, Maymo-Masip E, Comitato R. D-Chiro-Inositol and Myo-Inositol Induce WAT/BAT Trans-Differentiation in Two Different Human Adipocyte Models (SGBS and LiSa-2). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087421. [PMID: 37108582 PMCID: PMC10139407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue/brown adipose tissue trans-differentiation is one of the main study targets for therapies against obesity and metabolic diseases. In recent years, numerous molecules able to induce such trans-differentiation have been identified; however, their effect in obesity therapies has not been as expected. In the present study, we investigated whether myo-inositol and its stereoisomer D-chiro-inositol could be involved in the browning of white adipose tissue. Our preliminary results clearly indicate that both, at 60 μM concentration, induce the upregulation of uncoupling protein 1 mRNA expression, the main brown adipose tissue marker, and increase mitochondrial copy number as well as oxygen consumption ratio. These changes demonstrate an activation of cell metabolism. Therefore, our results show that human differentiated adipocytes (SGBS and LiSa-2), assume the features typical of brown adipose tissue after both treatments. Furthermore, in the cell lines examined, we proved that D-chiro-inositol and myo-Inositol induce an increase in the expression of estrogen receptor mRNAs, suggesting a possible modulation by these isomers. We also found an increase in the mRNA of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, a very important target in lipid metabolism and metabolic diseases. Our results open new opportunities for the use of inositols in therapeutic strategies to counteract obesity and its metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Monastra
- Systems Biology Group Lab, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Experts Group on Inositols in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Unfer
- Experts Group on Inositols in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI), 00161 Rome, Italy
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elsa Maymo-Masip
- Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43003 Tarragona, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metaboílicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raffaella Comitato
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, 00178 Rome, Italy
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18
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Rahman MS, Lee Y, Park DS, Kim YS. Bifidobacterium bifidum DS0908 and Bifidobacterium longum DS0950 Culture-Supernatants Ameliorate Obesity-Related Characteristics in Mice with High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:96-105. [PMID: 36457182 PMCID: PMC9899789 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2210.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic supplements have promising therapeutic effects on chronic diseases. In this study, we demonstrated the anti-obesity effects of two potential probiotics, Bifidobacterium bifidum DS0908 (DS0908) and Bifidobacterium longum DS0950 (DS0950). Treatment with DS0908 and DS0950 postbiotics significantly induced the expression of the brown adipocyte-specific markers UCP1, PPARγ, PGC1α, PRDM16 and beige adipocyte-specific markers CD137, FGF21, P2RX5, and COX2 in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). In mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, both potential probiotics and postbiotics noticeably reduced body weight and epididymal fat accumulation without affecting food intake. DS0908 and DS0950 also improved insulin sensitivity and glucose use in mice with HFD-induced obesity. In addition, DS0908 and DS0950 improved the plasma lipid profile, proved by reduced triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, DS0908 and DS0950 improved mitochondrial respiratory function, confirmed by the high expression of oxidative phosphorylation proteins, during thermogenesis induction in the visceral and epididymal fat in mice with HFD-induced obesity. Notably, the physiological and metabolic changes were more significant after treatment with potential probiotic culture-supernatants than those with the bacterial pellet. Finally, gene knockdown and co-treatment with inhibitor-mediated mechanistic analyses showed that both DS0908 and DS0950 exerted anti-obesity-related effects via the PKA/p38 MAPK signaling activation in C3H10T1/2 MSCs. Our observations suggest that DS0908 and DS0950 could potentially alleviate obesity as dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Shamim Rahman
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Youri Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Sang Park
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sik Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-41-570-2413 Fax: +82-41-575-2412 E-mail:
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19
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Chu T, Yang MS. A Review of Structural Features, Biological Functions and Biotransformation Studies in Adipose Tissues and an Assessment of Progress and Implications. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2023; 23:12-20. [PMID: 36043732 DOI: 10.2174/1871530322666220827145241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Roles for adipose tissues in energy metabolism, health maintenance and disease onset have been established. Evidence indicates that white, brown and beige fats are quite different in terms of their cellular origin and biological characteristics. These differences are significant in targeting adipocytes to study the pathogenesis and prevention strategies of related diseases. The biotransformations of white, brown and beige fat cells constitute an intriguing topic worthy of further study, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the biotransformations of white, brown and beige fat cells remain to be elucidated. Hence, we herein collected evidence from studies on adipose tissue or adipocytes, and we extracted the structural features, biologic functions, and biotransformations of adipose tissue/adipocytes. The present review aimed to summarize the latest research progress and propose novel research directions with respect to adipose tissue and adipocytes. We posit that this work will provide new insights and opportunities in the effective treatment strategies for obesity, diabetes and other lipid-related diseases. It will also contribute to our knowledge of the basic biologic underpinnings of adipocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chu
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao Sheng Yang
- Laboratory of Disorders Genes and Department of Pharmacology, Jishou University School of Pharmacy, Jishou 416000, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
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20
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Harb E, Kheder O, Poopalasingam G, Rashid R, Srinivasan A, Izzi-Engbeaya C. Brown adipose tissue and regulation of human body weight. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023; 39:e3594. [PMID: 36398906 PMCID: PMC10077912 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 30% of the global population is affected by obesity. Traditional non-surgical measures for weight loss have limited efficacy and tolerability. Therefore, there is a need for novel, effective therapies. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been implicated in physiological energy expenditure, indicating that it could be targeted to achieve weight loss in humans. The use of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography-(PET-CT) imaging has enabled the discovery of functionally active BAT in the supraclavicular, subclavian, and thoracic spine regions of human adults. This review aims to discuss the reasons behind the renewed interest in BAT, assess whether it is metabolically important in humans, and evaluate its feasibility as a therapeutic target for treating obesity. SOURCES OF MATERIAL PubMed Central, Europe PMC, Medline. FINDINGS In vivo studies have shown that BAT activity is regulated by thyroid hormones and the sympathetic nervous system. Furthermore, BAT uniquely contains uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) that is largely responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis. Cold exposure can increase BAT recruitment through the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT); however, this technique has practical limitations that may preclude its use. Currently available medicines for humans, such as the β3-adrenergic receptor agonist mirabegron or the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid, have generated excitement, although adverse effects are a concern. Capsinoids represent a tolerable alternative, which require further investigation. CONCLUSIONS The use of currently available BAT-activating agents alone is unlikely to achieve significant weight loss in humans. A combination of BAT activation with physical exercise and modern, successful dietary strategies represents a more realistic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Harb
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Omar Kheder
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Razi Rashid
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Akash Srinivasan
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chioma Izzi-Engbeaya
- Imperial College School of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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21
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Zhang Y, Lv P, Li Y, Zhang Y, Cheng C, Hao H, Yue H. Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Promotes the Proangiogenic Ability of Adipose Stem Cells from Obese Subjects via the IL-6 Signaling Pathway. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 18:93-104. [PMID: 36883256 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220429103935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity, as well as obesity-induced chronic inflammatory diseases, is increasing worldwide. Chronic inflammation is related to the complex process of angiogenesis, and we found that adipose-derived stem cells from obese subjects (obADSCs) had proangiogenic features, including higher expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), Notch ligands and receptors, and proangiogenic cytokines, than those from control subjects. We hypothesized that IL-6 and Notch signaling pathways are essential for regulating the proangiogenic characteristics of obADSCs. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether the inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) promotes the proangiogenic capacity of adipose stem cells in obese subjects via the IL-6 signaling pathway. METHODS We compared the phenotype analysis as well as cell doubling time, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and proangiogenic properties of ADSCs in vitro. Moreover, we used small interfering RNAs to inhibit the gene and protein expression of IL-6. RESULTS We found that ADSCs isolated from control individuals (chADSCs) and obADSCs had similar phenotypes and growth characteristics, and chADSCs had a stronger differentiation ability than obADSCs. However, obADSCs were more potent in promoting EA.hy926 cell migration and tube formation than chADSCs in vitro. We confirmed that IL-6 siRNA significantly reduced the transcriptional level of IL-6 in obADSCs, thereby reducing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- A, VEGF receptor 2, transforming growth factor β, and Notch ligands and receptors in obADSCs. CONCLUSION The finding suggests that inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotes the proangiogenic ability of obADSCs via the IL-6 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China
| | - Pengju Lv
- Translational Medicine Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China
| | - Yalong Li
- Stem Cell Research Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Differentiation and Modification Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.,People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Stem Cell Research Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Differentiation and Modification Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.,People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Chaofei Cheng
- Stem Cell Research Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Differentiation and Modification Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.,People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Hongbo Hao
- Neuroscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, 10031, USA
| | - Han Yue
- Stem Cell Research Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Differentiation and Modification Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.,People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
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22
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Yu Y, Bai H, Wu F, Chen J, Li B, Li Y. Tissue adaptation of regulatory T cells in adipose tissue. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1898-1908. [PMID: 36369886 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells critically suppress over-activated immune responses and therefore maintain immune homeostasis. Adipose tissue-resident Treg (AT Treg) cells are known for modulating immunity and metabolism in adipose tissue microenvironment through various physiological signals, as well as their heterogeneous subsets, which potentially play disparate roles in aging and obesity. Recent single-cell studies of Treg cells have revealed specialized trajectories of their tissue adaptation and development in lymphoid tissues and at barrier sites. Here, we reviewed a T Cell Receptor (TCR)-primed environmental cue-boosted model of adipose Treg cells' tissue adaptation, especially in response to IL-33, IFN-α, insulin, and androgen signals, which trigger sophisticated transcriptional cascades and ultimately establish unique transcriptional modules in adipose Treg cell subsets. In addition, we further discuss potential therapeutic strategies against aging and obesity by blocking detrimental environmental cues, strengthening the functions of specific AT Treg subsets and modifying the communications between AT Treg subsets and adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Yu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Bai
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenglin Wu
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieqiong Chen
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of Ruijin Hospital, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Unit of Immune and Metabolic Regulation, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Balazova L, Palesova N, Balaz M. Mitochondrial transformation occurs in cultured adipocytes, but fails to increase adipose tissue metabolic activity in mice in vivo. Adipocyte 2022; 11:463-476. [PMID: 35941811 PMCID: PMC9367671 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2107178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of studies in recent years have aimed to devise novel therapeutic strategies to increase adipose tissue metabolic activity and fight the global obesity epidemics. Growing evidence suggests that cells are able to accept isolated mitochondria by a simple coincubation in a process known as mitochondrial transformation. Therefore, we aimed to test whether mitochondrial transformation occurs in mature adipocytes, and whether this phenomenon could be utilized as a therapeutic approach to increase adipose tissue mitochondrial content and improve metabolic control. We provide evidence that both brown and white adipocytes are able to rapidly accept a large amount of brown adipocyte-derived mitochondria, which remain functional for several days and significantly contribute to cellular respiration in vitro. However, we did not find any evidence that internalization of exogenous mitochondria would trigger transcriptional changes in the recipient cells. Moreover, injection of a large amount of brown adipocyte-derived mitochondria into the inguinal fat of C57BL/6 mice failed to increase whole-body energy expenditure, and reduce body weight gain under obesogenic conditions. This might be due to activation of immune response and rapid removal of administered mitochondria. Altogether, our study adds information on the usability of mitochondrial transformation in the treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Balazova
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Metabolism, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Natalia Palesova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Metabolism, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Balaz
- Laboratory of Translational Nutrition Biology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Metabolism, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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24
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Menendez A, Wanczyk H, Walker J, Zhou B, Santos M, Finck C. Obesity and Adipose Tissue Dysfunction: From Pediatrics to Adults. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101866. [PMID: 36292751 PMCID: PMC9601855 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing health problem that affects both children and adults. The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is associated with comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome due to chronic low-grade inflammation present at early stages of the disease. In pediatric patients suffering from obesity, the role of epigenetics, the gut microbiome and intrauterine environment have emerged as causative factors Interestingly, pediatric obesity is strongly associated with low birth weight. Accelerated weight gain oftentimes occurs in these individuals during the post-natal period, which can lead to increased risk of adiposity and metabolic disease. The pathophysiology of obesity is complex and involves biological and physiological factors compounded by societal factors such as family and community. On a cellular level, adipocytes contained within adipose tissue become dysregulated and further contribute to development of comorbidities similar to those present in adults with obesity. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of adipose tissue immune, inflammatory and metabolic adaptation of the adipose tissue in obesity. Early cellular changes as well as the role of immune cells and inflammation on the progression of disease in pivotal pediatric clinical trials, adult studies and mouse models are emphasized. Understanding the initial molecular and cellular changes that occur during obesity can facilitate new and improved treatments aimed at early intervention and subsequent prevention of adulthood comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Menendez
- Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Heather Wanczyk
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Pediatrics, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Joanne Walker
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Pediatrics, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Immunology, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Melissa Santos
- Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Psychology and Director of the Obesity Center, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
| | - Christine Finck
- Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Pediatric Bariatric Surgery, Hartford, CT 06106, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +860-545-9520
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25
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Molecular and Physiological Effects of Browning Agents on White Adipocytes from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012151. [PMID: 36293005 PMCID: PMC9603155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Two different types of adipose depots can be observed in mammals: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). The primary role of WAT is to deposit surplus energy in the form of triglycerides, along with many metabolic and hormonal activities; as thermogenic tissue, BAT has the distinct characteristic of using energy and glucose consumption as a strategy to maintain the core body temperature. Under specific stimuli—such as exercise, cold exposure, and drug treatment—white adipocytes can utilize their extraordinary flexibility to transdifferentiate into brown-like cells, called beige adipocytes, thereby acquiring new morphological and physiological characteristics. For this reason, the process is identified as the ‘browning of WAT’. We evaluated the ability of some drugs, including GW501516, sildenafil, and rosiglitazone, to induce the browning process of adult white adipocytes obtained from differentiated mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). In addition, we broadened our investigation by evaluating the potential browning capacity of IRISIN, a myokine that is stimulated by muscular exercises. Our data indicate that IRISIN was effective in promoting the browning of white adipocytes, which acquire increased expression of UCP1, increased mitochondrial mass, and modification in metabolism, as suggested by an increase of mitochondrial oxygen consumption, primarily in presence of glucose as a nutrient. These promising browning agents represent an appealing focus in the therapeutic approaches to counteracting metabolic diseases and their associated obesity.
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26
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Tondo-Steele K, McLean K. The “Sweet Spot” of Targeting Tumor Metabolism in Ovarian Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194696. [PMID: 36230617 PMCID: PMC9562887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to explore the metabolomic environment of epithelial ovarian cancer that contributes to chemoresistance and to use this knowledge to identify possible targets for therapeutic intervention. The Warburg effect describes increased glucose uptake and lactate production in cancer cells. In ovarian cancer, we require a better understanding of how cancer cells reprogram their glycogen metabolism to overcome their nutrient deficient environment and become chemoresistant. Glucose metabolism in ovarian cancer cells has been proposed to be influenced by altered fatty acid metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, and acidification of the tumor microenvironment. We investigate several markers of altered metabolism in ovarian cancer including hypoxia-induced factor 1, VEGF, leptin, insulin-like growth factors, and glucose transporters. We also discuss the signaling pathways involved with these biomarkers including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT and OXPHOS. This review outlines potential metabolic targets to overcome chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Continued research of the metabolic changes in ovarian cancer is needed to identify and target these alterations to improve treatment approaches.
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27
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Obesity and cancer-extracellular matrix, angiogenesis, and adrenergic signaling as unusual suspects linking the two diseases. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:517-547. [PMID: 36074318 PMCID: PMC9470659 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an established risk factor for several human cancers. Given the association between excess body weight and cancer, the increasing rates of obesity worldwide are worrisome. A variety of obesity-related factors has been implicated in cancer initiation, progression, and response to therapy. These factors include circulating nutritional factors, hormones, and cytokines, causing hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, and adipose tissue dysfunction. The impact of these conditions on cancer development and progression has been the focus of extensive literature. In this review, we concentrate on processes that can link obesity and cancer, and which provide a novel perspective: extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, and adrenergic signaling. We describe molecular mechanisms involved in these processes, which represent putative targets for intervention. Liver, pancreas, and breast cancers were chosen as exemplary disease models. In view of the expanding epidemic of obesity, a better understanding of the tumorigenic process in obese individuals might lead to more effective treatments and preventive measures.
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28
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Sexual Dimorphism in Brown Adipose Tissue Activation and White Adipose Tissue Browning. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158250. [PMID: 35897816 PMCID: PMC9368277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present narrative review gathers the studies reported so far, addressing sex differences in the effects of cold exposure, feeding pattern and age on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning. In rodents, when exposed to decreasing temperatures, females activate thermogenesis earlier. Results obtained in humans go in the same line, although they do not provide results as solid as those obtained in rodents. Regarding the effects of overfeeding, interesting sex differences on BAT thermogenic capacity have been reported, and the greater or lower sensitivity of each sex to this dietary situation seems to be dependent on the type of feeding. In the case of energy restriction, females are more sensitive than males. In addition, sex differences have also been observed in thermogenesis changes induced by phenolic compound administration. During sexual development, an increase in BAT mass and BAT activity takes place. This phenomenon is greater in boys than in girls, probably due to its relation to muscle-mass growth. The opposite situation takes place during ageing, a lifespan period where thermogenic capacity declines, this being more acute in men than in women. Finally, the vast majority of the studies have reported a higher susceptibility to developing WAT browning amongst females. The scarcity of results highlights the need for further studies devoted to analysing this issue, in order to provide valuable information for a more personalised approach.
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29
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Xuan X, Tan P, Zhang X, Huang H, Li Y, Jiang Y, Yu A, Zhao Y, Wang K, Tang B, Qu S, Jiang Y, Xu J, Gao X, Zhou L. Long-term low-dose alcohol intake promotes white adipose tissue browning and reduces obesity in mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:8524-8541. [PMID: 35880667 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00743f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous pieces of evidence indicating that moderate alcohol intake has a protective effect on metabolic diseases. Our previous studies revealed that long-term low-dose alcohol intake resists high-fat diet (HFD) induced obesity. A process in which white adipose tissue can be stimulated and turned into heat-producing brown adipose tissue named white adipose browning is associated with energy expenditure and weight loss. In this study we aimed to investigate whether alcohol causes the browning of white adipose tissue and whether the browning of white adipose tissue is involved in the resistance to the occurrence of obesity caused by long-term low-dose alcohol intake. After eight months of alcohol feeding, the body weight of mice had no significant change, but the fat content and lipid deposition in the liver were reduced. Morphological observations revealed that the browning of white adipose tissue occurred. The white adipose tissue browning marker UCP1 gene and protein expression levels were increased and the expression of the PGC1-α/PPAR-α pathway protein and the P38 MAPK/CREB pathway protein was also elevated in the alcohol feeding group. Moderate alcohol drinking increased the secretion of the CXCL14 protein in inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue, which drove the recruitment of M2 macrophages. Moderate alcohol drinking mice had faster lipid metabolism and slower lipid anabolism. In addition, we found that long-term low-dose alcohol intake prevented the increase of body weight, triglycerides, inflammation and energy expenditure decrease induced by HFD. Moderate alcohol consumption increased the expression of UCP1 and glucose uptake in the adipose tissue of the HFD group. In conclusion, our results show for the first time that alcohol can trigger the browning of white adipose tissue to counteract obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchen Xuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Peizhu Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ximei Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanze Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Aimiao Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kuo Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Baozhu Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuye Qu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunyan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaran Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Translational Medicine Research and Cooperation Center of Northern China, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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30
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Imaging Adipose Tissue Browning using Mitochondrial Complex-I Tracer [ 18F]BCPP-EF. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2022; 2022:6113660. [PMID: 35694709 PMCID: PMC9173993 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6113660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) into beige adipocytes has been proposed as a strategy to tackle the ongoing obesity epidemic. Thermogenic stimuli have been investigated with the aim of converting existing white adipose tissue, primarily used for energy storage, into beige adipocytes capable of dissipating energy; however, evaluation is complicated by the dearth of noninvasive methodologies to quantify de novo beige adipocytes in WAT. Imaging with [18F]FDG is commonly used to measure brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige adipocytes but the relationship between beige adipocytes, thermogenesis and [18F]FDG uptake is unclear. [18F]BCPP-EF, a tracer for mitochondrial complex-I (MC-I), acts as a marker of oxidative metabolism and may be useful for the detection of newly formed beige adipocytes. Mice received doses of the β3-adrenergic agonist CL-316,243 subchronically for 7 days to induce formation of beige adipocytes in inguinal white fat. PET imaging was performed longitudinally with both [18F]FDG (a marker of glycolysis) and [18F]BCPP-EF (an MC-I marker) to assess the effect of thermogenic stimulation on uptake in browning inguinal WAT and interscapular BAT. Treatment with CL-316,243 led to significant increases in both [18F]FDG and [18F]BCPP-EF in inguinal WAT. The uptake of [18F]BCPP-EF in inguinal WAT was significantly increased above control levels after 3 days of stimulation, whereas [18F]FDG only showed a significant increase after 7 days. The uptake of [18F]BCPP-EF in newly formed beige adipocytes was blocked by pretreatment with an adrenoceptor antagonist suggesting that beige adipocyte formation may be associated with the activation of MC-I. However, in BAT, uptake of [18F]BCPP-EF was unaffected by β3-adrenergic stimulation, potentially due to the high expression of MC-I. [18F]BCPP-EF can detect newly formed beige adipocytes in WAT generated after subchronic treatment with the β3-adrenergic agonist CL-316,243 and displays both higher inguinal WAT uptake and earlier detection than [18F]FDG. The MC-I tracer may be a useful tool in the evaluation of new therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic adipose tissues to tackle obesity and metabolic diseases.
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31
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Biondi G, Marrano N, Borrelli A, Rella M, Palma G, Calderoni I, Siciliano E, Lops P, Giorgino F, Natalicchio A. Adipose Tissue Secretion Pattern Influences β-Cell Wellness in the Transition from Obesity to Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105522. [PMID: 35628332 PMCID: PMC9143684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of the β-cell functional mass, which is a reduction in the number of β-cells and their ability to secure adequate insulin secretion, represents a key mechanistic factor leading to the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Obesity is recognised as a leading cause of β-cell loss and dysfunction and a risk factor for T2D. The natural history of β-cell failure in obesity-induced T2D can be divided into three steps: (1) β-cell compensatory hyperplasia and insulin hypersecretion, (2) insulin secretory dysfunction, and (3) loss of β-cell mass. Adipose tissue (AT) secretes many hormones/cytokines (adipokines) and fatty acids that can directly influence β-cell function and viability. As this secretory pattern is altered in obese and diabetic patients, it is expected that the cross-talk between AT and pancreatic β-cells could drive the maintenance of the β-cell integrity under physiological conditions and contribute to the reduction in the β-cell functional mass in a dysmetabolic state. In the current review, we summarise the evidence of the ability of the AT secretome to influence each step of β-cell failure, and attempt to draw a timeline of the alterations in the adipokine secretion pattern in the transition from obesity to T2D that reflects the progressive deterioration of the β-cell functional mass.
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Liu Z, Chen T, Zhang S, Yang T, Gong Y, Deng HW, Bai D, Tian W, Chen Y. Discovery and functional assessment of a novel adipocyte population driven by intracellular Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mammals. eLife 2022; 11:77740. [PMID: 35503096 PMCID: PMC9064292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been well established as a potent inhibitor of adipogenesis. Here, we identified a population of adipocytes that exhibit persistent activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as revealed by the Tcf/Lef-GFP reporter allele, in embryonic and adult mouse fat depots, named as Wnt+ adipocytes. We showed that this β-catenin-mediated signaling activation in these cells is Wnt ligand- and receptor-independent but relies on AKT/mTOR pathway and is essential for cell survival. Such adipocytes are distinct from classical ones in transcriptomic and genomic signatures and can be induced from various sources of mesenchymal stromal cells including human cells. Genetic lineage-tracing and targeted cell ablation studies revealed that these adipocytes convert into beige adipocytes directly and are also required for beige fat recruitment under thermal challenge, demonstrating both cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous roles in adaptive thermogenesis. Furthermore, mice bearing targeted ablation of these adipocytes exhibited glucose intolerance, while mice receiving exogenously supplied such cells manifested enhanced glucose utilization. Our studies uncover a unique adipocyte population in regulating beiging in adipose tissues and systemic glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sicheng Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianfang Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Yun Gong
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomic, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Tulane Center of Biomedical Informatics and Genomic, Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Ding Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
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Abstract
Hibernoma is an uncommon benign tumor of brown fat cells that consistently expresses uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Herein, we clinicopathologically characterized 16 liposarcomas, for which histology, at least focally, closely resembled that of hibernoma, including sheets of brown fat-like, finely multivacuolated-to-eosinophilic tumor cells with no or minimal nuclear atypia. The cohort consisted of 4 well-differentiated liposarcomas (WDLSs), 6 dedifferentiated liposarcomas with a concomitant WDLS component, and 6 myxoid liposarcomas (MLSs). For all dedifferentiated liposarcoma cases, hibernoma-like histology was present only in the WDLS component. All tumors presented as large, deep-seated masses. Hibernoma-like histology resembled the pale cell, mixed cell, eosinophilic cell, or spindle cell subtypes of hibernoma, and it was a focal observation, with conventional liposarcoma histology coexisting in all cases. However, a few biopsy samples were predominated by hibernoma-like patterns, and 1 case was initially interpreted as hibernoma. Hibernoma-like components in WDLS immunohistochemically coexpressed MDM2 and CDK4 in most cases and harboredMDM2amplification in tested cases, whereas half of the cases expressed UCP1. The hibernoma-like components of MLS expressed DDIT3, andDDIT3rearrangements were present in the tested cases, whereas only negative or equivocal UCP1 expression was observed. In summary, WDLS and MLS focally demonstrate hibernoma-like histology on rare occasions. These elements are neoplastic, and some such areas in WDLS likely represent true brown fat differentiation, as supported by UCP1 expression. This pattern requires recognition to avoid the misdiagnosis as hibernoma, especially in biopsies. A careful search for classic liposarcoma histology and additional work-ups for the MDM2/CDK4 or DDIT3 status will be helpful for an accurate diagnosis.
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Role of Obesity, Physical Exercise, Adipose Tissue-Skeletal Muscle Crosstalk and Molecular Advances in Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073942. [PMID: 35409299 PMCID: PMC8999972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both obesity and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) rates have increased sharply in the United States and Western Europe in recent years. EAC is a classic example of obesity-related cancer where the risk of EAC increases with increasing body mass index. Pathologically altered visceral fat in obesity appears to play a key role in this process. Visceral obesity may promote EAC by directly affecting gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett’s esophagus (BE), as well as a less reflux-dependent effect, including the release of pro-inflammatory adipokines and insulin resistance. Deregulation of adipokine production, such as the shift to an increased amount of leptin relative to “protective” adiponectin, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of BE and EAC. This review discusses not only the epidemiology and pathophysiology of obesity in BE and EAC, but also molecular alterations at the level of mRNA and proteins associated with these esophageal pathologies and the potential role of adipokines and myokines in these disorders. Particular attention is given to discussing the possible crosstalk of adipokines and myokines during exercise. It is concluded that lifestyle interventions to increase regular physical activity could be helpful as a promising strategy for preventing the development of BE and EAC.
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EBI2 is a negative modulator of brown adipose tissue energy expenditure in mice and human brown adipocytes. Commun Biol 2022; 5:280. [PMID: 35351968 PMCID: PMC8964700 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an attractive approach for increasing energy expenditure to counteract obesity. Given the side-effects of known activators of BAT, we studied inhibitors of BAT as a novel, alternative concept to regulate energy expenditure. We focused on G-protein-coupled receptors that are one of the major targets of clinically used drugs. Here, we identify GPR183, also known as EBI2, as the most highly expressed inhibitory G-protein-coupled receptor in BAT among the receptors examined. Activation of EBI2 using its endogenous ligand 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol significantly decreases BAT-mediated energy expenditure in mice. In contrast, mice deficient for EBI2 show increased energy dissipation in response to cold. Interestingly, only thermogenic adipose tissue depots — BAT and subcutaneous white adipose tissue —respond to 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol treatment/EBI2 activation but not gonadal white fat, which has the lowest thermogenic capacity. EBI2 activation in brown adipocytes significantly reduces norepinephrine-induced cAMP production, whereas pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of EBI2 results in an increased response. Importantly, EBI2 significantly inhibits norepinephrine-induced activation of human brown adipocytes. Our data identify the 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol/EBI2 signaling pathway as a so far unknown BAT inhibitor. Understanding the inhibitory regulation of BAT might lead to novel pharmacological approaches to increase the activity of thermogenic adipose tissue and whole body energy expenditure in humans. Francesca Copperi et al. evaluate the role of the Gi-protein coupled receptor, EBI2, on regulation of thermogenic activity in murine and human adipocytes. They report that loss of Ebi2 in mice increases brown adipocyte energy expenditure in response to cold exposure, providing insight into ways to potentially modulate energy expenditure in humans.
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Effect of Anti-Obesity and Antioxidant Activity through the Additional Consumption of Peel from ‘Fuji’ Pre-Washed Apple. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040497. [PMID: 35205973 PMCID: PMC8871014 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on the health effects of apple peel taken from ‘Fuji’ (Malus pumila Mill) apples washed with ozonated water. To clarify the health-promoting effects of peel, the triterpenoids (ursolic acid and oleanolic acid) were quantified with gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry. Anti-obesity effects of apple peel extract on the 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cell were compared with apple flesh, whole apple, and ursolic acid. The peel extract treatment with 3.30 ± 1.05 μM of ursolic acid significantly suppressed (p < 0.05) the lipid accumulation compared with the content in flesh, and a similar level was reached in the 5 μM ursolic acid positive control group. In the peel extract and ursolic acid treatment groups, the C16:0 concentration was significantly inhibited (p < 0.05), implying the anti-obesity effect of ursolic acid on the 3T3-L1 cell. Moreover, apple peel contributed 41% of the total flavonoids content and 31% of the phenolic contents of the whole apple, but only accounted for less than 10% of the whole apple (weight basis). This study’s results offer basic data on pre-washed apple as a health functional food, offering information about the health benefits of apple peel, calculated based on the partial ratio in the whole apple.
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Abstract
Leptin is a hormone primarily produced by the adipose tissue in proportion to the size of fat stores, with a primary function in the control of lipid reserves. Besides adipose tissue, leptin is also produced by other tissues, such as the stomach, placenta, and mammary gland. Altogether, leptin exerts a broad spectrum of short, medium, and long-term regulatory actions at the central and peripheral levels, including metabolic programming effects that condition the proper development and function of the adipose organ, which are relevant for its main role in energy homeostasis. Comprehending how leptin regulates adipose tissue may provide important clues to understand the pathophysiology of obesity and related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, as well as its prevention and treatment. This review focuses on the physiological and long-lasting regulatory effects of leptin on adipose tissue, the mechanisms and pathways involved, its main outcomes on whole-body physiological homeostasis, and its consequences on chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Picó
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Mariona Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Catalina Amadora Pomar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Ana María Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers and Risk Evaluation), University of the Balearic Islands. CIBER de Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN). Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
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Chernukha I, Fedulova L, Kotenkova E. White, beige and brown adipose tissue: structure, function, specific features and possibility formation and divergence in pigs. FOODS AND RAW MATERIALS 2022. [DOI: 10.21603/2308-4057-2022-1-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Traditionally, mammalian adipose tissue is divided into white (white adipose tissue – WAT) and brown (brown adipose tissue – BAT). While the functions of WAT are well known as the triglyceride depot, the role of BAT in mammalian physiology has been under close investigation. The first description of the role of BAT in maintaining thermogenesis dates back to 1961. This article offers a review of structural and functional specificity of white, beige and brown adipose tissue.
Results and discussion. The differences and descriptions of adipocytes and their impact on the maintenance of the main functions of the mammalian body are described in this manuscript. In particular, thermogenesis, stress response, obesity, type II diabetes. In addition to WAT and BAT, an intermediate form was also detected in the body – beige fat (BeAT or Brite). The opposite opinions regarding the presence of three types of adipose tissue in the human and animal bodies are presented. Studies on the identification of uncoupling proteins 1 and 3 and their role in the transformation of white fat into beige/brown are considered. Basically, the data on the factors of endogenous and exogenous nature on their formation are given on the example of the human body.
Conclusion. With an abundance of publications on the keywords: “white, brown fat”, these studies, in the overwhelming majority, are devoted to the role of these fats in the formation of human thermogenesis, the assessment of the impact on obesity. Pigs have also been suggested to lack functional BAT, which is a major cause of neonatal death in the swine industry, therefore the focus on investigating role of different types of adipose tissue in pigs seems very promising in order to understand whether there is a compensating mechanism of thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Chernukha
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS
| | - Liliya Fedulova
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS
| | - Elena Kotenkova
- V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS
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Bilski J, Pierzchalski P, Szczepanik M, Bonior J, Zoladz JA. Multifactorial Mechanism of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity. Role of Physical Exercise, Microbiota and Myokines. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010160. [PMID: 35011721 PMCID: PMC8750433 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and ageing place a tremendous strain on the global healthcare system. Age-related sarcopenia is characterized by decreased muscular strength, decreased muscle quantity, quality, and decreased functional performance. Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a condition that combines sarcopenia and obesity and has a substantial influence on the older adults’ health. Because of the complicated pathophysiology, there are disagreements and challenges in identifying and diagnosing SO. Recently, it has become clear that dysbiosis may play a role in the onset and progression of sarcopenia and SO. Skeletal muscle secretes myokines during contraction, which play an important role in controlling muscle growth, function, and metabolic balance. Myokine dysfunction can cause and aggravate obesity, sarcopenia, and SO. The only ways to prevent and slow the progression of sarcopenia, particularly sarcopenic obesity, are physical activity and correct nutritional support. While exercise cannot completely prevent sarcopenia and age-related loss in muscular function, it can certainly delay development and slow down the rate of sarcopenia. The purpose of this review was to discuss potential pathways to muscle deterioration in obese individuals. We also want to present the current understanding of the role of various factors, including microbiota and myokines, in the process of sarcopenia and SO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bilski
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-421-93-51
| | - Piotr Pierzchalski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Krakow, Poland; (P.P.); (J.B.)
| | - Marian Szczepanik
- Department of Medical Biology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Bonior
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chair of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Physiotherapy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Krakow, Poland; (P.P.); (J.B.)
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Chair of Exercise Physiology and Muscle Bioenergetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-066 Krakow, Poland;
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Zhu L, Liu L. New Insights Into the Interplay Among Autophagy, the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Inflammation in Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:739882. [PMID: 35432210 PMCID: PMC9008752 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.739882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a feature of metabolic syndrome with chronic inflammation in obese subjects, characterized by adipose tissue (AT) expansion, proinflammatory factor overexpression, and macrophage infiltration. Autophagy modulates inflammation in the enlargement of AT as an essential step for maintaining the balance in energy metabolism and waste elimination. Signaling originating from dysfunctional AT, such as AT containing hypertrophic adipocytes and surrounding macrophages, activates NOD-like receptor family 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. There are interactions about altered autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome activation during the progress in obesity. We summarize the current studies and potential mechanisms associated with autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in AT inflammation and aim to provide further evidence for research on obesity and obesity-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Institute of Blood Lipid and Atherosclerosis, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Modern Cardiovascular Disease Clinical Technology Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- Cardiovascular Disease Research Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling Liu,
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Xia J, Yu P, Zeng Z, Ma M, Yan X, Zhao J, Gong D, Zhang G, Wang J. Medium chain triglycerides improve lipid metabolism in obese rats by increasing the browning of adipose tissue through the sympathetic regulation. Food Funct 2022; 13:8068-8080. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00239f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the mechanism of medium chain triglyceride (MCT) promoting the browning of adipose tissue. High fat diet was fed to the Sprague-Dawley rats to induce obesity,...
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Biagi CAO, Cury SS, Alves CP, Rabhi N, Silva WA, Farmer SR, Carvalho RF, Batista ML. Multidimensional Single-Nuclei RNA-Seq Reconstruction of Adipose Tissue Reveals Adipocyte Plasticity Underlying Thermogenic Response. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113073. [PMID: 34831295 PMCID: PMC8618495 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue has been classified based on its morphology and function as white, brown, or beige/brite. It plays an essential role as a regulator of systemic metabolism through paracrine and endocrine signals. Recently, multiple adipocyte subtypes have been revealed using RNA sequencing technology, going beyond simply defined morphology but also by their cellular origin, adaptation to metabolic stress, and plasticity. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis of publicly available single-nuclei RNAseq from adipose tissue and utilized a workflow template to characterize adipocyte plasticity, heterogeneity, and secretome profiles. The reanalyzed dataset led to the identification of different subtypes of adipocytes including three subpopulations of thermogenic adipocytes, and provided a characterization of distinct transcriptional profiles along the adipocyte trajectory under thermogenic challenges. This study provides a useful resource for further investigations regarding mechanisms related to adipocyte plasticity and trans-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Oliveira Biagi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14051-140, Brazil; (C.A.O.B.J.); (W.A.S.J.)
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP), National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 14051-140, Brazil
- Institute for Cancer Research, IPEC, Guarapuava 85100-000, Brazil
| | - Sarah Santiloni Cury
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil;
| | - Cleidson Pádua Alves
- Department of Translational Genomics, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Nabil Rabhi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (N.R.); (S.R.F.)
| | - Wilson Araujo Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14051-140, Brazil; (C.A.O.B.J.); (W.A.S.J.)
- Center for Cell-Based Therapy (CEPID/FAPESP), National Institute of Science and Technology in Stem Cell and Cell Therapy (INCTC/CNPq), Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto 14051-140, Brazil
| | - Stephen R. Farmer
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (N.R.); (S.R.F.)
| | - Robson Francisco Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (R.F.C.); (M.L.B.J.)
| | - Miguel Luiz Batista
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (N.R.); (S.R.F.)
- Department of Integrated Biotechnology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo 08747-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.F.C.); (M.L.B.J.)
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Bermúdez V, Durán P, Rojas E, Díaz MP, Rivas J, Nava M, Chacín M, Cabrera de Bravo M, Carrasquero R, Ponce CC, Górriz JL, D´Marco L. The Sick Adipose Tissue: New Insights Into Defective Signaling and Crosstalk With the Myocardium. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:735070. [PMID: 34603210 PMCID: PMC8479191 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.735070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) biology is linked to cardiovascular health since obesity is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and positively correlated with excessive visceral fat accumulation. AT signaling to myocardial cells through soluble factors known as adipokines, cardiokines, branched-chain amino acids and small molecules like microRNAs, undoubtedly influence myocardial cells and AT function via the endocrine-paracrine mechanisms of action. Unfortunately, abnormal total and visceral adiposity can alter this harmonious signaling network, resulting in tissue hypoxia and monocyte/macrophage adipose infiltration occurring alongside expanded intra-abdominal and epicardial fat depots seen in the human obese phenotype. These processes promote an abnormal adipocyte proteomic reprogramming, whereby these cells become a source of abnormal signals, affecting vascular and myocardial tissues, leading to meta-inflammation, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, heart hypertrophy, heart failure and myocardial infarction. This review first discusses the pathophysiology and consequences of adipose tissue expansion, particularly their association with meta-inflammation and microbiota dysbiosis. We also explore the precise mechanisms involved in metabolic reprogramming in AT that represent plausible causative factors for CVD. Finally, we clarify how lifestyle changes could promote improvement in myocardiocyte function in the context of changes in AT proteomics and a better gut microbiome profile to develop effective, non-pharmacologic approaches to CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valmore Bermúdez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Pablo Durán
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Edward Rojas
- Cardiovascular Division, University Hospital, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - María P. Díaz
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - José Rivas
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Florida-College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Manuel Nava
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Maricarmen Chacín
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | | | - Rubén Carrasquero
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Clímaco Cano Ponce
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - José Luis Górriz
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis D´Marco
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, INCLIVA, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Pan R, Chen Y. Fat biology and metabolic balance: On the significance of sex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 533:111336. [PMID: 34090969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its related metabolic disorders have become prevalent and fatal, which are faced by the entire human beings since decades. An energy equilibrium is urgently important for human metabolic health, which requires the participation of multiple organs, such as adipose tissues, liver and skeletal muscles. It seems that both sex and age play a role in the above processes. In this review, we focus on the sexual dimorphism in energy metabolism mediated by adipose tissues, including white and thermogenic (brown/beige) adipose tissues. Remarkably, past investigations have focused on targeting brown/beige adipose tissues to combat obesity because of their contributions to non-shivering thermogenesis. However, sex differences in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism are likely overlooked. Particularly, increasing data show that males display more visceral fat than females, and females show increased visceral fat after menopause. Visceral adiposity is more deleterious and closely related to metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss current findings on sexual dimorphism in WAT and BAT biology for a better metabolic balance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, PR China.
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GHS-R in brown fat potentiates differential thermogenic responses under metabolic and thermal stresses. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249420. [PMID: 33793646 PMCID: PMC8016305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to cold or diet, fatty acids are dissipated into heat through uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). This process is termed non-shivering thermogenesis, which is important for body temperature maintenance and contributes to obesity pathogenesis. Thermogenic enhancement has been considered a promising anti-obesity strategy. Ghrelin and its receptor Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHS-R) have critical roles in energy intake, nutrient sensing, and lipid metabolism. We previously reported that global Ghsr-knockout mice have increased energy expenditure due to enhanced thermogenesis. To determine the site of action for GHS-R mediated thermogenesis, we generated brown adipocyte-specific Ghsr knockout mice (UCP1-CreER/Ghsrf/f) and assessed thermogenic responses under regular diet (RD) fed homeostatic metabolic state or high-fat diet (HFD) fed metabolically-impaired obese state, under normal or cold housing environment. Under a RD-feeding, UCP1-CreER/Ghsrf/f mice showed increased body fat and a slightly elevated core body temperature under cold but not under normal temperature. Consistently, the expression of thermogenic genes in BAT of RD-fed UCP1-CreER/Ghsrf/f mice was increased in reposes to cold. Under HFD feeding, HFD-fed UCP1-CreER/Ghsrf/f mice showed no difference in body fat or body temperature under either normal or cold exposure. Interestingly, the expression of thermogenic genes in BAT of HFD-fed UCP1-CreER/Ghsrf/f mice was upregulated under normal temperature but downregulated under cold exposure. Overall, our data show that GHS-R has cell-autonomous effect in brown adipocytes, and GHS-R regulates BAT thermogenic activity in a temperature- and metabolic state-dependent manner. The thermogenic effect of GHS-R in BAT is more pronounced in cold environment and differentially variable based on metabolic state; under cold exposure, GHS-R inhibition in BAT activates thermogenesis under homeostatic state but suppresses thermogenesis under obese state. Our finding collectively suggests that GHS-R in BAT, acting as a "metabolic thermostat", differentially regulates thermogenesis in response to different metabolic and thermal stimuli.
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Bhat BV, Bethou A. Fat in infants - Facts & implications. Indian J Med Res 2021; 154:410-412. [PMID: 35345067 PMCID: PMC9131787 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_75_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. Vishnu Bhat
- Director Medical Research, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College, Puducherry 607 402, India
| | - Adhisivam Bethou
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry 605 006, India
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Herold J, Kalucka J. Angiogenesis in Adipose Tissue: The Interplay Between Adipose and Endothelial Cells. Front Physiol 2021; 11:624903. [PMID: 33633579 PMCID: PMC7900516 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.624903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide health problem, and as its prevalence increases, so does the burden of obesity-associated co-morbidities like type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Adipose tissue (AT) is an endocrine organ embedded in a dense vascular network. AT regulates the production of hormones, angiogenic factors, and cytokines. During the development of obesity, AT expands through the increase in fat cell size (hypertrophy) and/or fat cell number (hyperplasia). The plasticity and expansion of AT is related to its angiogenic capacities. Angiogenesis is a tightly orchestrated process, which involves endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, migration, invasion, and new tube formation. The expansion of AT is accelerated by hypoxia, inflammation, and structural remodeling of blood vessels. The paracrine signaling regulates the functional link between ECs and adipocytes. Adipocytes can secrete both pro-angiogenic molecules, e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and anti-angiogenic factors, e.g., serpins. If the pro-angiogenic molecules dominate, the angiogenesis is dysregulated and the endothelium becomes dysfunctional. However, if anti-angiogenic molecules are overexpressed relative to the angiogenic regulators, the angiogenesis is repressed, and AT becomes hypoxic. Furthermore, in the presence of chronic nutritional excess, endothelium loses its primary function and contributes to the inflammation and fibrosis of AT, which increases the risk for CVDs. This review discusses the current understanding of ECs function in AT, the cross-talk between adipose and ECs, and how obesity can lead to its dysfunction. Understanding the interplay of angiogenesis with AT can be an approach to therapy obesity and obesity-related diseases such as CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Kalucka
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Van Schaik L, Kettle C, Green R, Irving HR, Rathner JA. Effects of Caffeine on Brown Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Metabolic Homeostasis: A Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:621356. [PMID: 33613184 PMCID: PMC7889509 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.621356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolism on understanding energy balance in humans is a relatively new and exciting field of research. The pathogenesis of obesity can be largely explained by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, but the underlying mechanisms are far more complex. Traditional non-selective sympathetic activators have been used to artificially elevate energy utilization, or suppress appetite, however undesirable side effects are apparent with the use of these pharmacological interventions. Understanding the role of BAT, in relation to human energy homeostasis has the potential to dramatically offset the energy imbalance associated with obesity. This review discusses paradoxical effects of caffeine on peripheral adenosine receptors and the possible role of adenosine in increasing metabolism is highlighted, with consideration to the potential of central rather than peripheral mechanisms for caffeine mediated BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Research on the complex physiology of adipose tissue, the embryonic lineage and function of the different types of adipocytes is summarized. In addition, the effect of BAT on overall human metabolism and the extent of the associated increase in energy expenditure are discussed. The controversy surrounding the primary β-adrenoceptor involved in human BAT activation is examined, and suggestions as to the lack of translational findings from animal to human physiology and human in vitro to in vivo models are provided. This review compares and distinguishes human and rodent BAT effects, thus developing an understanding of human BAT thermogenesis to aid lifestyle interventions targeting obesity and metabolic syndrome. The focus of this review is on the effect of BAT thermogenesis on overall metabolism, and the potential therapeutic effects of caffeine in increasing metabolism via its effects on BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Van Schaik
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine Kettle
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Rodney Green
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Joseph A. Rathner
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Okla M, Kassem M. Thermogenic potentials of bone marrow adipocytes. Bone 2021; 143:115658. [PMID: 32979539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is a unique fat depot located in proximity to bone surfaces and exerts regulatory functions in the skeleton. Recent studies have demonstrated that MAT responds to changes in whole-body energy metabolism, such as in obesity and anorexia nervosa, where MAT expands, resulting in deleterious effects on the skeleton. Interestingly, MAT shares properties with both brown and white adipose tissues but exhibits distinct features with regard to lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Recent reports have addressed the capacity of MAT to undergo browning, which could be an attractive strategy for preventing excessive MAT accumulation within the skeleton. In this review, we summarize studies addressing the browning phenomenon of MAT and its regulation by a number of pathophysiological conditions. Moreover, we discuss the relationship between adaptive thermogenesis and bone health. Understanding the thermogenic potentials of MAT will delineate the biological importance of this organ and unravel its potential for improving bone health and whole-body energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshail Okla
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology (DanStem), Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hildebrand S, Löwa N, Paysen H, Fratila RM, Reverte-Salisa L, Trakoolwilaiwan T, Niu Z, Kasparis G, Preuss SF, Kosch O, M de la Fuente J, Thanh NTK, Wiekhorst F, Pfeifer A. Quantification of Lipoprotein Uptake in Vivo Using Magnetic Particle Imaging and Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:434-446. [PMID: 33306343 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are a major source of energy for most tissues, and lipid uptake and storage is therefore crucial for energy homeostasis. So far, quantification of lipid uptake in vivo has primarily relied on radioactive isotope labeling, exposing human subjects or experimental animals to ionizing radiation. Here, we describe the quantification of in vivo uptake of chylomicrons, the primary carriers of dietary lipids, in metabolically active tissues using magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS). We show that loading artificial chylomicrons (ACM) with iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) enables rapid and highly sensitive post hoc detection of lipid uptake in situ using MPS. Importantly, by utilizing highly magnetic Zn-doped iron oxide nanoparticles (ZnMNPs), we generated ACM with MPI tracer properties superseding the current gold-standard, Resovist, enabling quantification of lipid uptake from whole-animal scans. We focused on brown adipose tissue (BAT), which dissipates heat and can consume a large part of nutrient lipids, as a model for tightly regulated and inducible lipid uptake. High BAT activity in humans correlates with leanness and improved cardiometabolic health. However, the lack of nonradioactive imaging techniques is an important hurdle for the development of BAT-centered therapies for metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Comparison of MPI measurements with iron quantification by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that MPI rivals the performance of this highly sensitive technique. Our results represent radioactivity-free quantification of lipid uptake in metabolically active tissues such as BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Hildebrand
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Löwa
- 8.23 Metrology for Magnetic Nanoparticles, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Paysen
- 8.23 Metrology for Magnetic Nanoparticles, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Raluca M Fratila
- INMA - Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Reverte-Salisa
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thithawat Trakoolwilaiwan
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, U.K
| | - Zheming Niu
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Georgios Kasparis
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, U.K
| | - Stephanie Franziska Preuss
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Olaf Kosch
- 8.23 Metrology for Magnetic Nanoparticles, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jesus M de la Fuente
- INMA - Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, U.K
| | - Frank Wiekhorst
- 8.23 Metrology for Magnetic Nanoparticles, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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