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Pan W, Scherlinger M, Yoshida N, Tsokos MG, Tsokos GC. PPP2R2D Suppresses Effector T Cell Exhaustion and Regulatory T Cell Expansion and Inhibits Tumor Growth in Melanoma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:621-628. [PMID: 35831019 PMCID: PMC9339485 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We had shown previously that the protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit PPP2R2D suppresses IL-2 production, and PPP2R2D deficiency in T cells potentiates the suppressive function of regulatory T (Treg) cells and alleviates imiquimod-induced lupus-like pathology. In this study, in a melanoma xenograft model, we noted that the tumor grew in larger sizes in mice lacking PPP2R2D in T cells (LckCreR2Dfl/fl) compared with wild type (R2Dfl/fl) mice. The numbers of intratumoral T cells in LckCreR2Dfl/fl mice were reduced compared with R2Dfl/fl mice, and they expressed a PD-1+CD3+CD44+ exhaustion phenotype. In vitro experiments confirmed that the chromatin of exhaustion markers PD-1, LAG3, TIM3, and CTLA4 remained open in LckCreR2Dfl/fl CD4 T conventional compared with R2Dfl/fl T conventional cells. Moreover, the percentage of Treg cells (CD3+CD4+Foxp3+CD25hi) was significantly increased in the xenografted tumor of LckCreR2Dfl/fl mice compared with R2Dfl/fl mice probably because of the increase in the percentage of IL-2-producing LckCreR2Dfl/fl T cells. Moreover, using adoptive T cell transfer in mice xenografted with melanoma, we demonstrated that PPP2R2D deficiency in T cells enhanced the inhibitory effect of Treg cells in antitumor immunity. At the translational level, analysis of publicly available data from 418 patients with melanoma revealed that PPP2R2D expression levels correlated positively with tumor-infiltration level of CD4 and CD8 T cells. The data demonstrate that PPP2R2D is a negative regulator of immune checkpoint receptors, and its absence exacerbates effector T cell exhaustion and promotes Treg cell expansion. We conclude that PPP2R2D protects against melanoma growth, and PPP2R2D-promoting regimens can have therapeutic value in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Pan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marc Scherlinger
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nobuya Yoshida
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maria G Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - George C Tsokos
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Shao L, Hou W, Scharping NE, Vendetti FP, Srivastava R, Roy CN, Menk AV, Wang Y, Chauvin JM, Karukonda P, Thorne SH, Hornung V, Zarour HM, Bakkenist CJ, Delgoffe GM, Sarkar SN. IRF1 Inhibits Antitumor Immunity through the Upregulation of PD-L1 in the Tumor Cell. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1258-1266. [PMID: 31239318 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies have associated the transcription factor IRF1 with tumor-suppressive activities. Here, we report an opposite tumor cell-intrinsic function of IRF1 in promoting tumor growth. IRF1-deficient tumor cells showed reduced tumor growth in MC38 and CT26 colon carcinoma and B16 melanoma mouse models. This reduction in tumor growth was dependent on host CD8+ T cells. Detailed profiling of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes did not show changes in the various T-cell and myeloid cell populations. However, CD8+ T cells that had infiltrated IRF1-deficieint tumors in vivo exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity. IRF1-deficient tumor cells lost the ability to upregulate PD-L1 expression in vitro and in vivo and were more susceptible to T-cell-mediated killing. Induced expression of PD-L1 in IRF1-deficient tumor cells restored tumor growth. These results indicate differential activity of IRF1 in tumor escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shao
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Weizhou Hou
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole E Scharping
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank P Vendetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rashmi Srivastava
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chandra Nath Roy
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ashley V Menk
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yiyang Wang
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joe-Marc Chauvin
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pooja Karukonda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen H Thorne
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Veit Hornung
- Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hassane M Zarour
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Saumendra N Sarkar
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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3
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Eckert F, Zwirner K, Boeke S, Thorwarth D, Zips D, Huber SM. Rationale for Combining Radiotherapy and Immune Checkpoint Inhibition for Patients With Hypoxic Tumors. Front Immunol 2019; 10:407. [PMID: 30930892 PMCID: PMC6423917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to compensate for the increased oxygen consumption in growing tumors, tumors need angiogenesis and vasculogenesis to increase the supply. Insufficiency in this process or in the microcirculation leads to hypoxic tumor areas with a significantly reduced pO2, which in turn leads to alterations in the biology of cancer cells as well as in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells develop more aggressive phenotypes, stem cell features and are more prone to metastasis formation and migration. In addition, intratumoral hypoxia confers therapy resistance, specifically radioresistance. Reactive oxygen species are crucial in fixing DNA breaks after ionizing radiation. Thus, hypoxic tumor cells show a two- to threefold increase in radioresistance. The microenvironment is enriched with chemokines (e.g., SDF-1) and growth factors (e.g., TGFβ) additionally reducing radiosensitivity. During recent years hypoxia has also been identified as a major factor for immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Hypoxic tumors show increased numbers of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) as well as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and decreased infiltration and activation of cytotoxic T cells. The combination of radiotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibition is on the rise in the treatment of metastatic cancer patients, but is also tested in multiple curative treatment settings. There is a strong rationale for synergistic effects, such as increased T cell infiltration in irradiated tumors and mitigation of radiation-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms such as PD-L1 upregulation by immune checkpoint inhibition. Given the worse prognosis of patients with hypoxic tumors due to local therapy resistance but also increased rate of distant metastases and the strong immune suppression induced by hypoxia, we hypothesize that the subgroup of patients with hypoxic tumors might be of special interest for combining immune checkpoint inhibition with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Zwirner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Simon Boeke
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section for Biomedical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Thorwarth
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section for Biomedical Physics, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partnersite Tuebingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan M. Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Riemann D, Cwikowski M, Turzer S, Giese T, Grallert M, Schütte W, Seliger B. Blood immune cell biomarkers in lung cancer. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 195:179-189. [PMID: 30246868 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of host immune cell parameters prior to treatment is expected to identify biomarkers predictive of clinical outcome as well as to elucidate why some patients fail to respond to immunotherapy. We monitored blood immune cells from 58 patients with non-small- cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing surgery of the primary tumor and from 50 age-matched healthy volunteers. Complete leukocyte blood count, the number of circulating dendritic cells (DC), HLA-DRlow monocytes and several lymphocytic subpopulations were determined by eight-color flow cytometry. Furthermore, the prognostic value of the immune cell parameters investigated was evaluated by patients' survival analysis. Compared to the control group, blood of NSCLC patients contained more neutrophils resulting in a higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), but a lower number of blood DC, in particular of plasmacytoid DC (pDC), natural killer (NK) cells and naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, a higher frequency of CD4+ regulatory T cells (Treg) and HLA-DRlow monocytes was detected, and smoking had a significant impact on these values. HLA-DRlow monocytes were positively correlated to the number of neutrophils, monocytes and NLR, but negatively associated with the number of pDC and naive CD4+ T cells. The frequency of Treg, HLA-DRlow monocytes and naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as the ratios of CD4/HLA-DRlow monocytes and HLA-DRlow monocytes/pDC correlated with patient's overall survival. Next to Treg, HLA-DRlow monocytes and naive T cells represent prognostic markers for NSCLC patients and might be useful for monitoring of patients' responses to immunotherapies in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Riemann
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - M Cwikowski
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - S Turzer
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - T Giese
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
| | - M Grallert
- Department of Thorax Surgery of the Hospital Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau, Halle, Germany
| | - W Schütte
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, Hospital Martha-Maria Halle-Dölau, Halle, Germany
| | - B Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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5
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Sharabi A, Tsokos MG, Ding Y, Malek TR, Klatzmann D, Tsokos GC. Regulatory T cells in the treatment of disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:823-844. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Li Y, Fang M, Zhang J, Wang J, Song Y, Shi J, Li W, Wu G, Ren J, Wang Z, Zou W, Wang L. Hydrogel dual delivered celecoxib and anti-PD-1 synergistically improve antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1074374. [PMID: 27057439 PMCID: PMC4801446 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1074374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major challenges facing cancer immunotherapy are the relatively low therapeutic efficacy and the potential side effects. New drug delivery system and efficient drug combination are required to overcome these challenges. We utilize an alginate hydrogel system to locally deliver 2 FDA-approved drugs, celecoxib and programmed death 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody (mAb), to treat tumor-bearing mice. In two cancer models, B16-F10 melanoma and 4T1 metastatic breast cancer, the alginate hydrogel delivery system significantly improves the antitumor activities of celecoxib (CXB), PD-1 mAb, or both combined. These effects are associated with the sustained high concentrations of the drugs in peripheral circulation and within tumor regions. Strikingly, the simultaneous dual local delivery of celecoxib and PD-1 from this hydrogel system synergistically enhanced the presence of CD4+inteferon (IFN)-γ+ and CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells within the tumor as well as in the immune system. These effects are accompanied with reduced CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor, reflecting a weakened immuosuppressive response. Furthermore, this combinatorial therapy increases the expression of two anti-angiogenic chemokines C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL) 9 and CXCL10, and suppresses the intratumoral production of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and cycloxygenase-2 (COX2), suggesting a dampened pro-tumor angiogenic and inflammatory microenvironment. This alginate-hydrogel-mediated, combinatorial therapy of celecoxib and PD-1 mAb provides a potential valuable regimen for treating human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkui Li
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Min Fang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Song
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Li
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Medical Research Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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7
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Halvorsen EC, Mahmoud SM, Bennewith KL. Emerging roles of regulatory T cells in tumour progression and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 33:1025-41. [PMID: 25359584 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-014-9529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis of cancer is a complex and life-threatening process that is only partially understood. Immune suppressive cells are recognized as important contributors to tumour progression and may also promote the development and growth of tumour metastases. Specifically, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been found to promote primary tumour progression, and emerging pre-clinical data suggests that Tregs may promote metastasis and metastatic tumour growth. While the precise role that Tregs play in metastatic progression is understudied, recent findings have indicated that by suppressing innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity, Tregs may shield tumour cells from immune detection, and thereby allow tumour cells to survive, proliferate and acquire characteristics that facilitate dissemination. This review will highlight our current understanding of Tregs in metastasis, including an overview of pre-clinical findings and discussion of clinical data regarding Tregs and therapeutic outcome. Evolving strategies to directly ablate Tregs or to inhibit their function will also be discussed. Improving our understanding of how Tregs may influence tumour metastasis may lead to novel treatments for metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Halvorsen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 9-202, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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8
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Zsiros E, Duttagupta P, Dangaj D, Li H, Frank R, Garrabrant T, Hagemann IS, Levine BL, June CH, Zhang L, Wang E, Marincola FM, Bedognetti D, Powell DJ, Tanyi J, Feldman MD, Kandalaft LE, Coukos G. The Ovarian Cancer Chemokine Landscape Is Conducive to Homing of Vaccine-Primed and CD3/CD28-Costimulated T Cells Prepared for Adoptive Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2840-50. [PMID: 25712684 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemokines are implicated in T-cell trafficking. We mapped the chemokine landscape in advanced stage ovarian cancer and characterized the expression of cognate receptors in autologous dendritic cell (DC)-vaccine primed T cells in the context of cell-based immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression of all known human chemokines in patients with primary ovarian cancer was analyzed on two independent microarray datasets and validated on tissue microarray. Peripheral blood T cells from five HLA-A2 patients with recurrent ovarian cancer, who previously received autologous tumor DC vaccine, underwent CD3/CD28 costimulation and expansion ex vivo. Tumor-specific T cells were identified by HER2/neu pentamer staining and were evaluated for the expression and functionality of chemokine receptors important for homing to ovarian cancer. RESULTS The chemokine landscape of ovarian cancer is heterogeneous with high expression of known lymphocyte-recruiting chemokines (CCL2, CCL4, and CCL5) in tumors with intraepithelial T cells, whereas CXCL10, CXCL12, and CXCL16 are expressed quasi-universally, including in tumors lacking tumor-infiltrating T cells. DC-vaccine primed T cells were found to express the cognate receptors for the above chemokines. Ex vivo CD3/CD28 costimulation and expansion of vaccine-primed Tcells upregulated CXCR3 and CXCR4, and enhanced their migration toward universally expressed chemokines in ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS DC-primed tumor-specific T cells are armed with the appropriate receptors to migrate toward universal ovarian cancer chemokines, and these receptors are further upregulated by ex vivo CD3/CD28 costimulation, which render T cells more fit for migrating toward these chemokines. Clin Cancer Res; 21(12); 2840-50. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Zsiros
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York. Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Priyanka Duttagupta
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Denarda Dangaj
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renee Frank
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Garrabrant
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian S Hagemann
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce L Levine
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carl H June
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lin Zhang
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ena Wang
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Francesco M Marincola
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Davide Bedognetti
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Sidra Medical and Research Centre, Doha, Qatar
| | - Daniel J Powell
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Janos Tanyi
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D Feldman
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ludwig Cancer Research Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Liu J, Zhang H, Jia L, Sun H. Effects of Treg cells and IDO on human epithelial ovarian cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1708-14. [PMID: 25376937 PMCID: PMC4270340 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of hypoxia on ovarian cancer. A total of 6 samples were analyzed: SKOV3‑IP cells (ovarian cancer cell line); SKOV3‑IP and regulatory T (Treg) cells; SKOV3‑IP and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs); SKOV3‑IP and natural killer (NK) cells; SKOV3‑IP co-cultured with CTLs and Treg cells; and SKOV3‑IP co-cultured with Treg cells and NK cells. The expression of indoleamine 2,3‑dioxygenase (IDO) was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) and western blot analysis. An enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the concentration of transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β), interferon‑γ (IFN‑γ), interleukin‑2 (IL‑2), interleukin‑10 (IL‑10), and perforin. Moreover, ovarian cancer cell apoptosis and invasive ability were examined using flow cytometry and a Transwell chamber assay. IDO expression was significantly reduced in hypoxia and enhanced by Treg cells. Treg cells inhibited the IL‑2, IFN‑γ and perforin secretion, and significantly (P<0.05) increased the IL‑10 and TGF‑β levels. The effects of Treg cells were enhanced with prolongation of the cell exposure to hypoxic conditions. In addition, Treg cells attenuated the promotive effect of CTLs and NK cells on cancer cell apoptosis. In addition, Treg cells significantly increased the SKOV3‑IP invasive ability (P=0.00109) under hypoxic conditions. Our results suggest that IDO and Treg cells may serve as important therapeutic targets for patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Luoqi Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
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10
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Charbonneau B, Goode EL, Kalli KR, Knutson KL, Derycke MS. The immune system in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Crit Rev Immunol 2013; 33:137-64. [PMID: 23582060 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2013006813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical outcomes in ovarian cancer are heterogeneous even when considering common features such as stage, response to therapy, and grade. This disparity in outcomes warrants further exploration into tumor and host characteristics. One compelling host characteristic is the immune response to ovarian cancer. While several studies have confirmed a prominent role for the immune system in modifying the clinical course of the disease, recent genetic and protein analyses also suggest a role in disease incidence. Recent studies also show that anti-tumor immunity is often negated by immune suppressive cells present in the tumor microenvironment. These suppressive immune cells also directly enhance the pathogenesis through the release of various cytokines and chemokines, which together form an integrated pathologic network. Thus, future research into immunotherapy targeting ovarian cancer will likely become increasingly focused on combination approaches that simultaneously augment immunity while preventing local immune suppression or by disrupting critical cytokine networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Charbonneau
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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11
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The metastasis-promoting roles of tumor-associated immune cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:411-29. [PMID: 23515621 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is driven not only by the accumulation of intrinsic alterations in malignant cells, but also by the interactions of cancer cells with various stromal cell components of the tumor microenvironment. In particular, inflammation and infiltration of the tumor tissue by host immune cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and regulatory T cells, have been shown to support tumor growth in addition to invasion and metastasis. Each step of tumor development, from initiation through metastatic spread, is promoted by communication between tumor and immune cells via the secretion of cytokines, growth factors, and proteases that remodel the tumor microenvironment. Invasion and metastasis require neovascularization, breakdown of the basement membrane, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix for tumor cell invasion and extravasation into the blood and lymphatic vessels. The subsequent dissemination of tumor cells to distant organ sites necessitates a treacherous journey through the vasculature, which is fostered by close association with platelets and macrophages. Additionally, the establishment of the pre-metastatic niche and specific metastasis organ tropism is fostered by neutrophils and bone marrow-derived hematopoietic immune progenitor cells and other inflammatory cytokines derived from tumor and immune cells, which alter the local environment of the tissue to promote adhesion of circulating tumor cells. This review focuses on the interactions between tumor cells and immune cells recruited to the tumor microenvironment and examines the factors allowing these cells to promote each stage of metastasis.
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Zuber J, Grimbert P, Blancho G, Thaunat O, Durrbach A, Baron C, Lebranchu Y. Prognostic significance of graft Foxp3 expression in renal transplant recipients: a critical review and attempt to reconcile discrepancies. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 28:1100-11. [PMID: 23262436 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfs570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence has been accumulated from experimental models in the past decade to support the critical role of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the suppression of alloimmune responses. This has prompted transplant clinicians to investigate whether Foxp3 analysis might be used as an immunodiagnostic tool for better assessment of the significance of graft infiltrate and to predict its impact on graft outcome. However, conflicting results have emerged from these studies and may have generated more confusion than clarification. Foxp3 expression has been antagonistically correlated with either good or poor prognosis. We discuss here how methodological issues and specific clinical settings may have accounted for the discrepancies between the results of these studies. Depending on many factors, including the techniques used, the method of sampling normalization, the extent of intra-graft inflammation, the immunosuppressive regimen and the depletion or repletion of T lymphocyte compartment, the significance of Foxp3 expression may vary. We propose here the conditions to be fulfilled in order to use Foxp3 analysis as a relevant biomarker for graft outcome assessment. Far from challenging the key role of Tregs in dampening alloimmune responses, this review highlights the need for technical harmonization and standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Zuber
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Gambichler T, Bindsteiner M, Höxtermann S, Terras S, Kreuter A. Circulating CD4+CD25highCD127lowregulatory T cells are an independent predictor of advanced melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Gambichler
- Skin Cancer Center of the Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum; Germany
| | - M. Bindsteiner
- Skin Cancer Center of the Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum; Germany
| | - S. Höxtermann
- Skin Cancer Center of the Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum; Germany
| | - S. Terras
- Skin Cancer Center of the Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum; Germany
| | - A. Kreuter
- Skin Cancer Center of the Department of Dermatology; Ruhr-University Bochum; Bochum; Germany
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Tanchot C, Terme M, Pere H, Tran T, Benhamouda N, Strioga M, Banissi C, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G, Tartour E. Tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells: phenotype, role, mechanism of expansion in situ and clinical significance. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2012; 6:147-57. [PMID: 23104434 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-012-0122-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In immunocompetent individuals, the immune system initially eradicates potentially tumorigenic cells as they develop, a capacity that is progressively lost when malignant cells acquire alterations that sustain immunosubversion and/or immunoevasion. One of the major mechanisms whereby cancer cells block antitumor immune responses involves a specific class of immunosuppressive T cells that-in the vast majority of cases-express the Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) transcription factor. Such FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) accumulate within neoplastic lesions as a result of several distinct mechanisms, including increased infiltration, local expansion, survival advantage and in situ development from conventional CD4(+) cells. The prognostic/predictive significance of tumor infiltration by Tregs remains a matter of debate. Indeed, high levels of intratumoral Tregs have been associated with poor disease outcome in cohorts of patients affected by multiple, but not all, tumor types. This apparent discrepancy may relate to the existence of functionally distinct Treg subsets, to the fact that Tregs near-to-invariably infiltrate neoplastic lesions together with other cells from the immune system, notably CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes and/or to peculiar features of some oncogenic programs that involve a prominent pro-inflammatory component. In this review, we will discuss the phenotype, function and clinical significance of various Treg subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tanchot
- INSERM U970, PARCC (Paris Cardiovascular Research Center), Paris, France,
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