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Butera E, Termite F, Esposto G, Galasso L, Mignini I, Borriello R, Ainora ME, Miele L, Gasbarrini A, Zocco MA. Exploring the Role of Bempedoic Acid in Metabolic Dysfunction Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Actual Evidence and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6938. [PMID: 39000046 PMCID: PMC11241610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) involves excessive lipid accumulation in hepatocytes, impacting global healthcare due to its high prevalence and risk of progression to severe liver conditions. Its pathogenesis involves genetic, metabolic, and inflammatory factors, with cardiovascular events as the leading cause of mortality. This review examines the role of lipid-lowering therapies in MASLD, with a particular focus on bempedoic acid, a recently approved cholesterol-lowering agent for hypercholesterolemia and high cardiovascular-risk patients. It explores its potential in liver disease by modulating lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways based on the most recent studies available. Bempedoic acid inhibits ATP-citrate lyase, reducing cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis while activating AMP-activated protein kinase to suppress gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. Animal studies indicate its efficacy in reducing hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Bempedoic acid holds promise as a therapeutic for MASLD, offering dual benefits in lipid metabolism and inflammation. Further clinical trials are required to confirm its efficacy and safety in MASLD patients, potentially addressing the multifaceted nature of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Butera
- Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Termite
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Giorgio Esposto
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Linda Galasso
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Irene Mignini
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Raffaele Borriello
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Ainora
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Luca Miele
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Zocco
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A.Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00168, Italy
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Zhang XN, Zhang YJ, Wang L, Hong SJ, Zhang CL, Zhao XL, Zeng T. NLRP3 inflammasome activation triggers severe inflammatory liver injury in N, N-dimethylformamide-exposed mice. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172653. [PMID: 38649053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is a widely utilized chemical solvent with various industrial applications. Previous studies have indicated that the liver is the most susceptible target to DMF exposure, whereas the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome in DMF-induced liver injury in mice by using two NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors, Nlrp3-/- mice, Nfe2l2-/- mice, and a macrophage-depleting agent. RNA sequencing revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and NLRP3 inflammasome-associated pathways were activated in the mouse liver after acute DMF exposure, which was validated by Western blotting. Interestingly, DMF-induced liver injury was effectively suppressed by two inflammasome inhibitors, MCC950 and Dapansutrile. In addition, knockout of Nlrp3 markedly attenuated DMF-induced liver injury without affecting the metabolism of DMF. Furthermore, silencing Nfe2l2 aggravated the liver injury and the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mouse liver. Finally, the depletion of hepatic macrophages by clodronate liposomes significantly reduced the liver damage caused by DMF. These results suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome activation is the upstream molecular event in the development of acute liver injury induced by DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ning Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yan-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Shu-Jun Hong
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Huang L, Tan L, Lv Z, Chen W, Wu J. Pharmacology of bioactive compounds from plant extracts for improving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through endoplasmic reticulum stress modulation: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25053. [PMID: 38322838 PMCID: PMC10844061 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition with significant clinical implications. Emerging research indicates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress as a critical pathogenic factor governing inflammatory responses, lipid metabolism and insulin signal transduction in patients with NAFLD. ER stress-associated activation of multiple signal transduction pathways, including the unfolded protein response, disrupts lipid homeostasis and substantially contributes to NAFLD development and progression. Targeting ER stress for liver function enhancement presents an innovative therapeutic strategy. Notably, the natural bioactive compounds of plant extracts have shown potential for treating NAFLD by reducing the level of ER stress marker proteins and mitigating inflammation, stress responses, and de novo lipogenesis. However, owing to limited comprehensive reviews, the effectiveness and pharmacology of these bioactive compounds remain uncertain. Objectives To address the abovementioned challenges, the current review categorizes the bioactive compounds of plant extracts by chemical structures and properties into flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, glycosides, lipids and quinones and examines their ameliorative potential for NAFLD under ER stress. Methods This review systematically analyses the literature on the interactions of bioactive compounds from plant extracts with molecular targets under ER stress, providing a holistic view of NAFLD therapy. Results Bioactive compounds from plant extracts may improve NAFLD by alleviating ER stress; reducing lipid synthesis, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis and enhancing fatty acid metabolism. This provides a multifaceted approach for treating NAFLD. Conclusion This review underscores the role of ER stress in NAFLD and the potential of plant bioactive compounds in treating this condition. The molecular mechanisms by which plant bioactive compounds interact with their ER stress targets provide a basis for further exploration in NAFLD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Huang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
| | - Liping Tan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuo Lv
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
| | - Junzi Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan, Kunming, China
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Borrello MT, Mann D. Chronic liver diseases: From development to novel pharmacological therapies: IUPHAR Review 37. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:2880-2897. [PMID: 35393658 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases comprise a broad spectrum of burdensome diseases that still lack effective pharmacological therapies. Our research group focuses on fibrosis, which is a major precursor of liver cirrhosis. Fibrosis consists in a progressive disturbance of liver sinusoidal architecture characterised by connective tissue deposition as a reparative response to tissue injury. Multifactorial events and several types of cells participate in fibrosis initiation and progression, and the process still needs to be completely understood. The development of experimental models of liver fibrosis alongside the identification of critical factors progressing fibrosis to cirrhosis will facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic approaches for such condition. This review provides an overlook of the main process leading to hepatic fibrosis and therapeutic approaches that have emerged from a deep knowledge of the molecular regulation of fibrogenesis in the liver. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Advances in Fibrosis as a Therapeutic Target. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.22/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Borrello
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Derek Mann
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Sharma S, Le Guillou D, Chen JY. Cellular stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:662-678. [PMID: 37679454 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The burden of chronic liver disease is rising substantially worldwide. Fibrosis, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, is the common pathway leading to cirrhosis, and limited treatment options are available. There is increasing evidence suggesting the role of cellular stress responses contributing to fibrogenesis. This Review provides an overview of studies that analyse the role of cellular stress in different cell types involved in fibrogenesis, including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Sharma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dounia Le Guillou
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- The Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Chen Q, Fang W, Shen Y, Xu D, Chen Q, Cui K, Mai K, Ai Q. Suppression of cideb under endoplasmic reticulum stress exacerbated hepatic inflammation by inducing hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 185:67-75. [PMID: 35489563 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to inflammation in several manners. However, whether cell death inducing DFF45-like effector b (Cideb), a lipid droplet (LD) associated protein that plays an important role in hepatic lipid metabolism, participates in this process has not been reported. In the present study, we demonstrated that deficiency of cideb alone did not trigger violent inflammation in the liver. However, the expression of cideb was suppressed by Chop (C/EBP homologous protein) under ER stress, which inhibited the transport of lipoproteins in the liver and led to the exacerbation of hepatic steatosis and oxidative stress, and ultimately exacerbated inflammation. Our results might provide a novel mechanism explaining inflammation triggered by ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, PR China
| | - Wei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, PR China
| | - Yanan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, PR China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, PR China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, PR China
| | - Kun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, PR China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China.
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Yin H, Shi A, Wu J. Platelet-Activating Factor Promotes the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2003-2030. [PMID: 35837578 PMCID: PMC9275506 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s367483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifaceted clinicopathological syndrome characterised by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation that causes steatosis, excluding alcoholic factors. Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a biologically active lipid transmitter, induces platelet activation upon binding to the PAF receptor. Recent studies have found that PAF is associated with gamma-glutamyl transferase, which is an indicator of liver disease. Moreover, PAF can stimulate hepatic lipid synthesis and cause hypertriglyceridaemia. Furthermore, the knockdown of the PAF receptor gene in the animal models of NAFLD helped reduce the inflammatory response, improve glucose homeostasis and delay the development of NAFLD. These findings suggest that PAF is associated with NAFLD development. According to reports, patients with NAFLD or animal models have marked platelet activation abnormalities, mainly manifested as enhanced platelet adhesion and aggregation and altered blood rheology. Pharmacological interventions were accompanied by remission of abnormal platelet activation and significant improvement in liver function and lipids in the animal model of NAFLD. These confirm that platelet activation may accompany a critical importance in NAFLD development and progression. However, how PAFs are involved in the NAFLD signalling pathway needs further investigation. In this paper, we review the relevant literature in recent years and discuss the role played by PAF in NAFLD development. It is important to elucidate the pathogenesis of NAFLD and to find effective interventions for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anhua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junzi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Junzi Wu; Anhua Shi, Key Laboratory of Microcosmic Syndrome Differentiation, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 187 8855 7524; +86 138 8885 0813, Email ;
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Zhang C, Yang M. Molecular targets regulating endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria crosstalk for NAFLD treatment. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as the most common chronic liver disease poses a significant impact on public healthcare and economic risk worldwide. As a multifactorial disease, NAFLD is usually associated with many comorbidities such as obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Without effectively preventive intervention, the advanced stage of NAFLD, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is no approved therapeutic treatment. Excessive fat accumulation in the liver is the hallmark of NAFLD, which can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Dysfunction of two organelles also induces the upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), and disruption of calcium transport, which promote NAFLD progression. Herein, this review summarized the current understanding of the roles of mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Specifically, this review focused on the key molecules associated with the ER-mitochondria communication and different treatment options by targeting ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction to treat NAFLD or NASH. Clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of representative agents, such as natural products, metabolites, and modulators of stress, have been reviewed and analyzed. Overall, recent findings suggest that targeting ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction holds a promise for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunye Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Horn CL, Morales AL, Savard C, Farrell GC, Ioannou GN. Role of Cholesterol-Associated Steatohepatitis in the Development of NASH. Hepatol Commun 2021; 6:12-35. [PMID: 34558856 PMCID: PMC8710790 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NAFLD-related cirrhosis in the United States and globally highlights the need to better understand the mechanisms causing progression of hepatic steatosis to fibrosing steatohepatitis and cirrhosis in a small proportion of patients with NAFLD. Accumulating evidence suggests that lipotoxicity mediated by hepatic free cholesterol (FC) overload is a mechanistic driver for necroinflammation and fibrosis, characteristic of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), in many animal models and also in some patients with NASH. Diet, lifestyle, obesity, key genetic polymorphisms, and hyperinsulinemia secondary to insulin resistance are pivotal drivers leading to aberrant cholesterol signaling, which leads to accumulation of FC within hepatocytes. FC overload in hepatocytes can lead to ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, development of toxic oxysterols, and cholesterol crystallization in lipid droplets, which in turn lead to hepatocyte apoptosis, necrosis, or pyroptosis. Activation of Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells by hepatocyte signaling and cholesterol loading contributes to this inflammation and leads to hepatic fibrosis. Cholesterol accumulation in hepatocytes can be readily prevented or reversed by statins. Observational studies suggest that use of statins in NASH not only decreases the substantially increased cardiovascular risk, but may ameliorate liver pathology. Conclusion: Hepatic FC loading may result in cholesterol-associated steatohepatitis and play an important role in the development and progression of NASH. Statins appear to provide significant benefit in preventing progression to NASH and NASH-cirrhosis. Randomized controlled trials are needed to demonstrate whether statins or statin/ezetimibe combination can effectively reverse steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis in patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Horn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amilcar L Morales
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Savard
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Farrell
- Liver Research Group, ANU Medical School, Australian National University at the Canberra Hospital, Garran, ACT, Australia
| | - George N Ioannou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
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10
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4-Acetylantroquinonol B ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis by suppression of ER stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111504. [PMID: 33773468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an inflammatory lipotoxic disorder with a prevalence of over 25% worldwide. However, safe and effective therapeutic agents for the management of NAFLD are still lacking. We aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect and molecular mechanism of 4-acetylantroquinonol B (4-AAQB), a natural ubiquinone derivative obtained from the mycelia of Antrodia cinnamomea. METHODS RAW264.7 and J774A.1 cells were treated with 4-AAQB and then stimulated with LPS or tunicamycin (TM) for 24 h. Inflammatory responses, markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome were analyzed in both cell lines. In the applied in vivo model, male C57BL/6J mice were fed with chow or a methionine/choline-deficient (MCD) diet along with vehicle or 4-AAQB (10 mg/kg, i.p. injected, once a day) for 10 consecutive days. Plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured. Liver tissues were analyzed using histological techniques; protein levels involved in ER stress, NLRP3 inflammasome, and inflammatory responses were measured. RESULTS 4-AAQB significantly ameliorated the plasma levels of ALT and AST as well as the NAFLD activity score (NAS) in mice fed the MCD diet. In addition, 4-AAQB suppressed inflammatory responses, ER stress, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, but increased the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) signaling pathways in both in vitro and in vivo models. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that 4-AAQB treatment might be a tangible therapeutic strategy in the management of NAFLD/NASH.
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Chong WC, Shastri MD, Peterson GM, Patel RP, Pathinayake PS, Dua K, Hansbro NG, Hsu AC, Wark PA, Shukla SD, Johansen MD, Schroder K, Hansbro PM. The complex interplay between endoplasmic reticulum stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome: a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1247. [PMID: 33614031 PMCID: PMC7878118 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the result of a complex network of cellular and molecular interactions and mechanisms that facilitate immune protection against intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli, particularly pathogens, to maintain homeostasis and promote tissue healing. However, dysregulation in the immune system elicits excess/abnormal inflammation resulting in unintended tissue damage and causes major inflammatory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, sarcoidosis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is now widely accepted that both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammasomes play critical roles in activating inflammatory signalling cascades. Notably, evidence is mounting for the involvement of ER stress in exacerbating inflammasome-induced inflammatory cascades, which may provide a new axis for therapeutic targeting in a range of inflammatory disorders. Here, we comprehensively review the roles, mechanisms and interactions of both ER stress and inflammasomes, as well as their interconnected relationships in inflammatory signalling cascades. We also discuss novel therapeutic strategies that are being developed to treat ER stress- and inflammasome-related inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Chin Chong
- Department of Molecular and Translational ScienceMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
- Centre for Cancer ResearchHudson Institute of Medical ResearchClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Madhur D Shastri
- School of Pharmacy and PharmacologyUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - Gregory M Peterson
- School of Pharmacy and PharmacologyUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - Rahul P Patel
- School of Pharmacy and PharmacologyUniversity of TasmaniaHobartTASAustralia
| | - Prabuddha S Pathinayake
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy LungsHunter Medical Research InstituteThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of PharmacyGraduate School of HealthUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNSWAustralia
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for InflammationCentenary InstituteFaculty of ScienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of TechnologySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Alan C Hsu
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy LungsHunter Medical Research InstituteThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
| | - Peter A Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy LungsHunter Medical Research InstituteThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
| | - Shakti Dhar Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy LungsHunter Medical Research InstituteThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
| | - Matt D Johansen
- Centre for InflammationCentenary InstituteFaculty of ScienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of TechnologySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQLDAustralia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy LungsHunter Medical Research InstituteThe University of NewcastleCallaghanNSWAustralia
- Centre for InflammationCentenary InstituteFaculty of ScienceSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of TechnologySydneyNSWAustralia
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12
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New-Aaron M, Ganesan M, Dagur RS, Kharbanda KK, Poluektova LY, Osna NA. Pancreatogenic Diabetes: Triggering Effects of Alcohol and HIV. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:108. [PMID: 33546230 PMCID: PMC7913335 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiorgan failure may not be completely resolved among people living with HIV despite HAART use. Although the chances of organ dysfunction may be relatively low, alcohol may potentiate HIV-induced toxic effects in the organs of alcohol-abusing, HIV-infected individuals. The pancreas is one of the most implicated organs, which is manifested as diabetes mellitus or pancreatic cancer. Both alcohol and HIV may trigger pancreatitis, but the combined effects have not been explored. The aim of this review is to explore the literature for understanding the mechanisms of HIV and alcohol-induced pancreatotoxicity. We found that while premature alcohol-inducing zymogen activation is a known trigger of alcoholic pancreatitis, HIV entry through C-C chemokine receptor type 5(CCR5)into pancreatic acinar cells may also contribute to pancreatitis in people living with HIV (PLWH). HIV proteins induce oxidative and ER stresses, causing necrosis. Furthermore, infiltrative immune cells induce necrosis on HIV-containing acinar cells. When necrotic products interact with pancreatic stellate cells, they become activated, leading to the release of both inflammatory and profibrotic cytokines and resulting in pancreatitis. Effective therapeutic strategies should block CCR5 and ameliorate alcohol's effects on acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses New-Aaron
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health and Toxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Raghubendra Singh Dagur
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health and Toxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
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13
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Liao X, Zhan W, Li R, Tian T, Yu L, Yang Q. Irisin ameliorates endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver fibrosis through inhibiting PERK-mediated destabilization of HNRNPA1 in hepatic stellate cells. Biol Chem 2021; 402:703-715. [PMID: 33951764 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common consequence of chronic liver diseases involved with the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Irisin is a small polypeptide hormone that shows beneficial effects on metabolic disorders. The current study aimed to investigate the biological function of irisin on hepatic fibrosis. A mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis was established. CCl4-treated mice showed elevated serum levels of AST and ALT, increased collagen accumulation, induced ER stress, and upregulated expressions of pro-fibrotic proteins in the liver compared to the controls. The administration of irisin, however, ameliorated CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in both cultured HSCs and mice. PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) is a key component of the ER stress-associated signaling pathway. We found that irisin treatment improved the stability of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) via regulating the phosphorylation of PERK in mouse livers and isolated HSCs. Also, the knockdown of HNRNPA1 eliminated the hepatoprotective effects of irisin on hepatic fibrosis and ER stress. In summary, this study showed that irisin alleviated ER stress and hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting PERK-mediated HNRNPA1 destabilization, suggesting that irisin may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9 Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang City550004, Guizhou Province, China.,Department of Imaging, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Wei Zhan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang City550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang City550002, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Central Laboratory, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guiyang City550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Pathology, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guiyang City550004, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Guizhou Medical University, No. 9 Beijing Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang City550004, Guizhou Province, China
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14
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Yan J, Xie Y, Si J, Gan L, Li H, Sun C, Di C, Zhang J, Huang G, Zhang X, Zhang H. Crosstalk of the Caspase Family and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E817. [PMID: 33467535 PMCID: PMC7830632 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell can integrate the caspase family and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in response to cellular stress triggered by environment. It is necessary here to elucidate the direct response and interaction mechanism between the two signaling pathways in regulating cell survival and determining cell fate under cellular stress. Members of the caspase family are crucial regulators of inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress response and apoptosis. mTOR signaling is known to mediate cell growth, nutrition and metabolism. For instance, over-nutrition can cause the hyperactivation of mTOR signaling, which is associated with diabetes. Nutrition deprivation can inhibit mTOR signaling via SH3 domain-binding protein 4. It is striking that Ras GTPase-activating protein 1 is found to mediate cell survival in a caspase-dependent manner against increasing cellular stress, which describes a new model of apoptosis. The components of mTOR signaling-raptor can be cleaved by caspases to control cell growth. In addition, mTOR is identified to coordinate the defense process of the immune system by suppressing the vitality of caspase-1 or regulating other interferon regulatory factors. The present review discusses the roles of the caspase family or mTOR pathway against cellular stress and generalizes their interplay mechanism in cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Yan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Si
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cuixia Di
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Guomin Huang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xuetian Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China; (J.Y.); (J.S.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (J.Z.); (G.H.); (X.Z.)
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou 516029, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China
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15
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Baeza-Raja B, Goodyear A, Liu X, Lam K, Yamamoto L, Li Y, Dodson GS, Takeuchi T, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA, Dabbagh K. Pharmacological inhibition of P2RX7 ameliorates liver injury by reducing inflammation and fibrosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234038. [PMID: 32492075 PMCID: PMC7269334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) released by damaged cells, and its purinergic receptors, comprise a crucial signaling network after injury. Purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2RX7), a major driver of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and IL-1β processing, has been shown to play a role in liver injury in murine diet- and chemically-induced liver injury models. It is unclear, however, whether P2RX7 plays a role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and which cell type is the main target of P2RX7 pharmacological inhibition. Here, we report that P2RX7 is expressed by infiltrating monocytes and resident Kupffer cells in livers from NASH-affected individuals. Using primary isolated human cells, we demonstrate that P2RX7 expression in CD14+ monocytes and Kupffer cells primarily mediates IL-1β release. In addition, we show that pharmacological inhibition of P2RX7 in monocytes and Kupffer cells, blocks IL-1β release, reducing hepatocyte caspase 3/7 activity, IL-1β-mediated CCL2 and CCL5 chemokine gene expression and secretion, and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) procollagen secretion. Consequently, in a chemically-induced nonhuman primate model of liver fibrosis, treatment with a P2RX7 inhibitor improved histological characteristics of NASH, protecting from liver inflammation and fibrosis. Taken together, these findings underscore the critical role of P2RX7 in the pathogenesis of NASH and implicate P2RX7 as a promising therapeutic target for the management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Baeza-Raja
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Goodyear
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Lynn Yamamoto
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yingwu Li
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - G. Steven Dodson
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Toshi Takeuchi
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Karim Dabbagh
- Second Genome Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
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16
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Zhou Y, Tong Z, Jiang S, Zheng W, Zhao J, Zhou X. The Roles of Endoplasmic Reticulum in NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051219. [PMID: 32423023 PMCID: PMC7291288 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat-containing family, pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome senses pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and activates caspase-1, which provokes release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 as well as pyroptosis to engage in innate immune defense. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large and dynamic endomembrane compartment, critical to cellular function of organelle networks. Recent studies have unveiled the pivotal roles of the ER in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. ER–mitochondria contact sites provide a location for NLRP3 activation, its association with ligands released from or residing in mitochondria, and rapid Ca2+ mobilization from ER stores to mitochondria. ER-stress signaling plays a critical role in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Lipid perturbation and cholesterol trafficking to the ER activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings emphasize the importance of the ER in initiation and regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (Z.T.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Zhizi Tong
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (Z.T.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Songhong Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (Z.T.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Wenyan Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (Z.T.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China; (Z.T.); (S.J.); (W.Z.); (J.Z.)
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
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17
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. ER stress activates immunosuppressive network: implications for aging and Alzheimer's disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:633-650. [PMID: 32279085 PMCID: PMC7220864 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01904-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains stress sensors which recognize the accumulation of unfolded proteins within the lumen of ER, and subsequently these transducers stimulate the unfolded protein response (UPR). The ER sensors include the IRE1, PERK, and ATF6 transducers which activate the UPR in an attempt to restore the quality of protein folding and thus maintain cellular homeostasis. If there is excessive stress, UPR signaling generates alarmins, e.g., chemokines and cytokines, which activate not only tissue-resident immune cells but also recruit myeloid and lymphoid cells into the affected tissues. ER stress is a crucial inducer of inflammation in many pathological conditions. A chronic low-grade inflammation and cellular senescence have been associated with the aging process and many age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Currently, it is known that immune cells can exhibit great plasticity, i.e., they are able to display both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes in a context-dependent manner. The microenvironment encountered in chronic inflammatory conditions triggers a compensatory immunosuppression which defends tissues from excessive inflammation. Recent studies have revealed that chronic ER stress augments the suppressive phenotypes of immune cells, e.g., in tumors and other inflammatory disorders. The activation of immunosuppressive network, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and regulatory T cells (Treg), has been involved in the aging process and Alzheimer’s disease. We will examine in detail whether the ER stress-related changes found in aging tissues and Alzheimer’s disease are associated with the activation of immunosuppressive network, as has been observed in tumors and many chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Mohammed Thangameeran SI, Tsai ST, Hung HY, Hu WF, Pang CY, Chen SY, Liew HK. A Role for Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030750. [PMID: 32204394 PMCID: PMC7140640 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle that performs multiple functions, such as lipid biosynthesis, protein folding, and maintaining intracellular calcium homeostasis. Thus, conditions wherein the ER is unable to fold proteins is defined as ER stress, and an inbuilt quality control mechanism, called the unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated during ER stress, which serves as a recovery system that inhibits protein synthesis. Further, based on the severity of ER stress, the response could involve both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic phases. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common subtype of cerebral stroke and many lines of evidence have suggested a role for the ER in major neurological disorders. The injury mechanism during ICH includes hematoma formation, which in turn leads to inflammation, elevated intracranial pressure, and edema. A proper understanding of the injury mechanism(s) is required to effectively treat ICH and closing the gap between our current understanding of ER stress mechanisms and ICH injury can lead to valuable advances in the clinical management of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheng-Tzung Tsai
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (S.I.M.T.); (S.-T.T.); (C.-Y.P.); (S.-Y.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yi Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fen Hu
- PhD Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Yoong Pang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (S.I.M.T.); (S.-T.T.); (C.-Y.P.); (S.-Y.C.)
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- CardioVascular Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (S.I.M.T.); (S.-T.T.); (C.-Y.P.); (S.-Y.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Hock-Kean Liew
- Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- CardioVascular Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-3-856-1825 (ext. 15911); Fax: +886-3-8560-2019
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19
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Zeng X, Zhu M, Liu X, Chen X, Yuan Y, Li L, Liu J, Lu Y, Cheng J, Chen Y. Oleic acid ameliorates palmitic acid induced hepatocellular lipotoxicity by inhibition of ER stress and pyroptosis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:11. [PMID: 32021639 PMCID: PMC6990600 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-0434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pyroptosis is a novel programmed cell death. It is identified as caspase-1 dependent and characterized by plasma-membrane rupture and release of proinflammatory intracellular contents inculuding IL-1 beta and IL-18. Pyroptosis is distinct from other forms of cell death, especially apoptosis that is characterized by nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation and is elicited via activation of a caspase cascade. In pyroptosis, gasdermin D (GSDMD) acts as a major executor, while NLRP3 related inflammasome is closely linked to caspase-1 activation. Given that pyroptosis has played a critical role in the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), here, we investigated whether the regulation of pyroptosis activation is responsible for the protective role of monounsaturated oleic acids in the context of hepatocellular lipotoxicity. Methods Human hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells were exposed to palmitic acid (PA) with or without oleic acids (OA) or/and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) for 24 h. Besides, the cells were treated with the chemical ER stressor tunicamycin (TM) with or without OA for 24 h as well. The expressions of pyroptosis and ER stress related genes or proteins were determined by real-time PCR, Western blot or immunofluorescence. The morphology of pyroptosis was detected by acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining. The release of IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was determined by ELISA. Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were fed with high fat diet (HFD) for 16 w, then, HFD was half replaced by olive oil to observe the protective effects of olive oil. The blood chemistry were analyzed, and the liver histology and the expressions of related genes and proteins were determined in the liver tissues. Results We demonstrated that PA impaired the cell viability and disturbed the lipid metabolism of HepG2 cells (P < 0.01), but OA robustly rescued cells from cell death (P < 0.001). More importantly, we found that instead of cell apoptosis, PA induced significant pyroptosis, evidenced by remarkably increased mRNA and protein expressions of inflammasome marker NLRP3, Caspase-1 and IL-1beta, as well as cell membrane perforation driving protein GSDMD (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the PA stimulated ER stress was causally related to pyroptosis. The enhanced expressions of ER stress markers CHOP and BIP were found subcellular co-located to pyroptosis markers NLRP3 and ASC. Additionally,TM was able to induce pyroptosis like PA did, and ER stress inhibitor TUDCA was able to inhibit both PA and TM induced ER stress as well as pyroptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OA substantially alleviated either PA or TM induced ER stress and pyroptosis in HepG2 cells (P < 0.01). In vivo, only olive oil supplementation did not cause significant toxicity, while HFD for 32 w obviously induced liver steatosis and inflammation in SD rats (P < 0.05). Half replacement of HFD with olive oil (a mixed diet) has remarkably ameliorated liver abnormalities, and particularly inhibited the protein expressions of either ER stress and pyroptosis markers (P < 0.05). Conclusion Palmitic acid induced predominant pyroptosis in HepG2 cells, and ER stress may be responsible for the induction of pyroptosis and subsequent cell death. Monounsaturated oleic acids were able to ameliorate hepatocellular lipotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo, and OA mediated inhibition of ER stress and pyroptosis may be the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1, Keyuan 4th Road, Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1, Keyuan 4th Road, Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1, Keyuan 4th Road, Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanmin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1, Keyuan 4th Road, Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1, Keyuan 4th Road, Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Li
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1, Keyuan 4th Road, Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1, Keyuan 4th Road, Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1, Keyuan 4th Road, Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1, Keyuan 4th Road, Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
| | - Younan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, NHFPC; Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 1, Keyuan 4th Road, Gao Peng Street, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041 People's Republic of China
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Sprooten J, Garg AD. Type I interferons and endoplasmic reticulum stress in health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 350:63-118. [PMID: 32138904 PMCID: PMC7104985 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) comprise of pro-inflammatory cytokines created, as well as sensed, by all nucleated cells with the main objective of blocking pathogens-driven infections. Owing to this broad range of influence, type I IFNs also exhibit critical functions in many sterile inflammatory diseases and immunopathologies, especially those associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-driven signaling pathways. Indeed, over the years accumulating evidence has indicated that the presence of ER stress can influence the production, or sensing of, type I IFNs induced by perturbations like pattern recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, infections (bacterial, viral or parasitic) or autoimmunity. In this article we discuss the link between type I IFNs and ER stress in various diseased contexts. We describe how ER stress regulates type I IFNs production or sensing, or how type I IFNs may induce ER stress, in various circumstances like microbial infections, autoimmunity, diabetes, cancer and other ER stress-related contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sprooten
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Department for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) Unit, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Yanagisawa S, Katoh H, Imai T, Nomura S, Watanabe M. The relationship between inflammasomes and the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in the injured spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:54-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Püschel GP, Henkel J. Dietary cholesterol does not break your heart but kills your liver. Porto Biomed J 2019; 3:e12. [PMID: 31595236 PMCID: PMC6726297 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.0000000000000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly accepted that dietary cholesterol has a much lower impact on the progression of cardiovascular disease than previously assumed. However, both animal experiments and human studies seem to support the view that dietary cholesterol may contribute to the transition from benign steatosis to the potentially fatal non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cholesterol esters and cholesterol accumulate in the hepatocyte and impair its function. This leads to oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress triggering the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and rendering the hepatocyte more susceptible to apoptotic or necrotic cell death. Kupffer cells group around dying hepatocytes and phagocytose the hepatocyte debris and lipids. In addition, they are exposed to lipid peroxidation products released from hepatocytes. Kupffer cells, thus activated, release pro-inflammatory, chemotactic and profibrotic cytokines that promote inflammation and fibrosis. Therefore, dietary cholesterol may be harmful to the liver, in particular when administered in combination with polyunsaturated fatty acids that favor lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard P Püschel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Janin Henkel
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Nuthetal, Germany
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Abstract
Since the pioneering discovery of heat shock proteins in Drosophila by Ferruccio Ritossa in 1960s, a long and exciting journey has been undertaken by molecular biologists and researchers worldwide. Not only lower organisms like worms, yeast, amoeba, and flies but also eukaryotes share common cellular response signals to stressful conditions that can arise from the outside but also from the inside. Moreover, extraordinary interplay between nucleus and subcellular organelles, and between different organelles, like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum called mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs), are involved in aging and human diseases like obesity, diabetes, inflammation, neurodegeneration, autoimmune diseases, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Actually, we know that to hit abnormal proteostasis and lipid exchanges in the endoplasmic reticulum is crucial to best guide effective therapies or discover new drugs. Indeed, restoration or impairment of endoplasmic reticulum shape and function lead to cellular homeostasis by autophagy or to final death generally by apoptosis or pyroptosis. This Special Issue collects current valuable articles or reviews on cellular stress research and each contribution opens a new window for further studies and hypothesis. I hope that readers interested in this fascinating topic may be stimulated to know more and more.
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Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a major contributor to liver disease and hepatic fibrosis, but the role it plays varies depending on the cause and progression of the disease. Furthermore, ER stress plays a distinct role in hepatocytes versus hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which adds to the complexity of understanding ER stress and its downstream signaling through the unfolded protein response (UPR) in liver disease. Here, the authors focus on the current literature of ER stress in nonalcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases, how ER stress impacts hepatocyte injury, and the role of ER stress in HSC activation and hepatic fibrosis. This review provides insight into the complex signaling and regulation of the UPR, parallels and distinctions between different liver diseases, and how ER stress may be targeted as an antisteatotic or antifibrotic therapy to limit the progression of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Maiers
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Harmeet Malhi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Mo FF, Lv BH, An T, Miao JN, Liu JX, Zhang J, Zhang ZY, Ma MH, Yang XY, Zhao DD, Zhang DW, Gao SH, Jiang GJ. Protective mechanism of punicalagin against endoplasmic reticulum stress in the liver of mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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He DK, Chen JF, Shao YR, Zhou FQ, Shen J. Adenovirus-delivered angiopoietin-1 ameliorates phosgene-induced acute lung injury via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Inhal Toxicol 2019; 30:187-194. [PMID: 30257148 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1492648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is reported to have the ability to attenuate endothelial permeability and inflammation during the stress condition and is considered to play a critical role in vascular stabilization. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms involved in the protective effects of adenovirus-delivered Ang1 in phosgene-induced acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS ALI was induced in rats by phosgene exposure at 8.33 g/m3 for 5 min, followed by an intravenous injection of adenovirus-Ang1 (Ad/Ang1). The histologic changes of the lung were evaluated with H&E staining. The levels of cytokines in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined by ELISA. NLRP3 inflammasome activation was assessed with immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, Western blotting and TUNEL staining. RESULTS Histologic analyses suggested that reduced severity in phosgene-induced ALI with Ad/Ang1 treatment. Reduced levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and IL-33 were found in both serum and BALF samples from Ad/Ang1-treated ALI rats induced by phosgene. Moreover, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that Ad/Ang1 treatment inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Decreased mRNA and protein levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 were found in phosgene-exposed rats treated with Ad/Ang1. In addition, TUNEL staining indicated a decrease in pyroptosis in phosgene-exposed rats treated with Ad/Ang1. CONCLUSIONS Ang1 exerts beneficial effects on phosgene-induced lung injury via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Disruption of NLRP3 inflammasome activation might be served as therapeutic modality for the treatment of phosgene-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Kun He
- a Center of Emergency & Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Medical Center of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,c Medical Research Centre for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jun-Feng Chen
- a Center of Emergency & Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Medical Center of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,c Medical Research Centre for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yi-Ru Shao
- a Center of Emergency & Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Medical Center of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,c Medical Research Centre for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Fang-Qing Zhou
- a Center of Emergency & Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Medical Center of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,c Medical Research Centre for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
| | - Jie Shen
- a Center of Emergency & Intensive Care Unit, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,b Medical Center of Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China.,c Medical Research Centre for Chemical Injury, Emergency and Critical Care, Jinshan Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai , China
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Spradley FT, Smith JA, Alexander BT, Anderson CD. Developmental origins of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for exaggerated metabolic and cardiovascular-renal disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E795-E814. [PMID: 29509436 PMCID: PMC6293166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00394.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is linked to increased risk for chronic disease. Placental ischemia and insufficiency in the mother are implicated in predisposing IUGR offspring to metabolic dysfunction, including hypertension, insulin resistance, abnormalities in glucose homeostasis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It is unclear whether these metabolic disturbances contribute to the developmental origins of exaggerated cardiovascular-renal disease (CVRD) risk accompanying IUGR. IUGR impacts the pancreas, adipose tissue, and liver, which are hypothesized to program for hepatic insulin resistance and subsequent NAFLD. NAFLD is projected to become the major cause of chronic liver disease and contributor to uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus, which is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease. While NAFLD is increased in experimental models of IUGR, lacking is a full comprehension of the mechanisms responsible for programming of NAFLD and whether this potentiates susceptibility to liver injury. The use of well-established and clinically relevant rodent models, which mimic the clinical characteristics of IUGR, metabolic disturbances, and increased blood pressure in the offspring, will permit investigation into mechanisms linking adverse influences during early life and later chronic health. The purpose of this review is to propose mechanisms, including those proinflammatory in nature, whereby IUGR exacerbates the pathogenesis of NAFLD and how these adverse programmed outcomes contribute to exaggerated CVRD risk. Understanding the etiology of the developmental origins of chronic disease will allow investigators to uncover treatment strategies to intervene in the mother and her offspring to halt the increasing prevalence of metabolic dysfunction and CVRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank T Spradley
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jillian A Smith
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Barbara T Alexander
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant and Hepatobiliary Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, The University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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Lebeaupin C, Vallée D, Hazari Y, Hetz C, Chevet E, Bailly-Maitre B. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2018; 69:927-947. [PMID: 29940269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The global epidemic of obesity has been accompanied by a rising burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), with manifestations ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, potentially developing into hepatocellular carcinoma. Although much attention has focused on NAFLD, its pathogenesis remains largely obscure. The hallmark of NAFLD is the hepatic accumulation of lipids, which subsequently leads to cellular stress and hepatic injury, eventually resulting in chronic liver disease. Abnormal lipid accumulation often coincides with insulin resistance in steatotic livers and is associated with perturbed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis in hepatocytes. In response to chronic ER stress, an adaptive signalling pathway known as the unfolded protein response is triggered to restore ER proteostasis. However, the unfolded protein response can cause inflammation, inflammasome activation and, in the case of non-resolvable ER stress, the death of hepatocytes. Experimental data suggest that the unfolded protein response influences hepatic tumour development, aggressiveness and response to treatment, offering novel therapeutic avenues. Herein, we provide an overview of the evidence linking ER stress to NAFLD and discuss possible points of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah Vallée
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, U1065, C3M, 06200 Nice, France
| | - Younis Hazari
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism (GERO), Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 02115 Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Chevet
- "Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Inserm U1242, Université de Rennes, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
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Mechanism of Action of Magnesium Lithospermate B against Aging and Obesity-Induced ER Stress, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammsome Formation in the Liver. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092098. [PMID: 30134566 PMCID: PMC6225288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium lithospermate B (MLB) is the biologically active compound of the water-soluble fraction of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Magnesium lithospermate B exhibits various biological functions, including antidiabetic, neuroprotective, and antioxidant effects. However, its beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and related signaling pathways in the liver need to be elucidated. Our previous study reported that MLB is a PPARβ/δ agonist in fibroblasts. Because insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects of PPARβ/δ has been reported in the liver, we investigated whether MLB has a beneficial effect on insulin-, ER stress- and inflammasome-related signaling in the livers of aging and obese animal models. Western blotting and protein-ligand docking simulation showed that MLB activated PPARβ/δ and improved glucose tolerance in the livers of aging and obese animal models. MLB supplementation ameliorated aging or obesity-induced disruption of insulin signaling in the liver. Consistently, aging and obesity-induced increase in the protein levels of a gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was decreased by MLB. When molecular signaling pathways related to insulin signaling were examined in the liver, MLB supplementation suppressed ER stress- and inflammasome-related signaling molecules induced by aging and obesity. These results suggest that MLB may improve insulin resistance in the liver at least partially by suppressing ER stress and inflammasome formation in aging and obese animal models.
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He Q, Fu Y, Tian D, Yan W. The contrasting roles of inflammasomes in cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:566-583. [PMID: 29736304 PMCID: PMC5934549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation plays a decisive role at different stages of cancer development. Inflammasomes are oligomeric protein complexes activated in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). PAMPs and DAMPs are released from infected cells, tumors and damaged tissues. Inflammasomes activate and release inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18. The various inflammasomes and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines play contrasting roles in cancer development and progression. In this review, we describe the roles of different inflammasomes in lung, breast, gastric, liver, colon, and prostate cancers and in glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Univsersity of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Univsersity of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Univsersity of Science and TechnologyWuhan, China
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Rutkowski DT. Liver function and dysfunction - a unique window into the physiological reach of ER stress and the unfolded protein response. FEBS J 2018; 286:356-378. [PMID: 29360258 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) improves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein folding in order to alleviate stress. Yet it is becoming increasingly clear that the UPR regulates processes well beyond those directly involved in protein folding, in some cases by mechanisms that fall outside the realm of canonical UPR signaling. These pathways are highly specific from one cell type to another, implying that ER stress signaling affects each tissue in a unique way. Perhaps nowhere is this more evident than in the liver, which-beyond being a highly secretory tissue-is a key regulator of peripheral metabolism and a uniquely proliferative organ upon damage. The liver provides a powerful model system for exploring how and why the UPR extends its reach into physiological processes that occur outside the ER, and how ER stress contributes to the many systemic diseases that involve liver dysfunction. This review will highlight the ways in which the study of ER stress in the liver has expanded the view of the UPR to a response that is a key guardian of cellular homeostasis outside of just the narrow realm of ER protein folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thomas Rutkowski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, IA, USA
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Kantono M, Guo B. Inflammasomes and Cancer: The Dynamic Role of the Inflammasome in Tumor Development. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1132. [PMID: 28955343 PMCID: PMC5600922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Inflammation in tumor microenvironments is not only associated with various stages of tumor development, but also has significant impacts on tumor immunity and immunotherapy. Inflammasome are an important innate immune pathway critical for the production of active IL-1β and interleukin 18, as well as the induction of pyroptosis. Although extensive studies have demonstrated that inflammasomes play a vital role in infectious and autoimmune diseases, their role in tumor progression remains elusive. Multiple studies using a colitis-associated colon cancer model show that inflammasome components provide protection against the development of colon cancer. However, very recent studies demonstrate that inflammasomes promote tumor progression in skin and breast cancer. These results indicate that inflammasomes can promote and suppress tumor development depending on types of tumors, specific inflammasomes involved, and downstream effector molecules. The complicated role of inflammasomes raises new opportunities and challenges to manipulate inflammasome pathways in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Kantono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, United States.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Beichu Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, United States.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC, United States
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