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Uśpieński T, Niewiadomski P. The Proteasome and Cul3-Dependent Protein Ubiquitination Is Required for Gli Protein-Mediated Activation of Gene Expression in the Hedgehog Pathway. Cells 2024; 13:1496. [PMID: 39273066 PMCID: PMC11394618 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Many cellular processes are regulated by proteasome-mediated protein degradation, including regulation of signaling pathways and gene expression. Among the pathways regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system is the Hedgehog pathway and its downstream effectors, the Gli transcription factors. Here we provide evidence that proteasomal activity is necessary for maintaining the activation of the Hedgehog pathway, and this crucial event takes place at the level of Gli proteins. We undertook extensive work to demonstrate the specificity of the observed phenomenon by ruling out the involvement of primary cilium, impaired nuclear import, failed dissociation from Sufu, microtubule stabilization, and stabilization of Gli repressor forms. Moreover, we showed that proteasomal-inhibition-mediated Hedgehog pathway downregulation is not restricted to the NIH-3T3 cell line. We demonstrated, using CRISPR/Ca9 mutagenesis, that neither Gli1, Gli2, nor Gli3 are solely responsible for the Hedgehog pathway downregulation upon proteasome inhibitor treatment, and that Cul3 KO renders the same phenotype. Finally, we report two novel E3 ubiquitin ligases, Btbd9 and Kctd3, known Cul3 interactors, as positive Hedgehog pathway regulators. Our data pave the way for a better understanding of the regulation of gene expression and the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Uśpieński
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Niewiadomski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Zárate AM, Espinosa-Bustos C, Guerrero S, Fierro A, Oyarzún-Ampuero F, Quest AFG, Di Marcotullio L, Loricchio E, Caimano M, Calcaterra A, González-Quiroz M, Aguirre A, Meléndez J, Salas CO. A New Smoothened Antagonist Bearing the Purine Scaffold Shows Antitumour Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8372. [PMID: 34445078 PMCID: PMC8395040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Smoothened (SMO) receptor is the most druggable target in the Hedgehog (HH) pathway for anticancer compounds. However, SMO antagonists such as vismodegib rapidly develop drug resistance. In this study, new SMO antagonists having the versatile purine ring as a scaffold were designed, synthesised, and biologically tested to provide an insight to their mechanism of action. Compound 4s was the most active and the best inhibitor of cell growth and selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells. 4s induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, a reduction in colony formation and downregulation of PTCH and GLI1 expression. BODIPY-cyclopamine displacement assays confirmed 4s is a SMO antagonist. In vivo, 4s strongly inhibited tumour relapse and metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. In vitro, 4s was more efficient than vismodegib to induce apoptosis in human cancer cells and that might be attributed to its dual ability to function as a SMO antagonist and apoptosis inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Zárate
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile; (A.M.Z.); (A.F.)
| | - Christian Espinosa-Bustos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile;
| | - Simón Guerrero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.G.); (F.O.-A.); (A.F.G.Q.)
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad SEK (I3CBSEK), Fernando Manterola 0789, Providencia, Santiago 7520317, Chile
| | - Angélica Fierro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile; (A.M.Z.); (A.F.)
| | - Felipe Oyarzún-Ampuero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.G.); (F.O.-A.); (A.F.G.Q.)
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Andrew F. G. Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.G.); (F.O.-A.); (A.F.G.Q.)
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Laboratory Affiliated to Insituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elena Loricchio
- Center For Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Miriam Caimano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Matías González-Quiroz
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Adam Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Rancagua 878, Lower Fifth Floor, Providencia, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Jaime Meléndez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile;
| | - Cristian O. Salas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile; (A.M.Z.); (A.F.)
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3
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New insights into the GDF9-Hedgehog-GLI signaling pathway in human ovaries: from fetus to postmenopause. J Assist Reprod Genet 2021; 38:1387-1403. [PMID: 33772413 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02161-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION Are glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1, 2, and 3 (GLI1, 2, and 3) and protein patched homolog 1 (PTCH1) specific markers for precursor theca cells in human ovaries as in mouse ovaries? DESIGN To study the GDF9-HH-GLI pathway and assess whether GLI1 and 3 and PTCH1 are specific markers for precursor theca cells in the human ovary, growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), Indian Hedgehog (IHH), Desert Hedgehog (DHH), Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), PTCH1 and GLI1, 2 and 3 were investigated in fetal (n=9), prepubertal (n=9), reproductive-age (n=15), and postmenopausal (n=8) human ovarian tissue. Immunohistochemistry against GDF9, IHH, DHH, SHH, PTCH1, GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 was performed on human ovarian tissue sections fixed in 4% formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Western blotting was carried out on extracted proteins from the same samples used in the previous step to prove the antibodies' specificity. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify mRNA levels for Gdf9, Ihh, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3 in menopausal ovaries. RESULTS Our results showed that, in contrast to mice, all studied proteins were expressed in primordial follicles of fetal, prepubertal, and reproductive-age human ovaries and stromal cells of reproductive-age and postmenopausal ovaries. Intriguingly, Gdf9, Ihh, and Gli3 mRNA, but not Gli1 and 2, was detected in postmenopausal ovaries. Moreover, GLI1, GLI3, and PTCH1 are not limited to a specific population of cells. They were spread throughout the organ, which means they are not specific markers for precursor theca cells in human ovaries. CONCLUSION These results could provide a basis for understanding how this pathway modulates follicle development and ovarian cell steroidogenesis in human ovaries.
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DUBs Activating the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061518. [PMID: 32531973 PMCID: PMC7352588 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway governs cell proliferation and patterning during embryonic development and is involved in regeneration, homeostasis and stem cell maintenance in adult tissues. The activity of this signaling is finely modulated at multiple levels and its dysregulation contributes to the onset of several human cancers. Ubiquitylation is a coordinated post-translational modification that controls a wide range of cellular functions and signaling transduction pathways. It is mediated by a sequential enzymatic network, in which ubiquitin ligases (E3) and deubiquitylase (DUBs) proteins are the main actors. The dynamic balance of the activity of these enzymes dictates the abundance and the fate of cellular proteins, thus affecting both physiological and pathological processes. Several E3 ligases regulating the stability and activity of the key components of the HH pathway have been identified. Further, DUBs have emerged as novel players in HH signaling transduction, resulting as attractive and promising drug targets. Here, we review the HH-associated DUBs, discussing the consequences of deubiquitylation on the maintenance of the HH pathway activity and its implication in tumorigenesis. We also report the recent progress in the development of selective inhibitors for the DUBs here reviewed, with potential applications for the treatment of HH-related tumors.
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5
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Pelullo M, Zema S, Nardozza F, Checquolo S, Screpanti I, Bellavia D. Wnt, Notch, and TGF-β Pathways Impinge on Hedgehog Signaling Complexity: An Open Window on Cancer. Front Genet 2019; 10:711. [PMID: 31552081 PMCID: PMC6736567 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is associated with increased risk of developing several malignancies. The biological and pathogenic importance of Hh signaling emphasizes the need to control its action tightly, both physiologically and therapeutically. Evidence of crosstalk between Hh and other signaling pathways is reported in many tumor types. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge about the communication between Hh and major signaling pathways, such as Notch, Wnt, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which play critical roles in both embryonic and adult life. When these pathways are unbalanced, impaired crosstalk contributes to disease development. It is reported that more than one of these pathways are active in different type of tumors, at the same time. Therefore, starting from a plethora of stimuli that activate multiple signaling pathways, we describe the signals that preferentially converge on the Hh signaling cascade that influence its activity. Moreover, we highlight several connection points between Hh and Notch, Wnt, or TGF-β pathways, showing a reciprocal synergism that contributes to tumorigenesis, supporting a more malignant behavior by tumor cells, such as in leukemia and brain tumors. Understanding the importance of these molecular interlinking networks will provide a rational basis for combined anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pelullo
- Center of Life Nano Science Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Zema
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Saula Checquolo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University, Latina, Italy
| | | | - Diana Bellavia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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ERAP1 promotes Hedgehog-dependent tumorigenesis by controlling USP47-mediated degradation of βTrCP. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3304. [PMID: 31341163 PMCID: PMC6656771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is essential for embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant Hh signaling may occur in a wide range of human cancers, such as medulloblastoma, the most common brain malignancy in childhood. Here, we identify endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1), a key regulator of innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses, as a previously unknown player in the Hh signaling pathway. We demonstrate that ERAP1 binds the deubiquitylase enzyme USP47, displaces the USP47-associated βTrCP, the substrate-receptor subunit of the SCFβTrCP ubiquitin ligase, and promotes βTrCP degradation. These events result in the modulation of Gli transcription factors, the final effectors of the Hh pathway, and the enhancement of Hh activity. Remarkably, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of ERAP1 suppresses Hh-dependent tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Our findings unveil an unexpected role for ERAP1 in cancer and indicate ERAP1 as a promising therapeutic target for Hh-driven tumors. ERAP1 is an endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase that trims MHC Class-I peptides for antigen presentation. Here, the authors show that ERAP1 enhances Hedgehog signalling by sequestering USP47 from βTrCP and promoting tumorigenesis through βTrCP degradation and increased Gli protein stability.
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7
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Regulation of Gli2 stability by deubiquitinase OTUB2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:113-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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8
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Wang X, Fang Z, Wang A, Luo C, Cheng X, Lu M. Lithium Suppresses Hedgehog Signaling via Promoting ITCH E3 Ligase Activity and Gli1-SUFU Interaction in PDA Cells. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:820. [PMID: 29249966 PMCID: PMC5715333 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of the hallmarks of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Lithium, a clinical mood stabilizer for the treatment of mental disorders, is known to suppress tumorigenic potential of PDA cells by targeting the Hh/Gli signaling pathway. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of lithium induced down-regulation of Hh/Gli1. Our data show that lithium promotes the poly-ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of Gli1 through activating E3 ligase ITCH. Additionally, lithium enhances interaction between Gli1 and SUFU via suppressing GSK3β, which phosphorylates SUFU and destabilizes the SUFU-Gli1 inhibitory complex. Our studies illustrate a novel mechanism by which lithium suppresses Hh signaling via simultaneously promoting ITCH-dependent Gli1 ubiquitination/degradation and SUFU-mediated Gli1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijian Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Anlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Meiling Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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9
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Liu N, Liu X, Yu Q, Chen X, Ding Y, He J, Gao R, Wang Y, Liu X. SPOP Regulates Endometrial Stromal Cell Decidualization in Mice. Reprod Sci 2016; 23:1565-1574. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116648215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiubo Yu
- Molecular Medical Laboratory, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubin Ding
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junlin He
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rufei Gao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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Huo X, Li S, Shi T, Suo A, Ruan Z, Guo H, Yao Y. Cullin3 promotes breast cancer cells metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting BRMS1 for degradation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41959-75. [PMID: 26544623 PMCID: PMC4747201 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of death in breast cancer (BC) patients. However, until now, the mechanisms of BC metastasis remain elusive. Cullin3 is a highly conserved Cullin family member present in the genomes of all eukaryotes, which has been proposed as an oncogene in many types of tumors; however, its role and underlying mechanisms in BC remain unclear. Here we show that Cullin3 is elevated in BC and its expression level is positively correlated with metastasis. Overexpression of Cullin3 in BC cells increased proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration and invasion in vitro, and enhanced tumorigenic and metastatic capacities in vivo. In contrast, silencing Cullin3 in aggressive and invasive BC cells inhibited these processes. Mechanistically, we found Cullin3 exerts its function through promoting BRMS1 protein degradation, which was associated with EMT, migration and invasion. BRMS1 overexpression blocked Cullin3-driven EMT, and metastasis. Our results, for the first time, portray a pivotal role of Cullin3 in stimulating metastatic behaviors of BC cells. Targeting Cullin3 may thus be a useful strategy to impede BC cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongwei Huo
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Suoni Li
- Department of Oncology, Shaanxi Province Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Tingting Shi
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Aili Suo
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Zhiping Ruan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
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11
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Gou Y, Zhang T, Xu J. Transcription Factors in Craniofacial Development: From Receptor Signaling to Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:377-410. [PMID: 26589933 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial morphogenesis is driven by spatial-temporal terrains of gene expression, which give rise to stereotypical pattern formation. Transcription factors are key cellular components that control these gene expressions. They are information hubs that integrate inputs from extracellular factors and environmental cues, direct epigenetic modifications, and define transcriptional status. These activities allow transcription factors to confer specificity and potency to transcription regulation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tingwei Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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12
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Targeting GLI factors to inhibit the Hedgehog pathway. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:547-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Hsia EYC, Gui Y, Zheng X. Regulation of Hedgehog signaling by ubiquitination. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2015; 10:203-220. [PMID: 26366162 PMCID: PMC4564008 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-015-1343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays crucial roles both in embryonic development and in adult stem cell function. The timing, duration and location of Hh signaling activity need to be tightly controlled. Abnormalities of Hh signal transduction lead to birth defects or malignant tumors. Recent data point to ubiquitination-related posttranslational modifications of several key Hh pathway components as an important mechanism of regulation of the Hh pathway. Here we review how ubiquitination regulates the localization, stability and activity of the key Hh signaling components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Y. C. Hsia
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Yirui Gui
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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14
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Belle VA, McDermott N, Meunier A, Marignol L. NUMB inhibition of NOTCH signalling as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2014; 11:499-507. [PMID: 25134838 PMCID: PMC5240474 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is among the most prevalent life-threatening cancers diagnosed in the male population today. Various methods have been exploited in an attempt to treat this disease but these treatments, alongside preventative tactics, have been insufficient to control mortality rates and have usually resulted in detrimental adverse events. An opportunity to devise more-specific and potentially more-effective approaches for the eradication of prostate tumours can be found by targeting specific biological pathways. NUMB (protein numb homologue), a key regulator of cell fate, represents an attractive, actionable target in prostate cancer. NUMB participates in the observed deregulation of NOTCH (neurogenic locus notch homologue protein) signalling in prostate tumours, and the NUMB-NOTCH interaction regulates cell fate. NUMB has potential both as a target for control of prostate tumorigenesis and as a biomarker for identification of patients with prostate cancer who are likely to benefit from NOTCH inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niamh McDermott
- Radiation and Urologic Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity and Prostate Molecular Oncology Research Group, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Armelle Meunier
- Radiation and Urologic Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity and Prostate Molecular Oncology Research Group, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Laure Marignol
- Radiation and Urologic Oncology, Applied Radiation Therapy Trinity and Prostate Molecular Oncology Research Group, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, James's Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
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15
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Wang G, Tang X, Chen Y, Cao J, Huang Q, Ling X, Ren W, Liu S, Wu Y, Ray L, Lin X. Hyperplastic discs differentially regulates the transcriptional outputs of hedgehog signaling. Mech Dev 2014; 133:117-25. [PMID: 24854243 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) acts as a morphogen to activate the transcription of diverse target genes via its downstream effector Cubitus interruptus (Ci). Currently, it is less understood how Ci recruits co-factors to activate transcription. Here we report that hyperplastic discs (hyd), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, can differentially regulate the transcriptional outputs of Hh signaling. We show that loss of Hyd activity caused upregulation of some, but not all of Hh target genes. Importantly, Hyd does not affect the stability of Ci. Our data suggest that Hyd differentially restrains the transcriptional activity of Ci via selective association with respective promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Tang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yujie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Wenyan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Songqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lorraine Ray
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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16
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Mazzà D, Infante P, Colicchia V, Greco A, Alfonsi R, Siler M, Antonucci L, Po A, De Smaele E, Ferretti E, Capalbo C, Bellavia D, Canettieri G, Giannini G, Screpanti I, Gulino A, Di Marcotullio L. PCAF ubiquitin ligase activity inhibits Hedgehog/Gli1 signaling in p53-dependent response to genotoxic stress. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1688-97. [PMID: 24013724 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates tissue development, and its aberrant activation is a leading cause of malignancies, including medulloblastoma (Mb). Hh-dependent tumorigenesis often occurs in synergy with other mechanisms, such as loss of p53, the master regulator of the DNA damage response. To date, little is known about mechanisms connecting DNA-damaging events to morphogen-dependent processes. Here, we show that genotoxic stress triggers a cascade of signals, culminating with inhibition of the activity of Gli1, the final transcriptional effector of Hh signaling. This inhibition is dependent on the p53-mediated elevation of the acetyltransferase p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF). Notably, we identify PCAF as a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase of Gli1. Indeed PCAF, but not a mutant with a deletion of its ubiquitination domain, represses Hh signaling in response to DNA damage by promoting Gli1 ubiquitination and its proteasome-dependent degradation. Restoring Gli1 levels rescues the growth arrest and apoptosis effect triggered by genotoxic drugs. Consistently, DNA-damaging agents fail to inhibit Gli1 activity in the absence of either p53 or PCAF. Finally, Mb samples from p53-null mice display low levels of PCAF and upregulation of Gli1 in vivo, suggesting PCAF as potential therapeutic target in Hh-dependent tumors. Together, our data define a mechanism of inactivation of a morphogenic signaling in response to genotoxic stress and unveil a p53/PCAF/Gli1 circuitry centered on PCAF that limits Gli1-enhanced mitogenic and prosurvival response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mazzà
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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17
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Coni S, Antonucci L, D'Amico D, Di Magno L, Infante P, De Smaele E, Giannini G, Di Marcotullio L, Screpanti I, Gulino A, Canettieri G. Gli2 acetylation at lysine 757 regulates hedgehog-dependent transcriptional output by preventing its promoter occupancy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65718. [PMID: 23762415 PMCID: PMC3675076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphogenic Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates postnatal cerebellar development and its aberrant activation leads to medulloblastoma. The transcription factors Gli1 and Gli2 are the activators of Hh pathway and their function is finely controlled by different covalent modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. We show here that Gli2 is endogenously acetylated and that this modification represents a key regulatory step for Hedgehog signaling. The histone acetyltransferase (HAT) coactivator p300, but not other HATs, acetylates Gli2 at the conserved lysine K757 thus inhibiting Hh target gene expression. By generating a specific anti acetyl-Gli2(Lys757) antisera we demonstrated that Gli2 acetylation is readily detectable at endogenous levels and is attenuated by Hh agonists. Moreover, Gli2 K757R mutant activity is higher than wild type Gli2 and is no longer enhanced by Hh agonists, indicating that acetylation represents an additional level of control for signal dependent activation. Consistently, in sections of developing mouse cerebella Gli2 acetylation correlates with the activation status of Hedgehog signaling. Mechanistically, acetylation at K757 prevents Gli2 entry into chromatin. Together, these data illustrate a novel mechanism of regulation of the Hh signaling whereby, in concert with Gli1, Gli2 acetylation functions as a key transcriptional checkpoint in the control of morphogen-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Coni
- CNRS UMR 7277, Inserm 1091, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Centre de Biochimie, Nice, France
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Laura Antonucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide D'Amico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Di Magno
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Infante
- Center for Life Nano, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, ItalyScience@Sapienza
- * E-mail: (AG); (GC)
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, ItalyScience@Sapienza
- * E-mail: (AG); (GC)
| | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
- * E-mail: (AG); (GC)
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (AG); (GC)
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18
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Voutsadakis IA. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and signal transduction pathways regulating Epithelial Mesenchymal transition of cancer. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:67. [PMID: 22827778 PMCID: PMC3418218 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to Mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer, a process permitting cancer cells to become mobile and metastatic, has a signaling hardwire forged from development. Multiple signaling pathways that regulate carcinogenesis enabling characteristics in neoplastic cells such as proliferation, resistance to apoptosis and angiogenesis are also the main players in EMT. These pathways, as almost all cellular processes, are in their turn regulated by ubiquitination and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS). Ubiquitination is the covalent link of target proteins with the small protein ubiquitin and serves as a signal to target protein degradation by the proteasome or to other outcomes such as endocytosis, degradation by the lysosome or specification of cellular localization. This paper reviews signal transduction pathways regulating EMT and being regulated by ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, BH06, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Bugnon 46, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland.
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19
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Huang GJ, He Z, Ma L. ZFP932 suppresses cellular Hedgehog response and Patched1 transcription. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 88:309-32. [PMID: 22391310 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394622-5.00014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Substantial amount of research has been devoted to the understanding of hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction in the past two decades. Although significant progresses have been made on the understanding of individual signaling components of this pathway, the transcriptional regulation of these components is not as well understood. We have recently characterized a novel Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) domain containing zinc finger transcription factor ZFP932 (formerly known as ZNF431) and showed that it transcriptionally regulates several components of the Hh pathway. ZFP932 is part of the largest KRAB-domain zinc finger transcription factor family in the mammalian genome. However, the in vivo functions for the majority of these transcription factors as well as their downstream targets are not fully understood. ZFP932 is a nuclear KRAB-domain zinc finger transcriptional repressor that recruits HDACs to target promoters. Using the embryonic limb mesenchymal cell line MPLB, we uncovered many potential targets for ZFP932. Among them, Patched1 (Ptch1) was found to be a direct transcriptional target of ZFP932. Promoter analyses using reporter assays as well as electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed three ZFP932 binding sites in the Ptch1 proximal promoter which are bound by ZFP932 in vivo as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Consistently, overexpression of ZFP932 either in MPLB cells or in Xenopus and mouse embryos strongly repressed Ptch1 expression. Conversely, shRNA knockdown of Zfp932 in MPLB cells elevated Ptch1 expression. In addition to regulating Ptch1 transcription, we demonstrated that ZFP932 also regulates hedgehog signaling as Hh pathway readouts are reduced in ZFP932 overexpression and elevated in ZFP932 knockdown MPLB cells. Moreover, perturbation of ZFP932 expression in C3H10T1/2 cells affected Hh-induced osteoblast differentiation. Together, these results implicate ZFP932 in Hh signaling by transcriptionally regulating Hh signal component expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jason Huang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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20
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Abstract
The discovery of a Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in the mature vertebrate CNS has paved the way to the characterization of the functional roles of Shh signals in normal and diseased brain. Shh is proposed to participate in the establishment and maintenance of adult neurogenic niches and to regulate the proliferation of neuronal or glial precursors in several brain areas. Consistent with its role during brain development, misregulation of Shh signaling is associated with tumorigenesis while its recruitement in damaged neural tissue might be part of the regenerating process. This review focuses on the most recent data of the Hedgehog pathway in the adult brain and its relevance as a novel therapeutic approach for brain diseases including brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Traiffort
- CNRS, Alfred Fessard Institute of Neurobiology, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Development, UPR-3294, Signal Transduction and Developmental Neuropharmacology Team, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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21
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Stecca B, Ruiz i Altaba A. Context-dependent regulation of the GLI code in cancer by HEDGEHOG and non-HEDGEHOG signals. J Mol Cell Biol 2010; 2:84-95. [PMID: 20083481 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjp052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A surprisingly large and unrelated number of human tumors depend on sustained HEDGEHOG-GLI (HH-GLI) signaling for growth. This includes cancers of the skin, brain, colon, lungs, prostate, blood and pancreas among others. The basis of such commonality is not obvious. HH-GLI signaling has also been shown to be active in and required for cancer stem cell survival and expansion in different cancer types, and its activity is essential not only for tumor growth but also for recurrence and metastatic growth, two key medical problems. Here we review recent data on the role of HH-GLI signaling in cancer focusing on the role of the GLI code, the regulated combinatorial and cooperative function of repressive and activating forms of all Gli transcription factors, as a signaling nexus that integrates not only HH signals but also those of multiple tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Recent data support the view that the context-dependent regulation of the GLI code by oncogenes and tumor suppressors constitutes a basis for the widespread involvement of GLI1 in human cancers, representing a perversion of its normal role in the control of stem cell lineages during normal development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stecca
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
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22
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Chen MH, Wilson CW, Li YJ, Law KKL, Lu CS, Gacayan R, Zhang X, Hui CC, Chuang PT. Cilium-independent regulation of Gli protein function by Sufu in Hedgehog signaling is evolutionarily conserved. Genes Dev 2009; 23:1910-28. [PMID: 19684112 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1794109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A central question in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is how evolutionarily conserved components of the pathway might use the primary cilium in mammals but not fly. We focus on Suppressor of fused (Sufu), a major Hh regulator in mammals, and reveal that Sufu controls protein levels of full-length Gli transcription factors, thus affecting the production of Gli activators and repressors essential for graded Hh responses. Surprisingly, despite ciliary localization of most Hh pathway components, regulation of Gli protein levels by Sufu is cilium-independent. We propose that Sufu-dependent processes in Hh signaling are evolutionarily conserved. Consistent with this, Sufu regulates Gli protein levels by antagonizing the activity of Spop, a conserved Gli-degrading factor. Furthermore, addition of zebrafish or fly Sufu restores Gli protein function in Sufu-deficient mammalian cells. In contrast, fly Smo is unable to translocate to the primary cilium and activate the mammalian Hh pathway. We also uncover a novel positive role of Sufu in regulating Hh signaling, resulting from its control of both Gli activator and repressor function. Taken together, these studies delineate important aspects of cilium-dependent and cilium-independent Hh signal transduction and provide significant mechanistic insight into Hh signaling in diverse species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Hsueh Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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23
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Huang CJ, Lin WY, Chang CM, Choo KB. Transcription of the rat testis-specific Rtdpoz-T1 and -T2 retrogenes during embryo development: co-transcription and frequent exonisation of transposable element sequences. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:74. [PMID: 19630990 PMCID: PMC2724483 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retrotransposition is an important evolutionary force for the creation of new and potentially functional intronless genes which are collectively called retrogenes. Many retrogenes are expressed in the testis and the gene products have been shown to actively participate in spermatogenesis and other unique functions of the male germline. We have previously reported a cluster of retrogenes in the rat genome that encode putative TRAF- and POZ-domain proteins. Two of the genes, Rtdpoz-T1 and -T2 (abbreviated as T1 and T2), have further been shown to be expressed specifically in the rat testis. Results We show here that the T1 and T2 genes are also expressed in the rat embryo up to days 16–17 of development when the genes are silenced until being re-activated in the adult testis. On database interrogation, we find that some T1/T2 exons are chromosomally duplicated as cassettes of 2 or 3 exons consistent with retro-duplication. The embryonic T1/T2 transcripts, characterised by RT-PCR-cloning and rapid amplification of cDNA ends, are further found to have acquired one or more noncoding exons in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR). Most importantly, the T1/T2 locus is embedded within a dense field of relics of transposable element (TE) derived mainly from LINE1 and ERV sequences, and the TE sequences are frequently exonised through alternative splicing to form the 5'-UTR sequences of the T1/T2 transcripts. In a case of T1 transcript, the 3'-end is extended into and terminated within an L1 sequence. Since the two genes share a common exon 1 and are, therefore, regulated by a single promoter, a T2-to-T1 co-transcription model is proposed. We further demonstrate that the exonised 5'-UTR TE sequences could lead to the creation of upstream open reading frames resulting in translational repression. Conclusion Exonisation of TE sequences is a frequent event in the transcription of retrogenes during embryonic development and in the testis and may contribute to post-transcriptional regulation of expression of retrogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Jung Huang
- Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Chinese Culture University, Yang-Ming-Shan, Taipei, Taiwan.
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24
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Hu M, Yao J, Carroll DK, Weremowicz S, Chen H, Carrasco D, Richardson A, Violette S, Nikolskaya T, Nikolsky Y, Bauerlein EL, Hahn WC, Gelman RS, Allred C, Bissell MJ, Schnitt S, Polyak K. Regulation of in situ to invasive breast carcinoma transition. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:394-406. [PMID: 18455123 PMCID: PMC3705908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transition of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive carcinoma is a poorly understood key event in breast tumor progression. Here, we analyzed the role of myoepithelial cells and fibroblasts in the progression of in situ carcinomas using a model of human DCIS and primary breast tumors. Progression to invasion was promoted by fibroblasts and inhibited by normal myoepithelial cells. Molecular profiles of isolated luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells identified an intricate interaction network involving TGFbeta, Hedgehog, cell adhesion, and p63 required for myoepithelial cell differentiation, the elimination of which resulted in loss of myoepithelial cells and progression to invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Stanislawa Weremowicz
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Carrasco
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erica L. Bauerlein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William C. Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Gelman
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Craig Allred
- Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Mina J. Bissell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stuart Schnitt
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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25
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that E3 ubiquitin ligases play important roles in cancer development. In this article, we provide a comprehensive summary of the roles of the Nedd4-like family of E3 ubiquitin ligases in human cancer. There are nine members of the Nedd4-like E3 family, all of which share a similar structure, including a C2 domain at the N-terminus, two to four WW domains in the middle of the protein, and a homologous to E6-AP COOH terminus domain at the C-terminus. The assertion that Nedd4-like E3s play a role in cancer is supported by the overexpression of Smurf2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, WWP1 in prostate and breast cancer, Nedd4 in prostate and bladder cancer, and Smurf1 in pancreatic cancer. Because Nedd4-like E3s regulate ubiquitin-mediated trafficking, lysosomal or proteasomal degradation, and nuclear translocation of multiple proteins, they modulate important signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis like TGFbeta, EGF, IGF, VEGF, SDF-1, and TNFalpha. Additionally, several Nedd4-like E3s directly regulate various cancer-related transcription factors from the Smad, p53, KLF, RUNX, and Jun families. Interestingly, multiple Nedd4-like E3s show ligase independent function. Furthermore, Nedd4-like E3s themselves are frequently regulated by phosphorylation, ubiquitination, translocation, and transcription in cancer cells. Because the regulation and biological output of these E3s is such a complex process, study of the role of these E3s in cancer development poses some challenges. However, understanding the oncogenic potential of these E3s may facilitate the identification and development of biomarkers and drug targets in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceshi Chen
- The Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47, New Scotland Ave., Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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26
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Ruiz i Altaba A, Mas C, Stecca B. The Gli code: an information nexus regulating cell fate, stemness and cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2007; 17:438-47. [PMID: 17845852 PMCID: PMC2601665 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 06/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Gli code hypothesis postulates that the three vertebrate Gli transcription factors act together in responding cells to integrate intercellular Hedgehog (Hh) and other signaling inputs, resulting in the regulation of tissue pattern, size and shape. Hh and other inputs are then just ways to modify the Gli code. Recent data confirm this idea and suggest that the Gli code regulates stemness and also tumor progression and metastatic growth, opening exciting possibilities for both regenerative medicine and novel anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Ruiz i Altaba
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, 8242 CMU, University of Geneva Medical School, 1 rue Michel Servet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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27
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Intravenous and oral practolol in the acute stages of myocardial infarction. Cells 1978; 8:cells8020098. [PMID: 30699938 PMCID: PMC6407099 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of routine administration of the beta adrenoceptor blocking drug practolol on the outcome of acute myocardial infarction has been studied in 94 patients. The study was restricted to patients under the age of 70 experiencing their first myocardial infarction and in whom there was no contraindication to beta blockade. In the treated group an initial dose intravenous practolol 15 mg was followed by five oral doses of practolol 200 mg at 12 h intervals. A significant reduction in heart rate and systolic blood pressure was apparent in the treated group within 2 h. No difference was detectable in the course of the acute stage of the illness between treated and control patients, apart from a significant reduction in the incidence of atrial fibrillation among those receiving practolol. Patients with inferior infarctions showed a tendency to develop potentially harmful bradycardia and hypotension on receiving practolol which lead to withdrawal of the drug in many cases. At regular review over 7 mth no detectable difference emerged between the treated and control groups in the incidence of cardiac failure, death or reinfarction.
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