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Song G, Zhang C, Yu X, Li J, Fan Q, Liu F, He Q, Shang C, Li X. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) triggers autophagy to enhance viral replication by activating the VPS34 complex. Microb Pathog 2024; 190:106638. [PMID: 38574829 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in the lifecycle of viruses. However, there is currently a lack of systematic research on the relationship between Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) and autophagy. This study aims to investigate the impact of IBV on autophagy and the role of autophagy in viral replication. We observed that IBV infection increased the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, a marker of autophagy, decreased the expression of sequestosome 1, and led to elevated intracellular LC3 puncta levels. These findings suggest that IBV infection activates the autophagic process in cells. To investigate the impact of autophagy on the replication of IBV, we utilized rapamycin as an autophagy activator and 3-methyladenine as an autophagy inhibitor. Our results indicate that IBV promotes viral replication by inducing autophagy. Further investigation revealed that IBV induces autophagosome formation by inhibiting the mTOR-ULK1 pathway and activating the activity of vacuolar protein sorting 34 (VPS34), autophagy-related gene 14, and the Beclin-1 complex. VPS34 plays a crucial role in this process, as inhibiting VPS34 protein activity enhances cell proliferation after IBV infection. Additionally, inhibiting VPS34 significantly improves the survival rate of IBV-infected chicks, suppresses IBV replication in the kidney, and alleviates tracheal, lung, and kidney damage caused by IBV infection. In summary, IBV infection can induce autophagy by modulating the mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway and activating the VPS34 complex, while autophagy serves to promote virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaojie Song
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, China
| | - Cuiling Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoyang Yu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China; Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Qinlei Fan
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Liu
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinghao He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Chao Shang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.
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2
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Gawaz A, Schindler M, Hagelauer E, Blanchard G, Riel S, Vollert A, Gilliet M, Unterluggauer L, Stary G, Pospischil I, Hoetzenecker W, Fehrenbacher B, Schaller M, Guenova E, Forchhammer S. SARS-CoV-2-Induced Vasculitic Skin Lesions Are Associated with Massive Spike Protein Depositions in Autophagosomes. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:369-377.e4. [PMID: 37580012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
In patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, vasculopathic changes of the skin are associated with a severe prognosis. However, the pathogenesis of this vasculopathy is not conclusively clarified. In this study, 25 prospectively collected skin samples from patients with COVID-19-related skin lesions were examined for vasculopathic changes and, in case of vasculitis, were further analyzed with electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Vasculopathy was observed in 76% of all COVID-19-related inflammatory skin lesions. Visual endothelial changes without manifest leukocytoclastic vasculitis were found in 60% of the COVID-19-related skin lesions, whereas leukocytoclastic vasculitis was diagnosed in 16%. In the cases of vasculitis, there were extensive spike protein depositions in microvascular endothelial cells that colocalized with the autophagosome proteins LC3B and LC3C. The autophagy protein complex LC3-associated endocytosis in microvascular endothelial cells seems to be an important pathogenic factor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2-related vasculitis in the skin. On ultrastructural morphology, the vasculitic process was dominated by intracellular vesicle formation and endothelial cell disruption. Direct presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 particles in the skin was not observed. Therefore, our results suggest that instead of direct viral infection, dermal vasculitic lesions in COVID-19 are caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein deposition followed by endothelial damage with activation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gawaz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elena Hagelauer
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriela Blanchard
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Simon Riel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anneli Vollert
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michel Gilliet
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Pospischil
- Department of Dermatology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfram Hoetzenecker
- Department of Dermatology, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Martin Schaller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Medical school, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Xia T, Xu S, Li X, Ruan W. Avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus Beaudette strain NSP9 interacts with STAT1 and inhibits its phosphorylation to facilitate viral replication. Virology 2024; 590:109944. [PMID: 38141500 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Avian coronavirus, known as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), is the causative agent of infectious bronchitis (IB). Viral nonstructural proteins play important roles in viral replication and immune modulation. IBV NSP9 is a component of the RNA replication complex for viral replication. In this study, we uncovered a function of NSP9 in immune regulation. First, the host proteins that interacted with NSP9 were screened. The immune-related protein signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) was identified and the interaction between NSP9 and STAT1 was further confirmed. Furthermore, IBV replication was inhibited in STAT1-overexpressing cells but inversely affected in STAT1 knock-down cells. Importantly, NSP9 inhibited STAT1 phosphorylation. Finally, the expression of JAK/STAT pathway downstream genes IRF7 and ISG20 was significantly decreased in NSP9-overexpressing cells. These results showed the important role of IBV NSP9 in immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shengkui Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wenke Ruan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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4
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Huang M, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Wang R, Wei X. Comparative proteomics analysis of kidney in chicken infected by infectious bronchitis virus. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103259. [PMID: 37992619 PMCID: PMC10700468 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The gamma coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is known to cause an acute and highly contagious infectious disease in poultry. Here, this study aimed to investigate the impact of virulent or avirulent IBV infection on the avian host by conducting proteomics with data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) in the kidneys of IBV-infected chickens. The results revealed 267, 489, and 510 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the chicken kidneys at 3, 5, and 7 days postinfection (dpi), respectively, when infected with the GD17/04 strain, which is a highly nephrogenic strain and belongs to the 4/91 genotype. In contrast, the attenuated 4/91 vaccine resulted in the identification of 144, 175, and 258 DEPs at 3, 5, and 7 dpi, respectively. Functional enrichment analyses indicated distinct expression profiles between the 2 IBV strains. Upon GD17/04 infection, metabolic pathways respond initially in the early stage (3 dpi) and immune-related signaling pathways respond in the middle and late stages (5 and 7 dpi). The 4/91 vaccine elicited a completely opposite response compared to the GD17/04 infection. Among all DEPs, 62 immune-related DEPs were focused on and found to be mainly enriched in the type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling pathway and involved in humoral and cellular immunity. Notably, key molecules in the IFN-I signaling pathway including MDA5, LGP2, and TBK1 may serve as regulatory targets of IBV. Overall, this study highlights similarities and discrepancies in the patterns of protein expression at different stages of infection with virulent and avirulent IBV strains, with the IFN-I signaling pathway emerging as a critical response to IBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Huang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Xuewei Zheng
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Yunjing Zhang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Luoyang 471000, China
| | - Ruohan Wang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xiaona Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Shi D, Zhou L, Shi H, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhang L, Liu D, Feng T, Zeng M, Chen J, Zhang X, Xue M, Jing Z, Liu J, Ji Z, He H, Guo L, Wu Y, Ma J, Feng L. Autophagy is induced by swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus through the cellular IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway after an interaction of viral membrane-associated papain-like protease and GRP78. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011201. [PMID: 36888569 PMCID: PMC9994726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in the infectious processes of diverse pathogens. For instance, cellular autophagy could be harnessed by viruses to facilitate replication. However, it is still uncertain about the interplay of autophagy and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) in cells. In this study, we reported that SADS-CoV infection could induce a complete autophagy process both in vitro and in vivo, and an inhibition of autophagy significantly decreased SADS-CoV production, thus suggesting that autophagy facilitated the replication of SADS-CoV. We found that ER stress and its downstream IRE1 pathway were indispensable in the processes of SADS-CoV-induced autophagy. We also demonstrated that IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway, neither PERK-EIF2S1 nor ATF6 pathways, was essential during SADS-CoV-induced autophagy. Importantly, our work provided the first evidence that expression of SADS-CoV PLP2-TM protein induced autophagy through the IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway. Furthermore, the interaction of viral PLP2-TMF451-L490 domain and substrate-binding domain of GRP78 was identified to activate the IRE1-JNK-Beclin 1 signaling pathway, and thus resulting in autophagy, and in turn, enhancing SADS-CoV replication. Collectively, these results not only showed that autophagy promoted SADS-CoV replication in cultured cells, but also revealed that the molecular mechanism underlying SADS-CoV-induced autophagy in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Liaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Dakai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Tingshuai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Miaomiao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Mei Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Zhaoyang Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Haojie He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Longjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
| | - Jingyun Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Tianhe District, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xiangfang District, China
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6
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Wang M, Li H, Liu S, Ge L, Muhmood A, Liu D, Gan F, Liu Y, Chen X, Huang K. Lipopolysaccharide aggravates canine influenza a (H3N2) virus infection and lung damage via mTOR/autophagy in vivo and in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113597. [PMID: 36596444 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A (H3N2) accounts for the majority of influenza worldwide and continues to challenge human health. Disturbance in the gut microbiota caused by many diseases leads to increased production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and LPS induces sepsis and conditions associated with local or systemic inflammation. However, to date, little attention has been paid to the potential impact of LPS on influenza A (H3N2) infection and the potential mechanism. Hence, in this study we used canine influenza A (H3N2) virus (CIV) as a model of influenza A virus to investigate the effect of low-dose of LPS on CIV replication and lung damage and explore the underlying mechanism in mice and A549 and HPAEpiC cells. The results showed that LPS (25 μg/kg) increased CIV infection and lung damage in mice, as indicated by pulmonary virus titer, viral NP levels, lung index, and pulmonary histopathology. LPS (1 μg/ml) also increased CIV replication in A549 cells as indicated by the above same parameters. Furthermore, low doses of LPS reduced CIV-induced p-mTOR protein expression and enhanced CIV-induced autophagy-related mRNA/protein expressions in vivo and in vitro. In addition, the use of the mTOR activator, MHY1485, reversed CIV-induced autophagy and CIV replication in A549 and HPAEpiC cells, respectively. siATG5 alleviated CIV replication exacerbated by LPS in the two lines. In conclusion, LPS aggravates CIV infection and lung damage via mTOR/autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haolei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Azhar Muhmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yunhuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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7
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Wang J, Kan X, Li X, Sun J, Xu X. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) infection activates AMPK and JNK through TAK1 to induce autophagy and enhance virus replication. Virulence 2022; 13:1697-1712. [PMID: 36168145 PMCID: PMC9543055 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2127192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in defending against invading microbes. However, numerous viruses can subvert autophagy to benefit their replication. Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) is an aetiological agent that causes severe porcine epidemic diarrhoea. How PEDV infection regulates autophagy and its role in PEDV replication are inadequately understood. Herein, we report that PEDV induced complete autophagy in Vero and IPEC-DQ cells, as evidenced by increased LC3 lipidation, p62 degradation, and the formation of autolysosomes. The lysosomal protease inhibitors chloroquine (CQ) or bafilomycin A and Beclin-1 or ATG5 knockdown blocked autophagic flux and inhibited PEDV replication. PEDV infection activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) by activating TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). Compound C (CC), an AMPK inhibitor, and SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, inhibited PEDV-induced autophagy and virus replication. AMPK activation led to increased ULK1S777 phosphorylation and activation. Inhibition of ULK1 activity by SBI-0206965 (SBI) and TAK1 activity by 5Z-7-Oxozeaenol (5Z) or by TAK1 siRNA led to the suppression of autophagy and virus replication. Our study provides mechanistic insights into PEDV-induced autophagy and how PEDV infection leads to JNK and AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xianjin Kan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiulong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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8
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Zeng S, Zhao Y, Peng O, Xia Y, Xu Q, Li H, Xue C, Cao Y, Zhang H. Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus Induces Autophagy to Promote Its Replication via the Akt/mTOR Pathway. iScience 2022; 25:105394. [PMID: 36281226 PMCID: PMC9581643 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the Coronaviridae family. Increasingly studies have demonstrated that viruses could utilize autophagy to promote their own replication. However, the relationship between SADS-CoV and autophagy remains unknown. Here, we reported that SADS-CoV infection-induced autophagy and pharmacologically increased autophagy were conducive to viral proliferation. Conversely, suppression of autophagy by pharmacological inhibitors or knockdown of autophagy-related protein impeded viral replication. Furthermore, we demonstrated the underlying mechanism by which SADS-CoV triggered autophagy through the inactivation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Importantly, we identified integrin α3 (ITGA3) as a potential antiviral target upstream of Akt/mTOR and autophagy pathways. Knockdown of ITGA3 enhanced autophagy and consequently increased the replication of SADS-CoV. Collectively, our studies revealed a novel mechanism that SADS-CoV-induced autophagy to facilitate its proliferation via Akt/mTOR pathway and found that ITGA3 was an effective antiviral factor for suppressing viral infection. SADS-CoV triggers autophagy pathway to facilitate its proliferation Inhibition of autophagy flux impairs SADS-CoV replication SADS-CoV negatively regulates Akt/mTOR pathway to induce autophagy ITGA3 prevents SADS-CoV production through autophagy inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ouyang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China,Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China,Corresponding author
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9
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The Genetic Stability, Replication Kinetics and Cytopathogenicity of Recombinant Avian Coronaviruses with a T16A or an A26F Mutation within the E Protein Is Cell-Type Dependent. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081784. [PMID: 36016406 PMCID: PMC9415719 DOI: 10.3390/v14081784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope (E) protein of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a small-membrane protein present in two forms during infection: a monomer and a pentameric ion channel. Each form has an independent role during replication; the monomer disrupts the secretory pathway, and the pentamer facilitates virion production. The presence of a T16A or A26F mutation within E exclusively generates the pentameric or monomeric form, respectively. We generated two recombinant IBVs (rIBVs) based on the apathogenic molecular clone Beau-R, containing either a T16A or A26F mutation, denoted as BeauR-T16A and BeauR-A26F. The replication and genetic stability of the rIBVs were assessed in several different cell types, including primary and continuous cells, ex vivo tracheal organ cultures (TOCs) and in ovo. Different replication profiles were observed between cell cultures of different origins. BeauR-A26F replicated to a lower level than Beau-R in Vero cells and in ovo but not in DF1, primary chicken kidney (CK) cells or TOCs. Genetic stability and cytopathic effects were found to differ depending on the cell system. The effect of the T16A and A26F mutations appear to be cell-type dependent, which, therefore, highlights the importance of cell type in the investigation of the IBV E protein.
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10
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Park JY, Ryu J, Hong EJ, Shin HJ. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection Induces Autophagosome Formation but Inhibits Autolysosome Formation during Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:1050. [PMID: 35632790 PMCID: PMC9142955 DOI: 10.3390/v14051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the correlation between the mechanism involved in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) replication and autophagic flux. In this study, we found that as PEDV replicated, production of LC3-II was significantly induced up to 24 h post-infection (hpi). Interestingly, although there was significant production of LC3-II, greater p62 accumulation was simultaneously found. Pretreatment with rapamycin significantly induced PEDV replication, but autolysosome formation was reduced. These results were confirmed by the evaluation of ATG5/ATG12 and LAMP1/LAMP2. Taken together, we conclude that PEDV infection induces autophagosome formation but inhibits autolysosome formation during replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yeon Park
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 13434, Korea; (J.-Y.P.); (E.-J.H.)
| | - Jihoon Ryu
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 13434, Korea;
| | - Eui-Ju Hong
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 13434, Korea; (J.-Y.P.); (E.-J.H.)
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 13434, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 13434, Korea; (J.-Y.P.); (E.-J.H.)
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 13434, Korea;
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11
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Peng S, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Song X, Zou Y, Li L, Zhao X, Yin Z. Current Knowledge on Infectious Bronchitis Virus Non-structural Proteins: The Bearer for Achieving Immune Evasion Function. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:820625. [PMID: 35464391 PMCID: PMC9024134 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.820625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the first coronavirus discovered in the world, which is also the prototype of gamma-coronaviruses. Nowadays, IBV is widespread all over the world and has become one of the causative agent causing severe economic losses in poultry industry. Generally, it is believed that the viral replication and immune evasion functions of IBV were modulated by non-structural and accessory proteins, which were also considered as the causes for its pathogenicity. In this study, we summarized the current knowledge about the immune evasion functions of IBV non-structural and accessory proteins. Some non-structural proteins such as nsp2, nsp3, and nsp15 have been shown to antagonize the host innate immune response. Also, nsp7 and nsp16 can block the antigen presentation to inhibit the adapted immune response. In addition, nsp13, nsp14, and nsp16 are participating in the formation of viral mRNA cap to limit the recognition by innate immune system. In conclusion, it is of vital importance to understand the immune evasion functions of IBV non-structural and accessory proteins, which could help us to further explore the pathogenesis of IBV and provide new horizons for the prevention and treatment of IBV in the future.
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12
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Zheng Q, Duan L, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang S, Wang H. A dynamically evolving war between autophagy and pathogenic microorganisms. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:19-41. [PMID: 35029086 PMCID: PMC8758936 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2100285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that maintains cellular homeostasis. It is essential for protecting organisms from environmental stress. Autophagy can help the host to eliminate invading pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. However, pathogens have evolved multiple strategies to interfere with autophagic signaling pathways or inhibit the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes to form autolysosomes. Moreover, host cell matrix degradation by different types of autophagy can be used for the proliferation and reproduction of pathogens. Thus, determining the roles and mechanisms of autophagy during pathogen infections will promote understanding of the mechanisms of pathogen‒host interactions and provide new strategies for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Liangwei Duan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China. .,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
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13
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Tesseraud S, Avril P, Bonnet M, Bonnieu A, Cassar-Malek I, Chabi B, Dessauge F, Gabillard JC, Perruchot MH, Seiliez I. Autophagy in farm animals: current knowledge and future challenges. Autophagy 2021; 17:1809-1827. [PMID: 32686564 PMCID: PMC8386602 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1798064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (a process of cellular self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradative process that plays important roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection-mediated stresses. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to the role of this cellular function in species of agronomical interest, and the details of how autophagy functions in the development of phenotypes of agricultural interest remain largely unexplored. Here, we first provide a brief description of the main mechanisms involved in autophagy, then review our current knowledge regarding autophagy in species of agronomical interest, with particular attention to physiological functions supporting livestock animal production, and finally assess the potential of translating the acquired knowledge to improve animal development, growth and health in the context of growing social, economic and environmental challenges for agriculture.Abbreviations: AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ASC: adipose-derived stem cells; ATG: autophagy-related; BECN1: beclin 1; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BVDV: bovine viral diarrhea virus; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAP: Death-Associated Protein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GFP: green fluorescent protein; Gln: Glutamine; HSPA8/HSC70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 8; IF: immunofluorescence; IVP: in vitro produced; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; LMS: lysosomal membrane stability; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MDBK: Madin-Darby bovine kidney; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MTORC1: MTOR complex 1; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NDV: Newcastle disease virus; NECTIN4: nectin cell adhesion molecule 4; NOD1: nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1; OCD: osteochondritis dissecans; OEC: oviduct epithelial cells; OPTN: optineurin; PI3K: phosphoinositide-3-kinase; PPRV: peste des petits ruminants virus; RHDV: rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TEM: transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascale Avril
- INRAE, UAR1247 Aquapôle, Saint Pée Sur Nivelle, France
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Anne Bonnieu
- DMEM, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Cassar-Malek
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMR Herbivores, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | | | - Frédéric Dessauge
- INRAE, UMR1348 PEGASE, Saint-Gilles, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, Rennes, France
| | | | - Marie-Hélène Perruchot
- INRAE, UMR1348 PEGASE, Saint-Gilles, France
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1348 PEGASE, Rennes, France
| | - Iban Seiliez
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, INRAE, UMR1419 Nutrition Métabolisme et Aquaculture, Saint-Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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14
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Wen Z, Zhang Y, Lin Z, Shi K, Jiu Y. Cytoskeleton-a crucial key in host cell for coronavirus infection. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:968-979. [PMID: 32717049 PMCID: PMC7454755 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The emerging coronavirus (CoV) pandemic is threatening the public health all over the world. Cytoskeleton is an intricate network involved in controlling cell shape, cargo transport, signal transduction, and cell division. Infection biology studies have illuminated essential roles for cytoskeleton in mediating the outcome of host‒virus interactions. In this review, we discuss the dynamic interactions between actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and CoVs. In one round of viral life cycle, CoVs surf along filopodia on the host membrane to the entry sites, utilize specific intermediate filament protein as co-receptor to enter target cells, hijack microtubules for transportation to replication and assembly sites, and promote actin filaments polymerization to provide forces for egress. During CoV infection, disruption of host cytoskeleton homeostasis and modification state is tightly connected to pathological processes, such as defective cytokinesis, demyelinating, cilia loss, and neuron necrosis. There are increasing mechanistic studies on cytoskeleton upon CoV infection, such as viral protein‒cytoskeleton interaction, changes in the expression and post-translation modification, related signaling pathways, and incorporation with other host factors. Collectively, these insights provide new concepts for fundamental virology and the control of CoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Wen
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhekai Lin
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Miller K, McGrath ME, Hu Z, Ariannejad S, Weston S, Frieman M, Jackson WT. Coronavirus interactions with the cellular autophagy machinery. Autophagy 2020; 16:2131-2139. [PMID: 32964796 PMCID: PMC7755319 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1817280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is the most recent example of an emergent coronavirus that poses a significant threat to human health. Virus-host interactions play a major role in the viral life cycle and disease pathogenesis, and cellular pathways such as macroautophagy/autophagy prove to be either detrimental or beneficial to viral replication and maturation. Here, we describe the literature over the past twenty years describing autophagy-coronavirus interactions. There is evidence that many coronaviruses induce autophagy, although some of these viruses halt the progression of the pathway prior to autophagic degradation. In contrast, other coronaviruses usurp components of the autophagy pathway in a non-canonical fashion. Cataloging these virus-host interactions is crucial for understanding disease pathogenesis, especially with the global challenge of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. With the recognition of autophagy inhibitors, including the controversial drug chloroquine, as possible treatments for COVID-19, understanding how autophagy affects the virus will be critical going forward. Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine (autophagy inhibitor); AKT/protein kinase B: AKT serine/threonine kinase; ATG: autophagy related; ATPase: adenosine triphosphatase; BMM: bone marrow macrophage; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; CHO: Chinese hamster ovary/cell line; CoV: coronaviruses; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; DMV: double-membrane vesicle; EAV: equine arteritis virus; EDEM1: ER degradation enhancing alpha-mannosidase like protein 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERAD: ER-associated degradation; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HCoV: human coronavirus; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HSV: herpes simplex virus; IBV: infectious bronchitis virus; IFN: interferon; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MCoV: mouse coronavirus; MERS-CoV: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; MHV: mouse hepatitis virus; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2 (autophagy receptor that directs cargo to phagophores); nsp: non-structural protein; OS9: OS9 endoplasmic reticulum lectin; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PLP: papain-like protease; pMEF: primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts; SARS-CoV: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SKP2: S-phase kinase associated protein 2; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; Vps: vacuolar protein sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marisa E. McGrath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sohha Ariannejad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Weston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Domdom MA, Brest P, Grosjean I, Roméo B, Landi MT, Gal J, Klionsky DJ, Hofman P, Mograbi B. A multifactorial score including autophagy for prognosis and care of COVID-19 patients. Autophagy 2020; 16:2276-2281. [PMID: 33249989 PMCID: PMC7751655 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1844433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In less than eleven months, the world was brought to a halt by the COVID-19 outbreak. With hospitals becoming overwhelmed, one of the highest priorities concerned critical care triage to ration the scarce resources of intensive care units. Which patient should be treated first? Based on what clinical and biological criteria? A global joint effort rapidly led to sequencing the genomes of tens of thousands of COVID-19 patients to determine the patients' genetic signature that causes them to be at risk of suddenly developing severe disease. In this commentary, we would like to consider some points concerning the use of a multifactorial risk score for COVID-19 severity. This score includes macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy), a critical host process that controls all steps harnessed by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Abbreviation list: ATG5: autophagy related 5; BECN1: beclin 1; COVID-19: coronavirus infectious disease-2019; EGR1: early growth response 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; DMVs: double-membrane vesicles; IBV: infectious bronchitis virus; MAP1LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; LC3-I: proteolytically processed, non-lipidated MAP1LC3; LC3-II: lipidated MAP1LC3; MEFs: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; MERS-CoV: Middle East respiratory syndrome-coronavirus; MHV: mouse hepatitis virus; NSP: non-structural protein; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PLP2-TM: membrane-associated papain-like protease 2; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TGEV: transmissible gastroenteritis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Angela Domdom
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, FHU-OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Patrick Brest
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, FHU-OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Iris Grosjean
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, FHU-OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Barnabé Roméo
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, FHU-OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jocelyn Gal
- University Côte d’Azur, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Nice, France
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- University of Michigan, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, and Life Sciences Institute, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, FHU-OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitallier Universitaire De Nice, Pasteur Hospital, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, and Biobank (BB003300025), Nice, France
| | - Baharia Mograbi
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, FHU-OncoAge, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France
- TRANSAUTOPHAGY: European Network for Multidisciplinary Research and Translation of Autophagy Knowledge, COST Action CA15138
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17
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Abstract
Autophagy is an adaptive catabolic process functioning to promote cell survival in the event of inappropriate living conditions such as nutrient shortage and to cope with diverse cytotoxic insults. It is regarded as one of the key survival mechanisms of living organisms. Cells undergo autophagy to accomplish the lysosomal digestion of intracellular materials including damaged proteins, organelles, and foreign bodies, in a bulk, non-selective or a cargo-specific manner. Studies in the past decades have shed light on the association of autophagy pathways with various diseases and also highlighted the therapeutic value of autophagy modulation. Hence, it is crucial to develop effective approaches for monitoring intracellular autophagy dynamics, as a comprehensive account of methodology establishment is far from complete. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the major current fluorescence-based techniques utilized for visualizing, sensing or measuring autophagic activities in cells or tissues, which are categorized firstly by targets detected and further by the types of fluorescence tools. We will mainly focus on the working mechanisms of these techniques, put emphasis on the insight into their roles in biomedical science and provide perspectives on the challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria 3086, Australia.
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18
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Abdollahi H, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Ghalyanchilangeroudi A, Maghsoudloo H, Hashemzadeh M, Hosseini H, Barin A. Coronavirus: proteomics analysis of chicken kidney tissue infected with variant 2 (IS-1494)-like avian infectious bronchitis virus. Arch Virol 2020; 166:101-113. [PMID: 33083914 PMCID: PMC7574675 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04845-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus is one of the most important gammacoronaviruses, which causes a highly contagious disease. In this study, we investigated changes in the proteome of kidney tissue of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens that were infected with an isolate of the nephrotropic variant 2 genotype (IS/1494/06) of avian coronavirus. Twenty 1-day-old SPF White Leghorn chickens were randomly divided into two groups, each comprising 10 chickens, which were kept in separate positive-pressure isolators. Chickens in group A served as a virus-free control group up to the end of the experiment, whereas chickens in group B were inoculated with 0.1 ml of 104.5 EID50 of the IBV/chicken/Iran/UTIVO-C/2014 isolate of IBV, and kidney tissue samples were collected at 2 and 7 days post-inoculation (dpi) from both groups. Sequencing of five protein spots at 2 dpi and 22 spots at 7 dpi that showed differential expression by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) along with fold change greater than 2 was done by MS-MALDI/TOF/TOF. Furthermore, the corresponding protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks at 2 and 7 dpi were identified to develop a detailed understanding of the mechanism of molecular pathogenesis. Topological graph analysis of this undirected PPI network revealed the effect of 10 genes in the 2 dpi PPI network and nine genes in the 7 dpi PPI network during virus pathogenesis. Proteins that were found by 2DE analysis and MS/TOF-TOF mass spectrometry to be down- or upregulated were subjected to PPI network analysis to identify interactions with other cellular components. The results show that cellular metabolism was altered due to viral infection. Additionally, multifunctional heat shock proteins with a significant role in host cell survival may be employed circuitously by the virus to reach its target. The data from this study suggest that the process of pathogenesis that occurs during avian coronavirus infection involves the regulation of vital cellular processes and the gradual disruption of critical cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Abdollahi
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,National Reference Laboratory, Diagnosis & Applied Studies Center, Iran Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Ghalyanchilangeroudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Maghsoudloo
- National Reference Laboratory, Diagnosis & Applied Studies Center, Iran Veterinary Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Karaj Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran
| | - Abbas Barin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Lin H, Li B, Liu M, Zhou H, He K, Fan H. Nonstructural protein 6 of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus induces autophagy to promote viral replication via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108684. [PMID: 32402351 PMCID: PMC7165116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is beneficial to PEDV replication. PEDV nonstructural protein 6 (nsp6) is a key protein involved in PEDV-induced autophagy. Nsp6 of PEDV induced autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused, and continues to cause, severe economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The pathogenic mechanism and immune regulatory interactions between PEDV and the host remain largely unknown. In this study, the interaction between autophagy and PEDV replication in intestinal porcine epithelial (IPEC-J2) cells was investigated. The effects of the structural and nonstructural proteins of PEDV on the autophagy process and the autophagy-related signaling pathways were also examined. The results shown that PEDV replication increased the autophagy flux in IPEC-J2 cells, and that autophagy was beneficial to PEDV replication, which may be one of the reasons for the rapid damage to intestinal epithelial cells and the enhanced virulence of PEDV in both newborn piglets and finishing pigs. When autophagy was pharmacologically induced by rapamycin, PEDV replication increased from 8.5 × 105 TCID50/mL to 8.8 × 106 TCID50/mL in IPEC-J2 cells. When autophagy was pharmacologically suppressed by hydroxychloroquine, PEDV replication decreased from 8.5 × 105 TCID50/mL to 7.9 × 104 TCID50/mL. To identify which PEDV proteins were the key inducers of autophagy, all 4 structural proteins and 17 nonstructural proteins of PEDV were eukaryotic expressed. It was found that the nonstructural protein 6 (nsp6) and ORF3 of PEDV were able to induce significant autophagy in IPEC-J2 cells, but the other proteins were unable to induce autophagy. It was indicated that nsp6-induced autophagy mainly occurred via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The results accelerate the understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of PEDV infection and provide new insights into the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixing Lin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Mingxing Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Hongjie Fan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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20
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Yasmin AR, Omar AR, Farhanah MI, Hiscox AJ, Yeap SK. Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Revealed Compromised Chicken Dendritic Cells Function at Early Stage of Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Infection. Avian Dis 2020; 63:275-288. [PMID: 31251527 DOI: 10.1637/11936-072418-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chicken dendritic cells (DCs) have been demonstrated to be susceptible to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a causative agent of acute and immunosuppressed disease in young chicks known as infectious bursal disease. Further functional characterization of IBDV-infected DCs of chickens is required to provide a better understanding on the influence of the virus on chicken bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs) following very virulent (vv) IBDV infection. Membrane proteins of BM-DCs were extracted and the proteins were further denatured and reduced before performing labeling with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation. The differential expression protein profiles were identified and quantified using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, and later validated using flow cytometry and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. The analysis has identified 134 differentially regulated proteins from a total of 283 proteins (cutoff values of ≤0.67, ≥1.5, and ProtScore >1.3 at 95% confidence interval), which produced high-yield membrane fractions. The entry of vvIBDV into the plasma membrane of BM-DCs was observed at 3 hr postinfection by the disruption of several important protein molecule functions, namely apoptosis, RNA/DNA/protein synthesis, and transport and cellular organization, without the activation of proteins associated with signaling. At the later stage of infection, vvIBDV induced expression of several proteins, namely CD200 receptor 1-A, integrin alpha-5, HSP-90, cathepsin, lysosomal-associated membrane protein, and Ras-related proteins, which play crucial roles in signaling, apoptosis, stress response, and antigen processing as well as in secretion of danger-associated proteins. These findings collectively indicated that the chicken DCs are expressing various receptors regarded as potential targets for pathogen interaction during viral infection. Therefore, fundamental study of the interaction of DCs and IBDV will provide valuable information in understanding the role of professional antigen-presenting cells in chickens and their molecular interactions during IBDV infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Yasmin
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
| | - A R Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M I Farhanah
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A J Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom
| | - S K Yeap
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, 43900 Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
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21
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Cui D, Huo S, Wang X, Zheng Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhong F. Establishment of canine macrophages stably expressing GFP-tagged canine LC3 protein for effectively detecting autophagy. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 49:101493. [PMID: 31816413 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a crucial role in eliminating protein aggregates, damaged organelles and invading pathogens. Genetically engineered cell line stably expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) is extensively used to test autophagy through observing GFP puncta formation in the cells by fluorescence imaging. However, canine LC3 (cLC3) gene has not been cloned, therefore, GFP-tagged canine LC3 (GFP-cLC3) detection system has not been established. To generate GFP-cLC3 stably expressing canine-derived macrophages, the cLC3 cDNA was first amplified by RT-PCR and inserted into pEGFP-C1 plasmid to create GFP-cLC3 gene fusion. This genetic element was then transducted into canine macrophages mediated by lentivirus vector to generate the canine macrophages stably expressing fusion protein. Results showed that the sequence of cLC3 cloned in this study is highly homologous with other animals (80-95% homology). Phenotypic and functional analysis of these engineered cells revealed that GFP-cLC3 was indeed stably expressed and rapamycin or starvation can effectively induce GFP puncta formation in the cells, indicative of autophagosome formation. These GFP-cLC3-expressing cells may thus be useful to study autophagy in canine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology Baoding, Hebei, 7100, China
| | - Shanshan Huo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology Baoding, Hebei, 7100, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology Baoding, Hebei, 7100, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology Baoding, Hebei, 7100, China
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology Baoding, Hebei, 7100, China
| | - Jianlou Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology Baoding, Hebei, 7100, China.
| | - Fei Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Hebei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Veterinary Biotechnology Baoding, Hebei, 7100, China.
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22
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Ávila-Pérez G, Diaz-Beneitez E, Cubas-Gaona LL, Nieves-Molina G, Rodríguez JR, Rodríguez JF, Rodríguez D. Activation of the autophagy pathway by Torovirus infection is irrelevant for virus replication. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219428. [PMID: 31306441 PMCID: PMC6629058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved eukaryotic process that mediates lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic macromolecules and damaged organelles, also exerting an important role in the elimination of intracellular pathogens. Despite the antiviral role of autophagy, many studies suggest that some positive-stranded RNA viruses exploit this pathway to facilitate their own replication. In this study, we demonstrate that the equine torovirus Berne virus (BEV), the prototype member of the Torovirus genus (Coronaviridae Family, Nidovirales Order), induces autophagy at late times post-infection. Conversion of microtubule associated protein 1B light chain 3 (LC3) from cytosolic (LC3 I) to the membrane associated form (LC3 II), a canonical marker of autophagosome formation, is enhanced in BEV infected cells. However, neither autophagy induction, via starvation, nor pharmacological blockade significantly affect BEV replication. Similarly, BEV infection is not altered in autophagy deficient cells lacking either Beclin 1 or LC3B protein expression. Unexpectedly, the cargo receptor p62, a selective autophagy receptor, aggregates within the region where the BEV main protease (Mpro) localizes. This finding, coupled with observation that BEV replication also induces ER stress at the time when selective autophagy is taking place, suggests that the autophagy pathway is activated in response to the hefty accumulation of virus-encoded polypeptides during the late phase of BEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginés Ávila-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabet Diaz-Beneitez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liliana L. Cubas-Gaona
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gliselle Nieves-Molina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José F. Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/Darwin, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Qin P, Du EZ, Luo WT, Yang YL, Zhang YQ, Wang B, Huang YW. Characteristics of the Life Cycle of Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) In Vitro: Replication Kinetics, Cellular Ultrastructure and Virion Morphology, and Evidence of Inducing Autophagy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050455. [PMID: 31109068 PMCID: PMC6563515 DOI: 10.3390/v11050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in affected piglets. The aim of this study was to establish the basic, in vitro characteristics of the life cycle such as replication kinetics, cellular ultrastructure, virion morphology, and induction of autophagy of PDCoV. Time-course analysis of viral subgenomic and genomic RNA loads and infectious titers indicated that one replication cycle of PDCoV takes 5 to 6 h. Electron microscopy showed that PDCoV infection induced the membrane rearrangements with double-membrane vesicles and large virion-containing vacuoles. The convoluted membranes structures described in alpha- and beta-coronavirus were not observed. PDCoV infection also increased the number of autophagosome-like vesicles in the cytoplasm of cells, and the autophagy response was detected by LC3 I/II and p62 Western blot analysis. For the first time, this study presents the picture of the PDCoV infection cycle, which is crucial to help elucidate the molecular mechanism of deltacoronavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Qin
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - En-Zhong Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- YEBIO Bioengineering Co., Ltd. of Qingdao, Qingdao 266114, China.
| | - Wen-Ting Luo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yong-Le Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yu-Qi Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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24
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Lichvarova L, Henzi T, Safiulina D, Kaasik A, Schwaller B. Parvalbumin alters mitochondrial dynamics and affects cell morphology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4643-4666. [PMID: 30255402 PMCID: PMC6208788 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Ca2+-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) and mitochondria play important roles in Ca2+ signaling, buffering and sequestration. Antagonistic regulation of PV and mitochondrial volume is observed in in vitro and in vivo model systems. Changes in mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial volume and dynamics (fusion, fission, mitophagy) resulting from modulation of PV were investigated in MDCK epithelial cells with stable overexpression/downregulation of PV. Increased PV levels resulted in smaller, roundish cells and shorter mitochondria, the latter phenomenon related to reduced fusion rates and decreased expression of genes involved in mitochondrial fusion. PV-overexpressing cells displayed increased mitophagy, a likely cause for the decreased mitochondrial volumes and the smaller overall cell size. Cells showed lower mobility in vitro, paralleled by reduced protrusions. Constitutive PV down-regulation in PV-overexpressing cells reverted mitochondrial morphology and fractional volume to the state present in control MDCK cells, resulting from increased mitochondrial movement and augmented fusion rates. PV-modulated, bi-directional and reversible mitochondrial dynamics are key to regulation of mitochondrial volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lichvarova
- Unit of Anatomy, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Henzi
- Unit of Anatomy, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dzhamilja Safiulina
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Allen Kaasik
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Beat Schwaller
- Unit of Anatomy, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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25
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Doyle N, Neuman BW, Simpson J, Hawes PC, Mantell J, Verkade P, Alrashedi H, Maier HJ. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Nonstructural Protein 4 Alone Induces Membrane Pairing. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090477. [PMID: 30200673 PMCID: PMC6163833 DOI: 10.3390/v10090477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses, such as coronaviruses, induce cellular membrane rearrangements during replication to form replication organelles allowing for efficient viral RNA synthesis. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a pathogenic avian Gammacoronavirus of significant importance to the global poultry industry, has been shown to induce the formation of double membrane vesicles (DMVs), zippered endoplasmic reticulum (zER) and tethered vesicles, known as spherules. These membrane rearrangements are virally induced; however, it remains unclear which viral proteins are responsible. In this study, membrane rearrangements induced when expressing viral non-structural proteins (nsps) from two different strains of IBV were compared. Three non-structural transmembrane proteins, nsp3, nsp4, and nsp6, were expressed in cells singularly or in combination and the effects on cellular membranes investigated using electron microscopy and electron tomography. In contrast to previously studied coronaviruses, IBV nsp4 alone is necessary and sufficient to induce membrane pairing; however, expression of the transmembrane proteins together was not sufficient to fully recapitulate DMVs. This indicates that although nsp4 is able to singularly induce membrane pairing, further viral or host factors are required in order to fully assemble IBV replicative structures. This study highlights further differences in the mechanism of membrane rearrangements between members of the coronavirus family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Doyle
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Benjamin W Neuman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK.
| | | | | | - Judith Mantell
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Hasan Alrashedi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK.
| | - Helena J Maier
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK.
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26
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Piekarski A, Nagarajan G, Ishola P, Flees J, Greene ES, Kuenzel WJ, Ohkubo T, Maier H, Bottje WG, Cline MA, Dridi S. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Mediates the Effect of Leptin on Avian Autophagy in a Tissue-Specific Manner. Front Physiol 2018; 9:541. [PMID: 29867578 PMCID: PMC5963154 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a highly conserved intracellular self-digestion process, plays an integral role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Although emerging evidence indicate that the endocrine system regulates autophagy in mammals, there is still a scarcity of information on autophagy in avian (non-mammalian) species. Here, we show that intracerebroventricular administration of leptin reduces feed intake, modulates the expression of feeding-related hypothalamic neuropeptides, activates leptin receptor and signal transducer and activator of transcription (Ob-Rb/STAT) pathway, and significantly increases the expression of autophagy-related proteins (Atg3, Atg5, Atg7, beclin1, and LC3B) in chicken hypothalamus, liver, and muscle. Similarly, leptin treatment activates Ob-Rb/STAT pathway and increased the expression of autophagy-related markers in chicken hypothalamic organotypic cultures, muscle (QM7) and hepatocyte (Sim-CEL) cell cultures as well as in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells-overexpressing chicken Ob-Rb and STAT3. To define the downstream mediator(s) of leptin's effects on autophagy, we determined the role of the master energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Leptin treatment significantly increased the phosphorylated levels of AMPKα1/2 at Thr172 site in chicken hypothalamus and liver, but not in muscle. Likewise, AMPKα1/2 was activated by leptin in chicken hypothalamic organotypic culture and Sim-CEL, but not in QM7 cells. Blocking AMPK activity by compound C reverses the autophagy-inducing effect of leptin. Together, these findings indicate that AMPK mediates the effect of leptin on chicken autophagy in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Piekarski
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Gurueswar Nagarajan
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Peter Ishola
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Joshua Flees
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Wayne J. Kuenzel
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Takeshi Ohkubo
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Helena Maier
- Nidovirus-Cell Interactions Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Walter G. Bottje
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Mark A. Cline
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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27
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Müller C, Hardt M, Schwudke D, Neuman BW, Pleschka S, Ziebuhr J. Inhibition of Cytosolic Phospholipase A 2α Impairs an Early Step of Coronavirus Replication in Cell Culture. J Virol 2018; 92:e01463-17. [PMID: 29167338 PMCID: PMC5790932 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01463-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus replication is associated with intracellular membrane rearrangements in infected cells, resulting in the formation of double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) and other membranous structures that are referred to as replicative organelles (ROs). The latter provide a structural scaffold for viral replication/transcription complexes (RTCs) and help to sequester RTC components from recognition by cellular factors involved in antiviral host responses. There is increasing evidence that plus-strand RNA (+RNA) virus replication, including RO formation and virion morphogenesis, affects cellular lipid metabolism and critically depends on enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and processing. Here, we investigated the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) in coronavirus replication using a low-molecular-weight nonpeptidic inhibitor, pyrrolidine-2 (Py-2). The inhibition of cPLA2α activity, which produces lysophospholipids (LPLs) by cleaving at the sn-2 position of phospholipids, had profound effects on viral RNA and protein accumulation in human coronavirus 229E-infected Huh-7 cells. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that DMV formation in infected cells was significantly reduced in the presence of the inhibitor. Furthermore, we found that (i) viral RTCs colocalized with LPL-containing membranes, (ii) cellular LPL concentrations were increased in coronavirus-infected cells, and (iii) this increase was diminished in the presence of the cPLA2α inhibitor Py-2. Py-2 also displayed antiviral activities against other viruses representing the Coronaviridae and Togaviridae families, while members of the Picornaviridae were not affected. Taken together, the study provides evidence that cPLA2α activity is critically involved in the replication of various +RNA virus families and may thus represent a candidate target for broad-spectrum antiviral drug development.IMPORTANCE Examples of highly conserved RNA virus proteins that qualify as drug targets for broad-spectrum antivirals remain scarce, resulting in increased efforts to identify and specifically inhibit cellular functions that are essential for the replication of RNA viruses belonging to different genera and families. The present study supports and extends previous conclusions that enzymes involved in cellular lipid metabolism may be tractable targets for broad-spectrum antivirals. We obtained evidence to show that a cellular phospholipase, cPLA2α, which releases fatty acid from the sn-2 position of membrane-associated glycerophospholipids, is critically involved in coronavirus replication, most likely by producing lysophospholipids that are required to form the specialized membrane compartments in which viral RNA synthesis takes place. The importance of this enzyme in coronavirus replication and DMV formation is supported by several lines of evidence, including confocal and electron microscopy, viral replication, and lipidomics studies of coronavirus-infected cells treated with a highly specific cPLA2α inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Hardt
- Imaging Unit, Biomedical Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Area Infection, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Bioscience, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - John Ziebuhr
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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28
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Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Induces Autophagy to Benefit Its Replication. Viruses 2017; 9:v9030053. [PMID: 28335505 PMCID: PMC5371808 DOI: 10.3390/v9030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The new porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) has caused devastating economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Despite extensive research on the relationship between autophagy and virus infection, the concrete role of autophagy in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection has not been reported. In this study, autophagy was demonstrated to be triggered by the effective replication of PEDV through transmission electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and Western blot analysis. Moreover, autophagy was confirmed to benefit PEDV replication by using autophagy regulators and RNA interference. Furthermore, autophagy might be associated with the expression of inflammatory cytokines and have a positive feedback loop with the NF-κB signaling pathway during PEDV infection. This work is the first attempt to explore the complex interplay between autophagy and PEDV infection. Our findings might accelerate our understanding of the pathogenesis of PEDV infection and provide new insights into the development of effective therapeutic strategies.
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29
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Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Subverts Autophagic Vacuoles To Promote Viral Maturation and Release. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01883-16. [PMID: 27974565 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01883-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy functions as an intrinsic antiviral defense. However, some viruses can subvert or even enhance host autophagic machinery to increase viral replication and pathogenesis. The role of autophagy during avibirnavirus infection, especially late stage infection, remains unclear. In this study, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was used to investigate the role of autophagy in avibirnavirus replication. We demonstrated IBDV induction of autophagy as a significant increase in puncta of LC3+ autophagosomes, endogenous levels of LC3-II, and ultrastructural characteristics typical of autophagosomes during the late stage of infection. Induction of autophagy enhances IBDV replication, whereas inhibition of autophagy impairs viral replication. We also demonstrated that IBDV infection induced autophagosome-lysosome fusion, but without active degradation of their contents. Moreover, inhibition of fusion or of lysosomal hydrolysis activity significantly reduced viral replication, indicating that virions utilized the low-pH environment of acidic organelles to facilitate viral maturation. Using immuno-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we observed that a large number of intact IBDV virions were arranged in a lattice surrounded by p62 proteins, some of which lay between virions. Additionally, many virions were encapsulated within the vesicular membranes, with an obvious release stage observed by TEM. The autophagic endosomal pathway facilitates low-pH-mediated maturation of viral proteins and membrane-mediated release of progeny virions.IMPORTANCE IBDV is the most extensively studied virus in terms of molecular characteristics and pathogenesis; however, mechanisms underlying the IBDV life cycle require further exploration. The present study demonstrated that autophagy enhances viral replication at the late stage of infection, and the autophagy pathway facilitates IBDV replication complex function and virus assembly, which is critical to completion of the virus life cycle. Moreover, the virus hijacks the autophagic vacuoles to mature in an acidic environment and release progeny virions in a membrane-mediated cell-to-cell manner. This autophagic endosomal pathway is proposed as a new mechanism that facilitates IBDV maturation, release, and reinternalization. This report presents a concordance in exit strategies among some RNA and DNA viruses, which exploit autophagy pathway for their release from cells.
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30
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van der Hoeven B, Oudshoorn D, Koster AJ, Snijder EJ, Kikkert M, Bárcena M. Biogenesis and architecture of arterivirus replication organelles. Virus Res 2016; 220:70-90. [PMID: 27071852 PMCID: PMC7111217 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arterivirus RNA synthesis presumably is associated with double-membrane vesicles (DMVs). Putative intermediates in DMV formation were detected in infected cells. Arterivirus-induced DMVs form a highly interconnected reticulovesicular network (RVN). Expression of the nsp2-3 replicase polyprotein fragment induces a comparable RVN. Nsp2-7 expression results in smaller DMVs, closer in size to DMVs found in infection.
All eukaryotic positive-stranded RNA (+RNA) viruses appropriate host cell membranes and transform them into replication organelles, specialized micro-environments that are thought to support viral RNA synthesis. Arteriviruses (order Nidovirales) belong to the subset of +RNA viruses that induce double-membrane vesicles (DMVs), similar to the structures induced by e.g. coronaviruses, picornaviruses and hepatitis C virus. In the last years, electron tomography has revealed substantial differences between the structures induced by these different virus groups. Arterivirus-induced DMVs appear to be closed compartments that are continuous with endoplasmic reticulum membranes, thus forming an extensive reticulovesicular network (RVN) of intriguing complexity. This RVN is remarkably similar to that described for the distantly related coronaviruses (also order Nidovirales) and sets them apart from other DMV-inducing viruses analysed to date. We review here the current knowledge and open questions on arterivirus replication organelles and discuss them in the light of the latest studies on other DMV-inducing viruses, particularly coronaviruses. Using the equine arteritis virus (EAV) model system and electron tomography, we present new data regarding the biogenesis of arterivirus-induced DMVs and uncover numerous putative intermediates in DMV formation. We generated cell lines that can be induced to express specific EAV replicase proteins and showed that DMVs induced by the transmembrane proteins nsp2 and nsp3 form an RVN and are comparable in topology and architecture to those formed during viral infection. Co-expression of the third EAV transmembrane protein (nsp5), expressed as part of a self-cleaving polypeptide that mimics viral polyprotein processing in infected cells, led to the formation of DMVs whose size was more homogenous and closer to what is observed upon EAV infection, suggesting a regulatory role for nsp5 in modulating membrane curvature and DMV formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara van der Hoeven
- Electron Microscopy Section, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diede Oudshoorn
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham J Koster
- Electron Microscopy Section, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J Snijder
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Montserrat Bárcena
- Electron Microscopy Section, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Guo L, Yu H, Gu W, Luo X, Li R, Zhang J, Xu Y, Yang L, Shen N, Feng L, Wang Y. Autophagy Negatively Regulates Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus Replication. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23864. [PMID: 27029407 PMCID: PMC4814908 DOI: 10.1038/srep23864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily ancient pathway that has been shown to be important in the innate immune defense against several viruses. However, little is known about the regulatory role of autophagy in transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) replication. In this study, we found that TGEV infection increased the number of autophagosome-like double- and single-membrane vesicles in the cytoplasm of host cells, a phenomenon that is known to be related to autophagy. In addition, virus replication was required for the increased amount of the autophagosome marker protein LC3-II. Autophagic flux occurred in TGEV-infected cells, suggesting that TGEV infection triggered a complete autophagic response. When autophagy was pharmacologically inhibited by wortmannin or LY294002, TGEV replication increased. The increase in virus yield via autophagy inhibition was further confirmed by the use of siRNA duplexes, through which three proteins required for autophagy were depleted. Furthermore, TGEV replication was inhibited when autophagy was activated by rapamycin. The antiviral response of autophagy was confirmed by using siRNA to reduce the expression of gene p300, which otherwise inhibits autophagy. Together, the results indicate that TGEV infection activates autophagy and that autophagy then inhibits further TGEV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Haidong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Weike Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Weihong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaolei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ren Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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32
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V'kovski P, Al-Mulla H, Thiel V, Neuman BW. New insights on the role of paired membrane structures in coronavirus replication. Virus Res 2014; 202:33-40. [PMID: 25550072 PMCID: PMC7114427 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus replication is tied to formation of double-membrane organelles (DMOs). DMO-making genes are conserved across the Nidovirales. Here, we interpret recent experiments on the role and importance of coronavirus DMOs.
The replication of coronaviruses, as in other positive-strand RNA viruses, is closely tied to the formation of membrane-bound replicative organelles inside infected cells. The proteins responsible for rearranging cellular membranes to form the organelles are conserved not just among the Coronaviridae family members, but across the order Nidovirales. Taken together, these observations suggest that the coronavirus replicative organelle plays an important role in viral replication, perhaps facilitating the production or protection of viral RNA. However, the exact nature of this role, and the specific contexts under which it is important have not been fully elucidated. Here, we collect and interpret the recent experimental evidence about the role and importance of membrane-bound organelles in coronavirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip V'kovski
- Federal Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hawaa Al-Mulla
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom; University of Baghdad, College of Science, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Volker Thiel
- Federal Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Bern, Switzerland; Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Benjamin W Neuman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom.
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Coronavirus membrane-associated papain-like proteases induce autophagy through interacting with Beclin1 to negatively regulate antiviral innate immunity. Protein Cell 2014; 5:912-27. [PMID: 25311841 PMCID: PMC4259884 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays important roles in modulating viral replication and antiviral immune response. Coronavirus infection is associated with the autophagic process, however, little is known about the mechanisms of autophagy induction and its contribution to coronavirus regulation of host innate responses. Here, we show that the membrane-associated papain-like protease PLP2 (PLP2-TM) of coronaviruses acts as a novel autophagy-inducing protein. Intriguingly, PLP2-TM induces incomplete autophagy process by increasing the accumulation of autophagosomes but blocking the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Furthermore, PLP2-TM interacts with the key autophagy regulators, LC3 and Beclin1, and promotes Beclin1 interaction with STING, the key regulator for antiviral IFN signaling. Finally, knockdown of Beclin1 partially reverses PLP2-TM's inhibitory effect on innate immunity which resulting in decreased coronavirus replication. These results suggested that coronavirus papain-like protease induces incomplete autophagy by interacting with Beclin1, which in turn modulates coronavirus replication and antiviral innate immunity.
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34
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Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular response to starvation that generates autophagosomes to carry long-lived proteins and cellular organelles to lysosomes for degradation. Activation of autophagy by viruses can provide an innate defense against infection, and for (+) strand RNA viruses autophagosomes can facilitate assembly of replicase proteins. We demonstrated that nonstructural protein (NSP) 6 of the avian coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), generates autophagosomes from the ER. A statistical analysis of MAP1LC3B puncta showed that NSP6 induced greater numbers of autophagosomes per cell compared with starvation, but the autophagosomes induced by NSP6 had smaller diameters compared with starvation controls. Small diameter autophagosomes were also induced by infection of cells with IBV, and by NSP6 proteins of MHV and SARS and NSP5, NSP6, and NSP7 of arterivirus PRRSV. Analysis of WIPI2 puncta induced by NSP6 suggests that NSP6 limits autophagosome diameter at the point of omegasome formation. IBV NSP6 also limited autophagosome and omegasome expansion in response to starvation and Torin1 and could therefore limit the size of autophagosomes induced following inhibition of MTOR signaling, as well as those induced independently by the NSP6 protein itself. MAP1LC3B-puncta induced by NSP6 contained SQSTM1, which suggests they can incorporate autophagy cargos. However, NSP6 inhibited the autophagosome/lysosome expansion normally seen following starvation. Taken together the results show that coronavirus NSP6 proteins limit autophagosome expansion, whether they are induced directly by the NSP6 protein, or indirectly by starvation or chemical inhibition of MTOR signaling. This may favor coronavirus infection by compromising the ability of autophagosomes to deliver viral components to lysosomes for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Wileman
- Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
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