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Lo Re O, Douet J, Buschbeck M, Fusilli C, Pazienza V, Panebianco C, Castracani CC, Mazza T, Li Volti G, Vinciguerra M. Histone variant macroH2A1 rewires carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of hepatocellular carcinoma cells towards cancer stem cells. Epigenetics 2018; 13:829-845. [PMID: 30165787 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2018.1514239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) contain a sub-population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are responsible for tumor relapse, metastasis, and chemoresistance. We recently showed that loss of macroH2A1, a variant of the histone H2A and an epigenetic regulator of stem-cell function, in HCC leads to CSC-like features such as resistance to chemotherapeutic agents and growth of large and relatively undifferentiated tumors in xenograft models. These HCC cells silenced for macroH2A1 also exhibited stem-like metabolic changes consistent with enhanced glycolysis. However, there is no consensus as to the metabolic characteristics of CSCs that render them adaptable to microenvironmental changes by conveniently shifting energy production source or by acquiring intermediate metabolic phenotypes. Here, we assessed long-term proliferation, energy metabolism, and central carbon metabolism in human hepatoma HepG2 cells depleted in macroH2A1. MacroH2A1-depleted HepG2 cells were insensitive to serum exhaustion and showed two distinct, but interdependent changes in glucose and lipid metabolism in CSCs: (1) massive upregulation of acetyl-coA that is transformed into enhanced lipid content and (2) increased activation of the pentose phosphate pathway, diverting glycolytic intermediates to provide precursors for nucleotide synthesis. Integration of metabolomic analyses with RNA-Seq data revealed a critical role for the Liver X Receptor pathway, whose inhibition resulted in attenuated CSCs-like features. These findings shed light on the metabolic phenotype of epigenetically modified CSC-like hepatic cells, and highlight a potential approach for selective therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Lo Re
- a Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center , St'Anne University Hospital , Brno , Czech Republic.,b Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine , Masaryk University , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Julien Douet
- d Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias I Pujol , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Badalona , Spain.,e Programme of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer , Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP) , Badalona , Spain
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- d Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO-Germans Trias I Pujol , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Badalona , Spain.,e Programme of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer , Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP) , Badalona , Spain
| | - Caterina Fusilli
- c IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , UO of Bioinformatics , San Giovanni Rotondo , Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- f Gastroenterology unit , IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , San Giovanni Rotondo , Italy
| | - Concetta Panebianco
- f Gastroenterology unit , IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , San Giovanni Rotondo , Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Mazza
- c IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , UO of Bioinformatics , San Giovanni Rotondo , Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- g Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences , University of Catania , Catania , Italy
| | - Manlio Vinciguerra
- a Center for Translational Medicine, International Clinical Research Center , St'Anne University Hospital , Brno , Czech Republic.,h Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine , University College London (UCL) , London , UK
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Qa-2 expression levels is related with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes profile during solid Ehrlich tumor development. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:750-756. [PMID: 28591688 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Qa-2 has been described as Human Leucocyte Antigen G (HLA-G) murine homolog. This homology is well accepted to gene and protein structure, in different pathology process and embryos implantation. However, in some neoplasm, this homology is questioned, where Qa-2 has been proposed as an immunogenic molecule, associated to tumor rejection. In this way, the aim of this study was to describe the pattern of Qa-2 expression and its relationship with the profile of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in solid Ehrlich tumor. The Ehrlich tumor growth was evaluated in Balb/c female mice in different tumor stages. The inflammatory infiltration features were determined by histopathology and, both lymphocyte type and tissue Qa-2 expression by immunohistochemistry. ELISA kit was used to determine soluble Qa-2 in the serum from the animals. We observed that Qa-2 in neoplastic cells increases in intermediate tumor development stages, while, serum Qa-2 increases in the late stage. Qa-2 increasing is correlated with CD3+ increase. Our results suggest that Qa-2 has a role opposite to HLA-G in Ehrlich solid carcinoma, and may be modulating the immune response by attracting the inflammatory infiltrate, especially T CD8+ Lymphocytes.
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Wang SS, Jiang J, Liang XH, Tang YL. Links between cancer stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:2973-80. [PMID: 26527883 PMCID: PMC4621173 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s91863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been reported to be an important program that is often activated during the process of cancer invasion and metastasis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) that can initiate and maintain cancer are also involved in invasion and metastasis of cancer. Recently, insights into the molecular mechanisms and functional features of mesenchymal cells have been greatly colored by findings that some of them have been endowed with the self-renewal trait associated with normal tissue stem cells and CSCs. Among cancer cells experiencing EMT, only some of the most competent CSCs will succeed in planting in another organ. In this paper, we review the molecular mechanism behind the link of EMT and CSCs in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha-Sha Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ling Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China ; Department of Oral Pathology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Dean KC, Huang L, Chen Y, Lu X, Liu Y. An Rb1-dependent amplification loop between Ets1 and Zeb1 is evident in thymocyte differentiation and invasive lung adenocarcinoma. BMC Mol Biol 2015; 16:8. [PMID: 25880398 PMCID: PMC4364651 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-015-0038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ras pathway mutation leads to induction and Erk phosphorylation and activation of the Ets1 transcription factor. Ets1 in turn induces cyclin E and cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) 2 to drive cell cycle progression. Ets1 also induces expression of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factor Zeb1, and thereby links Ras mutation to EMT, which is thought to drive tumor invasion. Ras pathway mutations are detected by the Rb1 tumor suppression pathway, and mutation or inactivation of the Rb1 pathway is required for EMT. Results We examined linkage between Rb1, Ets1 and Zeb1. We found that an Rb1-E2F complex binds the Ets1 promoter and constitutively limits Ets1 expression. But, Rb1 repression of Zeb1 provides the major impact of Rb1 on Ets1 expression. We link Rb1 repression of Zeb1 to induction of miR-200 family members, which in turn target Ets1 mRNA. These findings suggest that Ets1 and Zeb1 comprise an amplification loop that is dependent upon miR-200 and regulated by Rb1. Thus, induction of Ets1 when the Rb1 pathway is lost may contribute to deregulated cell cycle progression through Ets1 induction of cyclin E and cdk2. Consistent with such an amplification loop, we correlate expression of Ets1 and Zeb1 in mouse and human lung adenocarcinoma. In addition we demonstrate that Ets1 expression in thymocytes is also dependent upon Zeb1. Conclusions Taken together, our results provide evidence of an Rb1-dependent Ets1-Zeb1 amplification loop in thymocyte differentiation and tumor invasion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12867-015-0038-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Dean
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,The Second Affiliated Hospital, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410011, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Yongqing Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, 301 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA. .,Birth Defects Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Stock C, Schwab A. Ion channels and transporters in metastasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:2638-46. [PMID: 25445667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An elaborate interplay between ion channels and transporters, components of the cytoskeleton, adhesion molecules, and signaling cascades provides the basis for each major step of the metastatic cascade. Ion channels and transporters contribute to cell motility by letting through or transporting ions essential for local Ca2+, pH and--in cooperation with water permeable aquaporins--volume homeostasis. Moreover, in addition to the actual ion transport they, or their auxiliary subunits, can display non-conducting activities. They can exert kinase activity in order to phosphorylate cytoskeletal constituents or their associates. They can become part of signaling processes by permeating Ca2+, by generating local pH-nanodomains or by being final downstream effectors. A number of channels and transporters are found at focal adhesions, interacting directly or indirectly with proteins of the extracellular matrix, with integrins or with components of the cytoskeleton. We also include the role of aquaporins in cell motility. They drive the outgrowth of lamellipodia/invadopodia or control the number of β1 integrins in the plasma membrane. The multitude of interacting ion channels and transporters (called transportome) including the associated signaling events holds great potential as therapeutic target(s) for anticancer agents that are aimed at preventing metastasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Poehlmann A, Reissig K, Schönfeld P, Walluscheck D, Schinlauer A, Hartig R, Lessel W, Guenther T, Silver A, Roessner A. Repeated H2 O2 exposure drives cell cycle progression in an in vitro model of ulcerative colitis. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1619-31. [PMID: 24118792 PMCID: PMC3914643 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) drives tumourigenesis in ulcerative colitis (UC). Recently, we showed that H2O2 activates DNA damage checkpoints in human colonic epithelial cells (HCEC) through c-Jun N-terminal Kinases (JNK) that induces p21WAF1. Moreover, caspases circumvented the G1/S and intra-S checkpoints, and cells accumulated in G2/M. The latter observation raised the question of whether repeated H2O2 exposures alter JNK activation, thereby promoting a direct passage of cells from G2/M arrest to driven cell cycle progression. Here, we report that increased proliferation of repeatedly H2O2-exposed HCEC cells (C-cell cultures) was associated with (i) increased phospho-p46 JNK, (ii) decreased total JNK and phospho-p54 JNK and (iii) p21WAF1 down-regulation. Altered JNK activation and p21WAF1 down-regulation were accompanied by defects in maintaining G2/M and mitotic spindle checkpoints through adaptation, as well as by apoptosis resistance following H2O2 exposure. This may cause increased proliferation of C-cell cultures, a defining initiating feature in the inflammation-carcinoma pathway in UC. We further suggest that dysregulated JNK activation is attributed to a non-apoptotic function of caspases, causing checkpoint adaptation in C-cell cultures. Additionally, loss of cell-contact inhibition and the overcoming of senescence, hallmarks of cancer, contributed to increased proliferation. Furthermore, there was evidence that p54 JNK inactivation is responsible for loss of cell-contact inhibition. We present a cellular model of UC and suggest a sinusoidal pattern of proliferation, which is triggered by H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species generation, involving an interplay between JNK activation/inactivation, p21WAF1, c-Fos, c-Jun/phospho-c-Jun, ATF2/phospho-ATF2, β-catenin/TCF4-signalling, c-Myc, CDK6 and Cyclin D2, leading to driven cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Poehlmann
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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7
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Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and pancreatic tumor cell lines: the role of neutrophils and neutrophil-derived elastase. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:720768. [PMID: 23227088 PMCID: PMC3514849 DOI: 10.1155/2012/720768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is frequently associated with fibrosis and a prominent inflammatory infiltrate in the desmoplastic stroma. Moreover, in PDAC, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is observed. To explore a possible connection between the infiltrating cells, particularly the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and the tumor cell transition, biopsies of patients with PDAC (n = 115) were analysed with regard to PMN infiltration and nuclear expression of β-catenin and of ZEB1, well-established indicators of EMT. In biopsies with a dense PMN infiltrate, a nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and of ZEB1 was observed. To address the question whether PMN could induce EMT, they were isolated from healthy donors and were cocultivated with pancreatic tumor cells grown as monolayers. Rapid dyshesion of the tumor cells was seen, most likely due to an elastase-mediated degradation of E-cadherin. In parallel, the transcription factor TWIST was upregulated, β-catenin translocated into the nucleus, ZEB1 appeared in the nucleus, and keratins were downregulated. EMT was also induced when the tumor cells were grown under conditions preventing attachment to the culture plates. Here, also in the absence of elastase, E-cadherin was downmodulated. PMN as well as prevention of adhesion induced EMT also in liver cancer cell line. In conclusion, PMN via elastase induce EMT in vitro, most likely due to the loss of cell-to-cell contact. Because in pancreatic cancers the transition to a mesenchymal phenotype coincides with the PMN infiltrate, a contribution of the inflammatory response to the induction of EMT and—by implication—to tumor progression is possible.
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McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Abrams SL, Montalto G, Cervello M, Nicoletti F, Fagone P, Malaponte G, Mazzarino MC, Candido S, Libra M, Bäsecke J, Mijatovic S, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Milella M, Tafuri A, Cocco L, Evangelisti C, Chiarini F, Martelli AM. Mutations and deregulation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades which alter therapy response. Oncotarget 2012; 3:954-87. [PMID: 23006971 PMCID: PMC3660063 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Certain components of these pathways, RAS, NF1, BRAF, MEK1, DUSP5, PP2A, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PIK3R4, PIK3R5, IRS4, AKT, NFKB1, MTOR, PTEN, TSC1, and TSC2 may also be activated/inactivated by mutations or epigenetic silencing. Upstream mutations in one signaling pathway or even in downstream components of the same pathway can alter the sensitivity of the cells to certain small molecule inhibitors. These pathways have profound effects on proliferative, apoptotic and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of components of these cascades can contribute to: resistance to other pathway inhibitors, chemotherapeutic drug resistance, premature aging as well as other diseases. This review will first describe these pathways and discuss how genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations can result in resistance to various inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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Piña Y, Houston SK, Murray TG, Koru-Sengul T, Decatur C, Scott WK, Nathanson L, Clarke J, Lampidis TJ. Retinoblastoma treatment: impact of the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose on molecular genomics expression in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumors. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6:817-30. [PMID: 22701083 PMCID: PMC3373226 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s29688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) on the spatial distribution of the genetic expression of key elements involved in angiogenesis, hypoxia, cellular metabolism, and apoptosis in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumors. METHODS The right eye of each LH(BETA)T(AG) transgenic mouse (n = 24) was treated with either two or six subconjunctival injections of 2-DG (500 mg/kg) or saline control at 16 weeks of age. A gene expression array analysis was performed on five different intratumoral regions (apex, center, base, anterior-lateral, and posterior-lateral) using Affymetrix GeneChip Mouse Gene 1.0 ST arrays. To test for treatment effects of each probe within each region, a two-way analysis of variance was used. RESULTS Significant differences between treatment groups (ie, 0, 2, and 6 injections) were found as well as differences among the five retinal tumor regions evaluated (P < 0.01). More than 100 genes were observed to be dysregulated by ≥2-fold difference in expression between the three treatment groups, and their dysregulation varied across the five regions assayed. Several genes involved in pathways important for tumor cell growth (ie, angiogenesis, hypoxia, cellular metabolism, and apoptosis) were identified. CONCLUSIONS 2-DG was found to significantly alter the gene expression in LH(BETA)T(AG) retinal tumor cells according to their location within the tumor as well as the treatment schedule. 2-DG's effects on genetic expression found here correlate with previous reported results on varied processes involved in its in vitro and in vivo activity in inhibiting tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Piña
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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10
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Ansieau S. EMT in breast cancer stem cell generation. Cancer Lett 2012; 338:63-8. [PMID: 22634497 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The concept of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been proposed to explain the ability of single disseminated cancer cells to reconstitute tumours with heterogeneity similar to that of the primary tumour they arise from. Although this concept is now commonly accepted, the origin of these CSCs remains a source of debate. First proposed to arise through stem/progenitor cell transformation, CSCs might also or alternatively arise from differentiated cancer cells through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), an embryonic transdifferentiation process. Using breast carcinomas as a study model, I propose revisiting the role of EMT in generating CSCs and the debate on potential underlying mechanisms and biological significance.
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Ansieau S, Courtois-Cox S, Morel AP, Puisieux A. Failsafe program escape and EMT: a deleterious partnership. Semin Cancer Biol 2011; 21:392-6. [PMID: 21986518 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a latent embryonic process which can be aberrantly reactivated during tumor progression. It is generally viewed as one of the main forces driving metastatic dissemination, by providing cells with invasive and motility capabilities. The aberrant reactivation of embryonic EMT inducers has now been additionally linked to escape from senescence and apoptosis, which suggests a role in tumor initiation. This oncogenic potential relies on the ability of EMT inducers to neutralize both the RB and p53 oncosuppressive pathways. RB and p53 have recently been described as key factors in the maintenance of epithelial morphology, which suggests an unexpected and intimate crosstalk between EMT and the corresponding safety programs. In this review, we attempt to understand how these two cell processes are interlinked and might facilitate cell transformation and tumor initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Ansieau
- Inserm UMR-S1052, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie, Lyon F-69008, France.
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12
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Chappell WH, Steelman LS, Long JM, Kempf RC, Abrams SL, Franklin RA, Bäsecke J, Stivala F, Donia M, Fagone P, Malaponte G, Mazzarino MC, Nicoletti F, Libra M, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Mijatovic S, Montalto G, Cervello M, Laidler P, Milella M, Tafuri A, Bonati A, Evangelisti C, Cocco L, Martelli AM, McCubrey JA. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR inhibitors: rationale and importance to inhibiting these pathways in human health. Oncotarget 2011; 2:135-64. [PMID: 21411864 PMCID: PMC3260807 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR cascades are often activated by genetic alterations in upstream signaling molecules such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Integral components of these pathways, Ras, B-Raf, PI3K, and PTEN are also activated/inactivated by mutations. These pathways have profound effects on proliferative, apoptotic and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of these pathways can contribute to chemotherapeutic drug resistance, proliferation of cancer initiating cells (CICs) and premature aging. This review will evaluate more recently described potential uses of MEK, PI3K, Akt and mTOR inhibitors in the proliferation of malignant cells, suppression of CICs, cellular senescence and prevention of aging. Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways play key roles in the regulation of normal and malignant cell growth. Inhibitors targeting these pathways have many potential uses from suppression of cancer, proliferative diseases as well as aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Chappell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
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13
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Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Abrams SL, Kempf RC, Long J, Laidler P, Mijatovic S, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Stivala F, Mazzarino MC, Donia M, Fagone P, Malaponte G, Nicoletti F, Libra M, Milella M, Tafuri A, Bonati A, Bäsecke J, Cocco L, Evangelisti C, Martelli AM, Montalto G, Cervello M, McCubrey JA. Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways in controlling growth and sensitivity to therapy-implications for cancer and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2011; 3:192-222. [PMID: 21422497 PMCID: PMC3091517 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated signaling through the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways is often the result of genetic alterations in critical components in these pathways or upstream activators. Unrestricted cellular proliferation and decreased sensitivity to apoptotic-inducing agents are typically associated with activation of these pro-survival pathways. This review discusses the functions these pathways have in normal and neoplastic tissue growth and how they contribute to resistance to apoptotic stimuli. Crosstalk and commonly identified mutations that occur within these pathways that contribute to abnormal activation and cancer growth will also be addressed. Finally the recently described roles of these pathways in cancer stem cells, cellular senescence and aging will be evaluated. Controlling the expression of these pathways could ameliorate human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
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