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Rahman S, Mathew S, Nair P, Ramadan WS, Vazhappilly CG. Health benefits of cyanidin-3-glucoside as a potent modulator of Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:907-923. [PMID: 33740221 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Berries are natural sources of anthocyanins, especially cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), and exhibit significant antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective effects against various oxidative stress-induced disorders. C3G and its metabolites possess higher absorption and bioavailability, and interaction with gut microbiota may enhance their health benefits. Various in vitro studies have shown the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mitigating potential of C3G. However, in in vivo models, C3G exerts its cytoprotective properties by regulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) pathway. Despite existing reports stating various health benefits of C3G, its antioxidant potential by modulating the Nrf2 pathway remains less identified. This review discusses the Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response of C3G in modulating oxidative stress against DNA damage, apoptosis, carcinogen toxicity, and inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, we have reviewed the recent clinical trial data to establish cross talk between a berry-rich diet and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Rahman
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, USA
| | - Shimy Mathew
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, 10021, UAE
| | - Pooja Nair
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, 10021, UAE
| | - Wafaa S Ramadan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.,College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Cijo George Vazhappilly
- Department of Biotechnology, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, 10021, UAE.
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Choi MH, Lee MY, Yang SH, Shin HJ, Jeon YJ. Hydrophobic Fractions of Triticum aestivum L. Extracts Contain Polyphenols and Alleviate Inflammation by Regulating Nuclear Factor-kappa B. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhang L, Ng TB, Lam JKW, Wang SW, Lao L, Zhang KY, Sze SCW. Research and Development of Proteins and Peptides with Therapeutic Potential from Yam Tubers. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:277-284. [PMID: 29932033 DOI: 10.2174/1389203719666180622094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the diverse biological activities, therapeutic potential, and clinical applications of peptides and proteins isolated from various yams species including Dioscorea opposita Thunb (Chinese yam), D alata, D japonica (Japanese yam), D pseudojaponica, D batatas (Korea yam), and D cayenensis. Yam peptides and proteins have many pharmacological activities including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, estrogen-stimulating, osteogenic, angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibiting, carbonic anhydrase and trypsin inhibiting, chitinase, anti-insect, anti-dust mite, lectin, and anti-proliferative activities. Yam peptides and proteins have therapeutic potential for treating cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancers, aging disorders, menopause, and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jenny Ka Wing Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shi Wei Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kalin Yanbo Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen Cho Wing Sze
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hong Kong Baptisit University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Youn CK, Cho SI, Lee MY, Jeon YJ, Lee SK. Inhibition of ERK1/2 by silymarin in mouse mesangial cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 21:117-124. [PMID: 28066148 PMCID: PMC5214903 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.1.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to show that pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-1β] synergistically induce the production of nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse mesangial cells, which play an important role in inflammatory glomerular injury. We also found that co-treatment with cytokines at low doses (TNF-α; 5 ng/ml, IFN-γ; 5 ng/ml, and IL-1β; 1.25 U/ml) synergistically induced NO production, whereas treatment with each cytokine alone did not increase NO production at doses up to 100 ng/ml or 50 U/ml. Silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), attenuates cytokine mixture (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β)-induced NO production. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that silymarin inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in a dose-dependent manner. Silymarin also inhibited extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. Collectively, we have demonstrated that silymarin inhibits NO production in mouse mesangial cells, and may act as a useful anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Kyung Youn
- Department of Premedical Sciences, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Sung Il Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Seog Ki Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chosun University College of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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Kim EJ, Lee MY, Jeon YJ. Silymarin Inhibits Morphological Changes in LPS-Stimulated Macrophages by Blocking NF-κB Pathway. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:211-8. [PMID: 25954125 PMCID: PMC4422960 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.3.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study showed that silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced morphological changes in the mouse RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. We also showed that silymarin inhibited the nuclear translocation and transactivation activities of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which is important for macrophage activation-associated changes in cell morphology and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines. BAY-11-7085, an NF-κB inhibitor, abrogated LPS-induced morphological changes and NO production, similar to silymarin. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with silymarin also inhibited LPS-stimulated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Collectively, these experiments demonstrated that silymarin inhibited LPS-induced morphological changes in the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. Our findings indicated that the most likely mechanism underlying this biological effect involved inhibition of the MAPK pathway and NF-κB activity. Inhibition of these activities by silymarin is a potentially useful strategy for the treatment of inflammation because of the critical roles played by MAPK and NF-κB in mediating inflammatory responses in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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Kim S, Shin MY, Son KH, Sohn HY, Lim JH, Lee JH, Kwun IS. Yam (Dioscorea batatas) Root and Bark Extracts Stimulate Osteoblast Mineralization by Increasing Ca and P Accumulation and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2014; 19:194-203. [PMID: 25320717 PMCID: PMC4195625 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2014.19.3.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Yam (Dioscorea batatas) is widely consumed as functional food for health promotion mainly in East Asia countries. We assessed whether yam root (tuber) or bark (peel) extracts stimulated the activity of osteoblasts for osteogenesis. MC3T3-E1 cells (mouse osteoblasts) were treated with yam root extracts (water or methanol) (study I) or bark extracts (water or hexane) (study II) within 0~10 μg/mL during the periods of osteoblast proliferation (5~10 day), matrix maturation (11~15 day) and mineralization (16~20 day) as appropriate. In study I, both yam root water and methanol extracts increased cell proliferation as concentration-dependent manner. Cellular collagen synthesis and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, both the indicators of bone matrix protein and inorganic phosphate production for calcification respectively, were also increased by yam root water and methanol extract. Osteoblast calcification as cell matrix Ca and P accumulation was also increased by the addition of yam root extracts. In study II, yam bark extracts (water and hexane) increased osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, as collagen synthesis and ALP activity and osteoblast matrix Ca and P deposition. The study results suggested that both yam root and bark extracts stimulate osteogenic function in osteoblasts by stimulating bone matrix maturation by increasing collagen synthesis, ALP activity, and matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Gyeongbuk 760-749, Korea
| | - Mee-Young Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Gyeongbuk 760-749, Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Son
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Gyeongbuk 760-749, Korea
| | - Ho-Yong Sohn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Gyeongbuk 760-749, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Andong National University, Gyeongbuk 760-749, Korea
| | - Jong-Hwa Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Gyeongbuk 760-749, Korea
| | - In-Sook Kwun
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Gyeongbuk 760-749, Korea
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Kim EJ, Kim J, Lee MY, Sudhanva MS, Devakumar S, Jeon YJ. Silymarin Inhibits Cytokine-Stimulated Pancreatic Beta Cells by Blocking the ERK1/2 Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:282-7. [PMID: 25143805 PMCID: PMC4131525 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that silymarin, a polyphenolic flavonoid isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), inhibits cytokine mixture (CM: TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) in the pancreatic beta cell line MIN6N8a. Immunostaining and Western blot analysis showed that silymarin inhibits iNOS gene expression. RT-PCR showed that silymarin inhibits iNOS gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. We also showed that silymarin inhibits extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation. A MEK1 inhibitor abrogated CM-induced nitrite production, similar to silymarin. Treatment of MIN6N8a cells with silymarin also inhibited CM-stimulated activation of NF-κB, which is important for iNOS transcription. Collectively, we demonstrate that silymarin inhibits NO production in pancreatic beta cells, and silymarin may represent a useful anti-diabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeho Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Young Jin Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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Youn CK, Park SJ, Lee MY, Cha MJ, Kim OH, You HJ, Chang IY, Yoon SP, Jeon YJ. Silibinin Inhibits LPS-Induced Macrophage Activation by Blocking p38 MAPK in RAW 264.7 Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 21:258-63. [PMID: 24244809 PMCID: PMC3819897 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate herein that silibinin, a polyphenolic flavonoid compound isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum), inhibits LPS-induced activation of macrophages and production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells. Western blot analysis showed silibinin inhibits iNOS gene expression. RT-PCR showed that silibinin inhibits iNOS, TNF-α, and IL1β. We also showed that silibinin strongly inhibits p38 MAPK phosphorylation, whereas the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways are not inhibited. The p38 MAPK inhibitor abrogated the LPS-induced nitrite production, whereas the MEK-1 inhibitor did not affect the nitrite production. A molecular modeling study proposed a binding pose for silibinin targeting the ATP binding site of p38 MAPK (1OUK). Collectively, this series of experiments indicates that silibinin inhibits macrophage activation by blocking p38 MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Kyung Youn
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759 ; Departments of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759
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Youn CK, Park SJ, Li MH, Lee MY, Lee KY, Cha MJ, Kim OH, You HJ, Chang IY, Yoon SP, Jeon YJ. Radicicol Inhibits iNOS Expression in Cytokine-Stimulated Pancreatic Beta Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 17:315-20. [PMID: 23946691 PMCID: PMC3741488 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.4.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we show that radicicol, a fungal antibiotic, resulted in marked inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription by the pancreatic beta cell line MIN6N8a in response to cytokine mixture (CM: TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β). Treatment of MIN6N8a cells with radicicol inhibited CM-stimulated activation of NF-κB/Rel, which plays a critical role in iNOS transcription, in a dose-related manner. Nitrite production in the presence of PD98059, a specific inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway, was dramatically diminished, suggesting that the ERK1/2 pathway is involved in CM-induced iNOS expression. In contrast, SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38, had no effect on nitrite generation. Collectively, this series of experiments indicates that radicicol inhibits iNOS gene expression by blocking ERK1/2 signaling. Due to the critical role that NO release plays in mediating destruction of pancreatic beta cells, the inhibitory effects of radicicol on iNOS expression suggest that radicicol may represent a useful anti-diabetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cha Kyung Youn
- DNA Damage Response Network Center, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-709, Korea. ; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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