1
|
Thosteman HE, Eisen K, Petrén H, Boutsi S, Pace L, Halley JM, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC, Buckley J, Friberg M. Integration of attractive and defensive phytochemicals is unlikely to constrain chemical diversification in a perennial herb. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 244:249-264. [PMID: 39081013 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Diversification of plant chemical phenotypes is typically associated with spatially and temporally variable plant-insect interactions. Floral scent is often assumed to be the target of pollinator-mediated selection, whereas foliar compounds are considered targets of antagonist-mediated selection. However, floral and vegetative phytochemicals can be biosynthetically linked and may thus evolve as integrated phenotypes. Utilizing a common garden of 28 populations of the perennial herb Arabis alpina (Brassicaceae), we investigated integration within and among floral scent compounds and foliar defense compounds (both volatile compounds and tissue-bound glucosinolates). Within floral scent volatiles, foliar volatile compounds, and glucosinolates, phytochemicals were often positively correlated, and correlations were stronger within these groups than between them. Thus, we found no evidence of integration between compound groups indicating that these are free to evolve independently. Relative to self-compatible populations, self-incompatible populations experienced stronger correlations between floral scent compounds, and a trend toward lower integration between floral scent and foliar volatiles. Our study serves as a rare test of integration of multiple, physiologically related plant traits that each are potential targets of insect-mediated selection. Our results suggest that independent evolutionary forces are likely to diversify different axes of plant chemistry without major constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katherine Eisen
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, Lund, 22362, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA, 90045, USA
| | - Hampus Petrén
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Sotiria Boutsi
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, Lund, 22362, Sweden
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, Harper Adams University, Newport, TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Loretta Pace
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - John M Halley
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Thessaloniki, 45110, Greece
| | - Consuelo M De Moraes
- Biocommunication Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Mark C Mescher
- Plant Ecology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - James Buckley
- Biocommunication Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Magne Friberg
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu C, Jia Y, Li Y, Xiang Y, Pan Y, Liu Q, Ma K, Yin X. The rapid appearance of homostyly in a cultivated distylous population of Primula forbesii. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9515. [PMID: 36415874 PMCID: PMC9674475 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary breakdown from rigorous outbreeding to self-fertilization frequently occurs in angiosperms. Since the pollinators are not necessary, self-compatible populations often reduce investment in floral display characteristics and pollination reward. Primula forbesii is a biennial herb with distribution restricted to southwest China; it was initially a self-incompatible distylous species, but after 20 years of artificial domestication, homostyly appeared. This change in style provides an ideal material to explore the time required for plant mating systems to adapt to new environmental changes and test whether flower attraction has reduced following transitions to selfing. We did a survey in wild populations of P. forbesii where its seeds were originally collected 20 years ago and recorded the floral morph frequencies and morphologies. The floral morphologies, self-incompatibility, floral scent, and pollinator visitation between distyly and homostyly were compared in greenhouse. Floral morph frequencies of wild populations did not change, while the cultivated population was inclined to L-morph and produced homostyly. Evidence from stigma papillae and pollen size supports the hypothesis that the homostyly possibly originated from mutations of large effect genes in distylous linkage region. Transitions to self-compatible homostyly are accompanied by smaller corolla size, lower amounts of terpenoids, especially linalool and higher amounts of fatty acid derivatives. The main pollinators in the greenhouse were short-tongued Apis cerana. However, homostyly had reduced visiting frequency. The mating system of P. forbesii changed rapidly in just about 20 years of domestication, and our findings confirm the hypothesis that the transition to selfing is accompanied by decreased flower attraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai‐Lei Liu
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yin Jia
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yi‐Feng Li
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuan‐Fen Xiang
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuan‐Zhi Pan
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Qing‐Lin Liu
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Ke‐Hang Ma
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xian‐Cai Yin
- College of Landscape ArchitectureSichuan Agricultural UniversityChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Functional Analysis of Two Terpene Synthase Genes Isolated from the Flowers of Hosta ‘So Sweet’. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Hosta hybrid cultivar ‘So Sweet’, an important ornamental and widely used horticultural plant, is noted for its rich, fragrant white flowers. The main aroma components of Hosta flowers are terpenoids, mainly monoterpenes. Until now, the terpene synthases responsible for terpene production in Hosta were not described. In this study, two terpene synthase (TPS) genes (HsTPS1 and HsTPS2) were cloned and characterized to further study their function. Furthermore, the volatile terpenes of Hosta ’So Sweet’ in two flower development stages from two in vitro enzyme tests were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We analyzed the expression levels of two genes at four different developmental stages using quantitative real-time PCR, while localization was analyzed using Nicotina benthamiana leaves. In vitro, the two proteins were identified to mainly produce linalool and nerol. In addition, the active products of the two recombinant proteins were (E,E)-farnesol and (E,E)-farnesal, respectively, using farnesyl pyrophosphate as a substrate. The high expression of HsTPS1 and HsTPS2 was correlated with the release of components of Hosta flowers. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the terpene synthase genes of Hosta species have been isolated and identified, providing an opportunity to study the terpene metabolic pathways in Hosta species.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kliszcz A, Danel A, Puła J, Barabasz-Krasny B, Możdżeń K. Fleeting Beauty-The World of Plant Fragrances and Their Application. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092473. [PMID: 33922689 PMCID: PMC8122868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article is devoted to some aspects of the fragrant substances of plant origin applied in the food industry and perfumery as well. Since antiquity many extractive techniques have been developed to obtain essential oils. Some of them are still applied, but new ones, like microwave or ultrasound-assisted extractions, are more and more popular and they save time and cost. Independently of the procedure, the resulting essential oils are the source of many so-called isolates. These can be applied as food additives, medicines, or can be used as starting materials for organic synthesis. Some substances exist in very small amounts in plant material so the extraction is not economically profitable but, after their chemical structures were established and synthetic procedures were developed, in some cases they are prepared on an industrial scale. The substances described below are only a small fraction of the 2000–3000 fragrant molecules used to make our life more enjoyable, either in food or perfumes. Additionally, a few examples of allelopathic fragrant compounds, present in their natural state, will be denoted and some of their biocidal features will be mentioned as an arising “green” knowledge in agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Kliszcz
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture, Mickiewicza 21 Ave, 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrzej Danel
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Krakow University of Technology, Podchorążych St. 1, 30-084 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Puła
- Department of Agroecology and Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture, Mickiewicza 21 Ave, 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Beata Barabasz-Krasny
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2 St., 30-084 Kraków, Poland; (B.B.-K.); (K.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Możdżeń
- Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchorążych 2 St., 30-084 Kraków, Poland; (B.B.-K.); (K.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Farré-Armengol G, Fernández-Martínez M, Filella I, Junker RR, Peñuelas J. Deciphering the Biotic and Climatic Factors That Influence Floral Scents: A Systematic Review of Floral Volatile Emissions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1154. [PMID: 32849712 PMCID: PMC7412988 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a global analysis of the information available on the relative composition of the floral scents of a very diverse variety of plant species is missing. Such analysis may reveal general patterns on the distribution and dominance of the volatile compounds that form these mixtures, and may also allow measuring the effects of factors such as the phylogeny, pollination vectors, and climatic conditions on the floral scents of the species. To fill this gap, we compiled published data on the relative compositions and emission rates of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the floral scents of 305 plant species from 66 families. We also gathered information on the groups of pollinators that visited the flowers and the climatic conditions in the areas of distribution of these species. This information allowed us to characterize the occurrence and relative abundances of individual volatiles in floral scents and the effects of biotic and climatic factors on floral scent. The monoterpenes trans-β-ocimene and linalool and the benzenoid benzaldehyde were the most abundant floral VOCs, in both ubiquity and predominance in the floral blends. Floral VOC richness and relative composition were moderately preserved traits across the phylogeny. The reliance on different pollinator groups and the climate also had important effects on floral VOC richness, composition, and emission rates of the species. Our results support the hypothesis that key compounds or compounds originating from specific biosynthetic pathways mediate the attraction of the main pollinators. Our results also indicate a prevalence of monoterpenes in the floral blends of plants that grow in drier conditions, which could link with the fact that monoterpene emissions protect plants against oxidative stresses throughout drought periods and their emissions are enhanced under moderate drought stress. Sesquiterpenes, in turn, were positively correlated with mean annual temperature, supporting that sesquiterpene emissions are dominated mainly by ambient temperature. This study is the first to quantitatively summarise data on floral-scent emissions and provides new insights into the biotic and climatic factors that influence floral scents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Farré-Armengol
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Iolanda Filella
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert R. Junker
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Composition and Biosynthesis of Scent Compounds from Sterile Flowers of an Ornamental Plant Clematis florida cv. 'Kaiser'. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071711. [PMID: 32276485 PMCID: PMC7180759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clematisflorida is a popular ornamental vine species known for diverse colors and shapes of its flowers but not for scent. Here we investigated the composition and biosynthesis of floral scent in ‘Kaiser’, a fragrant cultivar of C. florida that has sterile flowers. Volatile profiling revealed that flowers of ‘Kaiser’ emit more than 20 compounds, with monoterpenes being most abundant. Among the three floral organs, namely sepals, transformed-petals, and ovaries, ovaries had the highest rates of total volatile emission. To determine the molecular mechanism underlying floral scent biosynthesis in ‘Kaiser’, we sequenced a flower transcriptome and searched the transcriptome for terpene synthase genes (TPSs), which are key genes for terpene biosynthesis. Among the TPS genes identified, three were putative intact full-length genes and were designated CfTPS1, CfTPS2, and CfTPS3. Phylogenetic analysis placed CfTPS1, CfTPS2, and CfTPS3 to the TPS-g, TPS-b, and TPS-a subfamily, respectively. Through in vitro enzyme assays with Escherichia coli-expressed recombinant proteins, both CfTPS1 and CfTPS2 were demonstrated to catalyze the conversion of geranyl diphosphate to linalool, the most abundant constituent of C. florida floral scent. In addition, CfTPS1 and CfTPS2 produced the sesquiterpene nerolidol from (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate. CfTPS3 showed sesquiterpene synthase activity and produced multiple products in vitro. All three CfTPS genes showed higher levels of expression in sepals than those in transformed-petals and ovaries. Our results show that despite being sterile, the flowers of ‘Kaiser’ have normal mechanisms for floral scent biosynthesis that make the flowers fragrant.
Collapse
|
7
|
He J, Fandino RA, Halitschke R, Luck K, Köllner TG, Murdock MH, Ray R, Gase K, Knaden M, Baldwin IT, Schuman MC. An unbiased approach elucidates variation in ( S)-(+)-linalool, a context-specific mediator of a tri-trophic interaction in wild tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14651-14660. [PMID: 31262827 PMCID: PMC6642400 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818585116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mediate many interactions, and the function of common VOCs is especially likely to depend on ecological context. We used a genetic mapping population of wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, originating from a cross of 2 natural accessions from Arizona and Utah, separated by the Grand Canyon, to dissect genetic variation controlling VOCs. Herbivory-induced leaf terpenoid emissions varied substantially, while green leaf volatile emissions were similar. In a field experiment, only emissions of linalool, a common VOC, correlated significantly with predation of the herbivore Manduca sexta by native predators. Using quantitative trait locus mapping and genome mining, we identified an (S)-(+)-linalool synthase (NaLIS). Genome resequencing, gene cloning, and activity assays revealed that the presence/absence of a 766-bp sequence in NaLIS underlies the variation of linalool emissions in 26 natural accessions. We manipulated linalool emissions and composition by ectopically expressing linalool synthases for both enantiomers, (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-linalool, reported to oppositely affect M. sexta oviposition, in the Arizona and Utah accessions. We used these lines to test ovipositing moths in increasingly complex environments. The enantiomers had opposite effects on oviposition preference, but the magnitude of the effect depended strongly both on plant genetic background, and complexity of the bioassay environment. Our study reveals that the emission of linalool, a common VOC, differs by orders-of-magnitude among geographically interspersed conspecific plants due to allelic variation in a linalool synthase, and that the response of a specialist herbivore to linalool depends on enantiomer, plant genotype, and environmental complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Richard A Fandino
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Luck
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mark H Murdock
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
- College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84606
| | - Rishav Ray
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany;
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang TN, Clifford MR, Martínez-Gómez J, Johnson JC, Riffell JA, Di Stilio VS. Scent matters: differential contribution of scent to insect response in flowers with insect vs. wind pollination traits. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:289-301. [PMID: 30052759 PMCID: PMC6344221 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Growing experimental evidence that floral scent is a key contributor to pollinator attraction supports its investigation as a component of the suite of floral traits that result from pollinator-mediated selection. Yet, the fate of floral scent during the transition out of biotic into abiotic pollination has rarely been tested. In the case of wind pollination, this is due not only to its rarer incidence among flowering plants compared with insect pollination, but also to the scarcity of systems amenable to genus-level comparisons. Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae), with its multiple transitions from insect to wind pollination, offers a unique opportunity to test interspecific changes in floral fragrance and their potential impact on pollinator attraction. METHODS First, the Thalictrum phylogeny was revised and the ancestral character state of pollination mode was reconstructed. Then, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that comprise the scent bouquets of flowers from 11 phylogenetically representative wind- and insect-pollinated species were characterized and compared. Finally, to test the hypothesis that scent from insect-pollinated flowers elicits a significantly greater response from potential pollinators than that from wind-pollinated flowers, electroantennograms (EAGs) were performed on Bombus impatiens using whole flower extracts. KEY RESULTS Phylogenetic reconstruction of the pollination mode recovered 8-10 transitions to wind pollination from an ancestral insect pollination state and two reversals to insect pollination. Biochemical and multivariate analysis showed that compounds are distinct by species and only partially segregate with pollination mode, with no significant phylogenetic signal on scent composition. Floral VOCs from insect-pollinated Thalictrum elicited a larger antennal response from potential insect pollinators than those from wind-pollinated congeners. CONCLUSIONS An evolutionary scenario is proposed where an ancestral ability of floral fragrance to elicit an insect response through the presence of specific compounds was independently lost during the multiple evolutionary transitions to wind pollination in Thalictrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa N Wang
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie R Clifford
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jesús Martínez-Gómez
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jens C Johnson
- University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Burdon RCF, Junker RR, Scofield DG, Parachnowitsch AL. Bacteria colonising Penstemon digitalis show volatile and tissue-specific responses to a natural concentration range of the floral volatile linalool. CHEMOECOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29540962 PMCID: PMC5840241 DOI: 10.1007/s00049-018-0252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria on floral tissue can have negative effects by consuming resources and affecting nectar quality, which subsequently could reduce pollinator visitation and plant fitness. Plants however can employ chemical defences to reduce bacteria density. In North American, bee-pollinated Penstemon digitalis, the nectar volatile S-(+)-linalool can influence plant fitness, and terpenes such as linalool are known for their antimicrobial properties suggesting that it may also play a role in plant–microbe interactions. Therefore, we hypothesized linalool could affect bacterial growth on P. digitalis plants/flowers. Because P. digitalis emits linalool from nectar and nectary tissue but not petals, we hypothesised that the effects of linalool could depend on tissue of origin due to varying exposure. We isolated bacteria from nectary tissue, petals and leaves, and compared their growth relative to control using two volatile concentrations representing the natural emission range of linalool. To assess whether effects were specific to linalool, we compared results with the co-occurring nectar volatile, methyl nicotinate. We show that response to floral volatiles can be substance and tissue-origin specific. Because linalool could slow growth rate of bacteria across the P. digitalis phyllosphere, floral emission of linalool could play a role in mediating plant–bacteria interactions in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie C F Burdon
- 1Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert R Junker
- 2Department of Biosciences, University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Douglas G Scofield
- 3Department of Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.,4Uppsala Multidisciplinary Center for Advanced Computational Science, Uppsala University, 75105 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amy L Parachnowitsch
- 1Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Burkle LA, Runyon JB. The smell of environmental change: Using floral scent to explain shifts in pollinator attraction. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2017; 5:apps1600123. [PMID: 28690928 PMCID: PMC5499301 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1600123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As diverse environmental changes continue to influence the structure and function of plant-pollinator interactions across spatial and temporal scales, we will need to enlist numerous approaches to understand these changes. Quantitative examination of floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one approach that is gaining popularity, and recent work suggests that floral VOCs hold substantial promise for better understanding and predicting the effects of environmental change on plant-pollinator interactions. Until recently, few ecologists were employing chemical approaches to investigate mechanisms by which components of environmental change may disrupt these essential mutualisms. In an attempt to make these approaches more accessible, we summarize the main field, laboratory, and statistical methods involved in capturing, quantifying, and analyzing floral VOCs in the context of changing environments. We also highlight some outstanding questions that we consider to be highly relevant to making progress in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Burkle
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Justin B. Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1648 S. 7th Avenue, Bozeman, Montana 59717 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Boachon B, Junker RR, Miesch L, Bassard JE, Höfer R, Caillieaudeaux R, Seidel DE, Lesot A, Heinrich C, Ginglinger JF, Allouche L, Vincent B, Wahyuni DSC, Paetz C, Beran F, Miesch M, Schneider B, Leiss K, Werck-Reichhart D. CYP76C1 (Cytochrome P450)-Mediated Linalool Metabolism and the Formation of Volatile and Soluble Linalool Oxides in Arabidopsis Flowers: A Strategy for Defense against Floral Antagonists. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2972-90. [PMID: 26475865 PMCID: PMC4682319 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The acyclic monoterpene alcohol linalool is one of the most frequently encountered volatile compounds in floral scents. Various linalool oxides are usually emitted along with linalool, some of which are cyclic, such as the furanoid lilac compounds. Recent work has revealed the coexistence of two flower-expressed linalool synthases that produce the (S)- or (R)-linalool enantiomers and the involvement of two P450 enzymes in the linalool oxidation in the flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana. Partially redundant enzymes may also contribute to floral linalool metabolism. Here, we provide evidence that CYP76C1 is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes a cascade of oxidation reactions and is the major linalool metabolizing oxygenase in Arabidopsis flowers. Based on the activity of the recombinant enzyme and mutant analyses, we demonstrate its prominent role in the formation of most of the linalool oxides identified in vivo, both as volatiles and soluble conjugated compounds, including 8-hydroxy, 8-oxo, and 8-COOH-linalool, as well as lilac aldehydes and alcohols. Analysis of insect behavior on CYP76C1 mutants and in response to linalool and its oxygenated derivatives demonstrates that CYP76C1-dependent modulation of linalool emission and production of linalool oxides contribute to reduced floral attraction and favor protection against visitors and pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Boachon
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Robert R Junker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, 5020 Slazburg, Austria
| | - Laurence Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Institut de Chimie, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Etienne Bassard
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, Center for Synthetic Biology "bioSYNergy," and Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Höfer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Robin Caillieaudeaux
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dana E Seidel
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Salzburg, 5020 Slazburg, Austria
| | - Agnès Lesot
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Clément Heinrich
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Institut de Chimie, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-François Ginglinger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lionel Allouche
- Plateforme d'Analyses pour la Chimie, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Plateforme d'Analyses pour la Chimie, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dinar S C Wahyuni
- Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology, Leiden University, 2311E2 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Beran
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michel Miesch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Synthétique, Institut de Chimie, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bernd Schneider
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Kirsten Leiss
- Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology, Leiden University, 2311E2 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Danièle Werck-Reichhart
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Spatiotemporal Floral Scent Variation of Penstemon digitalis. J Chem Ecol 2015; 41:641-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-015-0599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
Carr DE, Haber AI, LeCroy KA, Lee DE, Link RI. Variation in reward quality and pollinator attraction: the consumer does not always get it right. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv034. [PMID: 25858692 PMCID: PMC4417137 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all bees rely on pollen as the sole protein source for the development of their larvae. The central importance of pollen for the bee life cycle should exert strong selection on their ability to locate the most rewarding sources of pollen. Despite this importance, very few studies have examined the influence of intraspecific variation in pollen rewards on the foraging decisions of bees. Previous studies have demonstrated that inbreeding reduces viability and hence protein content in Mimulus guttatus (seep monkeyflower) pollen and that bees strongly discriminate against inbred in favour of outbred plants. We examined whether variation in pollen viability could explain this preference using a series of choice tests with living plants, artificial plants and olfactometer tests using the bumble bee Bombus impatiens. We found that B. impatiens preferred to visit artificial plants provisioned with fertile anthers over those provisioned with sterile anthers. They also preferred fertile anthers when provided only olfactory cues. These bumble bees were unable to discriminate among live plants from subpopulations differing dramatically in pollen viability, however. They preferred outbred plants even when those plants were from subpopulations with pollen viability as low as the inbred populations. Their preference for outbred plants was evident even when only olfactory cues were available. Our data showed that bumble bees are able to differentiate between anthers that provide higher rewards when cues are isolated from the rest of the flower. When confronted with cues from the entire flower, their choices are independent of the quality of the pollen reward, suggesting that they are responding more strongly to cues unassociated with rewards than to those correlated with rewards. If so, this suggests that a sensory bias or some level of deception may be involved with advertisement to pollinators in M. guttatus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Carr
- Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, 400 Blandy Farm Lane, Boyce, VA 22620, USA
| | - Ariela I Haber
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Kathryn A LeCroy
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - De'Ashia E Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, 500 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rosabeth I Link
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Parachnowitsch AL, Manson JS. The chemical ecology of plant-pollinator interactions: recent advances and future directions. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 8:41-46. [PMID: 32846674 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Floral chemistry mediates plant-pollinator interactions through floral scents and reward components. Although improved techniques have increased interest in studying floral volatiles and nectar chemistry, these two foci have generally been studied in isolation. The ecological functions of floral chemistry have been relatively well studied and focused on pollinator behaviour. While studies comparing chemistry between plant parts and across phylogenies are increasing, work on the evolution of floral chemistry and the importance of community context in mediating pollinator responses is lacking. Future research should concentrate on more holistic studies that include both signal and reward chemistry to understand the relative contribution of these complex and dynamic floral traits to the ecology and evolution of plants and their pollinators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Parachnowitsch
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jessamyn S Manson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|