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Ma Z, Qiu L, Sun J, Wu Z, Liang S, Zhao Y, Yang J, Yue S, Hu M, Li Y. A novel pulmonary fibrosis NOD/SCID murine model with natural aging. BMC Pulm Med 2024; 24:457. [PMID: 39285370 PMCID: PMC11406766 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-024-03268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an age-related disease severely affecting life quality with its prevalence rising as the population ages, yet there is still no effective treatment available. Cell therapy has emerged as a promising option for IPF, however, the absence of mature and stable animal models for IPF immunodeficiency hampers preclinical evaluations of human cell therapies, primarily due to rapid immune clearance of administered cells. This study aims to establish a reliable pulmonary fibrosis (PF) model in immunodeficient mice that supports autologous cell therapy and to investigate underlying mechanism. METHODS We utilized thirty 5-week-old male NOD/SCID mice, categorizing them into three age groups: 12weeks, 32 weeks and 43 weeks, with 6 mice euthanized randomly from each cohort for lung tissue analysis. We assessed fibrosis using HE staining, Masson's trichrome staining, α-SMA immunohistochemistry and hydroxyproline content measurement. Further, β-galactosidase staining and gene expression analysis of MMP9, TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, SOD1, SOD2, NRF2, SIRT1, and SIRT3 were performed. ELISA was employed to quantify protein levels of TNF-α, TGF-β1, and IL-8. RESULTS When comparing lung tissues from 32-week-old and 43-week-old mice to those from 12-week-old mice, we noted a marked increase in inflammatory infiltration, fibrosis severity, and hydroxyproline content, alongside elevated expression levels of α-SMA and MMP9. Notably, the degree of fibrosis intensified with age. Additionally, β-galactosidase staining became more pronounced in older mice. Quantitative PCR analyses revealed age-related, increases in the expression of senescence markers (GLB1, P16, P21), and proinflammatory genes (TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8). Conversely, the expression of anti-oxidative stress-related genes (SOD1, SOD2, NRF2, SIRT1, and SIRT3) declined, showing statistically significant differences (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). ELISA results corroborated these findings, indicating a progressive rise in the protein levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α, and IL-8 as the mice aged. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that NOD/SCID mice aged 32 weeks and 43 weeks effectively model pulmonary fibrosis in an elderly context, with the disease pathogenesis likely driven by age-associated inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Ma
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China
| | - Jianxiu Sun
- Yunnan Jici Institute for Regenerative Medicine Co., Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Shenzhen Zhendejici Pharmaceutical Research and Development Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518048, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu Liang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China
| | - Yunhui Zhao
- Yunnan Jici Institute for Regenerative Medicine Co., Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, China
| | - Jinmei Yang
- Yunnan Jici Institute for Regenerative Medicine Co., Ltd, Kunming, Yunnan, 650101, China
| | - Shijun Yue
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China
| | - Min Hu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China.
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650214, China.
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2
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Weckerle J, Mayr CH, Fundel-Clemens K, Lämmle B, Boryn L, Thomas MJ, Bretschneider T, Luippold AH, Huber HJ, Viollet C, Rist W, Veyel D, Ramirez F, Klee S, Kästle M. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Changes Driving Pulmonary Fibrosis Resolution in Young and Old Mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:422-440. [PMID: 37411041 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0012oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice mimics major hallmarks of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Yet in this model, it spontaneously resolves over time. We studied molecular mechanisms of fibrosis resolution and lung repair, focusing on transcriptional and proteomic signatures and the effect of aging. Old mice showed incomplete and delayed lung function recovery 8 weeks after bleomycin instillation. This shift in structural and functional repair in old bleomycin-treated mice was reflected in a temporal shift in gene and protein expression. We reveal gene signatures and signaling pathways that underpin the lung repair process. Importantly, the downregulation of WNT, BMP, and TGFβ antagonists Frzb, Sfrp1, Dkk2, Grem1, Fst, Fstl1, and Inhba correlated with lung function improvement. Those genes constitute a network with functions in stem cell pathways, wound, and pulmonary healing. We suggest that insufficient and delayed downregulation of those antagonists during fibrosis resolution in old mice explains the impaired regenerative outcome. Together, we identified signaling pathway molecules with relevance to lung regeneration that should be tested in-depth experimentally as potential therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bärbel Lämmle
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, and
| | | | | | - Tom Bretschneider
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | - Andreas H Luippold
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Rist
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | - Daniel Veyel
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riß, Germany; and
| | - Fidel Ramirez
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, and
| | - Stephan Klee
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research
| | - Marc Kästle
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research
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3
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Salminen A. The role of immunosuppressive myofibroblasts in the aging process and age-related diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1169-1189. [PMID: 37606688 PMCID: PMC10560181 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells which control the structural integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Fibroblasts possess a remarkable plasticity to allow them to adapt to the changes in the microenvironment and thus maintain tissue homeostasis. Several stresses, also those associated with the aging process, convert quiescent fibroblasts into myofibroblasts which not only display fibrogenic properties but also act as immune regulators cooperating both with tissue-resident immune cells and those immune cells recruited into affected tissues. TGF-β cytokine and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major inducers of myofibroblast differentiation in pathological conditions either from quiescent fibroblasts or via transdifferentiation from certain other cell types, e.g., macrophages, adipocytes, pericytes, and endothelial cells. Intriguingly, TGF-β and ROS are also important signaling mediators between immunosuppressive cells, such as MDSCs, Tregs, and M2 macrophages. It seems that in pathological states, myofibroblasts are able to interact with the immunosuppressive network. There is clear evidence that a low-grade chronic inflammatory state in aging tissues is counteracted by activation of compensatory immunosuppression. Interestingly, common enhancers of the aging process, such as oxidative stress, loss of DNA integrity, and inflammatory insults, are inducers of myofibroblasts, whereas anti-aging treatments with metformin and rapamycin suppress the differentiation of myofibroblasts and thus prevent age-related tissue fibrosis. I will examine the reciprocal interactions between myofibroblasts and immunosuppressive cells within aging tissues. It seems that the differentiation of myofibroblasts with age-related harmful stresses enhances the activity of the immunosuppressive network which promotes tissue fibrosis and degeneration in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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4
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Salminen A. The plasticity of fibroblasts: A forgotten player in the aging process. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101995. [PMID: 37391015 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells which possess an impressive plasticity in their ability to modify their properties according to the requirements of the microenvironment. There are diverse subgroups of fibroblast phenotypes associated with different tissue pathological conditions, e.g., cancers, wound healing, and many fibrotic and inflammatory conditions. The heterogeneous phenotypes can be subdivided into fibrogenic and non-fibrogenic, inflammatory and immunosuppressive subtypes as well as cellular senescent subsets. A major hallmark of activated fibroblasts is that they contain different amounts of stress fibers combined with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein, i.e., commonly this phenotype has been called the myofibroblast. Interestingly, several stresses associated with the aging process are potent inducers of myofibroblast differentiation, e.g., oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stresses, extracellular matrix (ECM) disorders, inflammatory mediators, and telomere shortening. Accordingly, anti-aging treatments with metformin and rapamycin inhibited the differentiation of myofibroblasts in tissues. There is evidence that the senescent phenotype induced in cultured fibroblasts does not represent the phenotype of fibroblasts in aged tissues. Considering the versatile plasticity of fibroblasts as well as their frequency and structural importance in tissues, it does seem that fibroblasts are overlooked players in the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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5
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Aghali A, Khalfaoui L, Lagnado AB, Drake LY, Teske JJ, Pabelick CM, Passos JF, Prakash YS. Cellular senescence is increased in airway smooth muscle cells of elderly persons with asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L558-L568. [PMID: 36166734 PMCID: PMC9639764 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00146.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells can drive age-related tissue dysfunction partially via a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) involving proinflammatory and profibrotic factors. Cellular senescence has been associated with a structural and functional decline during normal lung aging and age-related diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Asthma in the elderly (AIE) represents a major healthcare burden. AIE is associated with bronchial airway hyperresponsiveness and remodeling, which involves increased cell proliferation and higher rates of fibrosis, and resistant to standard therapy. Airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells play a major role in asthma such as remodeling via modulation of inflammation and the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. Whether senescent ASM cells accumulate in AIE and contribute to airway structural or functional changes is unknown. Lung tissues from elderly persons with asthma showed greater airway fibrosis compared with age-matched elderly persons with nonasthma and young age controls. Lung tissue or isolated ASM cells from elderly persons with asthma showed increased expression of multiple senescent markers including phospho-p53, p21, telomere-associated foci (TAF), as well as multiple SASP components. Senescence and SASP components were also increased with aging per se. These data highlight the presence of cellular senescence in AIE that may contribute to airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbi Aghali
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Latifa Khalfaoui
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anthony B. Lagnado
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Li Y. Drake
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jacob J. Teske
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Christina M. Pabelick
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - João F. Passos
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Y. S. Prakash
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Chuliá-Peris L, Carreres-Rey C, Gabasa M, Alcaraz J, Carretero J, Pereda J. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Inhibitors in Pulmonary Fibrosis: EMMPRIN/CD147 Comes into Play. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136894. [PMID: 35805895 PMCID: PMC9267107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is characterized by aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and parenchymal disorganization, which have an impact on the biomechanical traits of the lung. In this context, the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is lost. Interestingly, several MMPs are overexpressed during PF and exhibit a clear profibrotic role (MMP-2, -3, -8, -11, -12 and -28), but a few are antifibrotic (MMP-19), have both profibrotic and antifibrotic capacity (MMP7), or execute an unclear (MMP-1, -9, -10, -13, -14) or unknown function. TIMPs are also overexpressed in PF; hence, the modulation and function of MMPs and TIMP are more complex than expected. EMMPRIN/CD147 (also known as basigin) is a transmembrane glycoprotein from the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) that was first described to induce MMP activity in fibroblasts. It also interacts with other molecules to execute non-related MMP aactions well-described in cancer progression, migration, and invasion. Emerging evidence strongly suggests that CD147 plays a key role in PF not only by MMP induction but also by stimulating fibroblast myofibroblast transition. In this review, we study the structure and function of MMPs, TIMPs and CD147 in PF and their complex crosstalk between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Chuliá-Peris
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
| | - Cristina Carreres-Rey
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
| | - Marta Gabasa
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.); (J.A.)
| | - Jordi Alcaraz
- Unit of Biophysics and Bioengineering, Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.G.); (J.A.)
- Thoracic Oncology Unit, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julián Carretero
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
| | - Javier Pereda
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (L.C.-P.); (C.C.-R.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Wicher SA, Roos BB, Teske JJ, Fang YH, Pabelick C, Prakash YS. Aging increases senescence, calcium signaling, and extracellular matrix deposition in human airway smooth muscle. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254710. [PMID: 34324543 PMCID: PMC8321097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung function declines as people age and their lungs become stiffer. With an increasing elderly population, understanding mechanisms that contribute to these structural and functional changes in the aging lung is important. Part of the aging process is characterized by thicker, more fibrotic airways, and senile emphysema caused by changes in lung parenchyma. There is also senescence, which occurs throughout the body with aging. Here, using human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells from patients in different age groups, we explored senescence pathways and changes in intracellular calcium signaling and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition to elucidate potential mechanisms by which aging leads to thicker and stiffer lungs. Senescent markers p21, γH2AX, and β-gal, and some senescence-associated secretory proteins (SASP) increased with aging, as shown by staining and biochemical analyses. Agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+ responses, measured using fura-2 loaded cells and fluorescence imaging, increased with age. However, biochemical analysis showed that expression of the following markers decreased with age: M3 muscarinic receptor, TRPC3, Orai1, STIM1, SERCA2, MMP2 and MMP9. In contrast, collagen III, and fibronectin deposition increased with age. These data show that senescence increases in the aging airways that is associated with a stiffer but surprisingly greater intracellular calcium signaling as a marker for contractility. ASM senescence may enhance fibrosis in a feed forward loop promoting remodeling and altered calcium storage and buffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Wicher
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Benjamin B. Roos
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Jacob J. Teske
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Yun Hua Fang
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Christina Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Y. S. Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
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8
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John AE, Joseph C, Jenkins G, Tatler AL. COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis: A potential role for lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:228-240. [PMID: 34028807 PMCID: PMC8237078 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic rapidly spread around the world following the first reports in Wuhan City, China in late 2019. The disease, caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, is primarily a respiratory condition that can affect numerous other bodily systems including the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. The disease ranges in severity from asymptomatic through to severe acute respiratory distress requiring intensive care treatment and mechanical ventilation, which can lead to respiratory failure and death. It has rapidly become evident that COVID-19 patients can develop features of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, which in many cases persist for as long as we have thus far been able to follow the patients. Many questions remain about how such fibrotic changes occur within the lung of COVID-19 patients, whether the changes will persist long term or are capable of resolving, and whether post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis has the potential to become progressive, as in other fibrotic lung diseases. This review brings together our existing knowledge on both COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis, with a particular focus on lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts, in order to discuss common pathways and processes that may be implicated as we try to answer these important questions in the months and years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E. John
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Chitra Joseph
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - Amanda L. Tatler
- Nottingham NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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Venosa A. Senescence in Pulmonary Fibrosis: Between Aging and Exposure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:606462. [PMID: 33282895 PMCID: PMC7689159 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.606462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, chronic pulmonary pathologies represent the third leading cause of death in the elderly population. Evidence-based projections suggest that >65 (years old) individuals will account for approximately a quarter of the world population before the turn of the century. Genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication, are described as the nine “hallmarks” that govern cellular fitness. Any deviation from the normal pattern initiates a complex cascade of events culminating to a disease state. This blueprint, originally employed to describe aberrant changes in cancer cells, can be also used to describe aging and fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is the result of a progressive decline in injury resolution processes stemming from endogenous (physiological decline or somatic mutations) or exogenous stress. Environmental, dietary or occupational exposure accelerates the pathogenesis of a senescent phenotype based on (1) window of exposure; (2) dose, duration, recurrence; and (3) cells type being targeted. As the lung ages, the threshold to generate an irreversibly senescent phenotype is lowered. However, we do not have sufficient knowledge to make accurate predictions. In this review, we provide an assessment of the literature that interrogates lung epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune senescence at the intersection of aging, environmental exposure and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Venosa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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10
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Wolcott KM, Woodard GE. CD34 positive cells isolated from traumatized human skeletal muscle require the CD34 protein for multi-potential differentiation. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109711. [PMID: 32702440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The CD34 protein is regarded as a marker of stem cells from multiple origins. Recently a mesenchymal progenitor CD34 positive cell identified from traumatized human skeletal muscle demonstrates differentiation capability into vascular endothelial cells, osteoblasts and adipocytes. Here they were treated with a small inhibitory RNA for CD34, which significantly reduced the cellular level of the CD34 protein. These treated cells had a reduced capacity to proliferate, and migrate. They were both unable to differentiation down multiple pathways and to undergo vascular endothelial differentiation as reflected by a lack of expression of VE cadherin, Tie 2 and CD31. Additionally the cells were unable to form tube-like structures in an endothelial tube assay. These treated cells were also unable to undergo osteogenesis, as revealed by lack of alizarin red and alkaline phosphatase staining and were unable to undergo adipogenesis as revealed by lack of oil red O staining. Finally, when CD34 was expressed in cells lacking this protein, the cells were able to undergo vascular endothelial differentiation as revealed by expression of Tie2, VE-cadherin and CD31. These data indicate that in cells derived from traumatized muscle the CD34 protein is required for enhanced proliferation, migration and differentiation down multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Wolcott
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Nation Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Geoffrey E Woodard
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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11
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Russell-Goldman E, Murphy GF. The Pathobiology of Skin Aging: New Insights into an Old Dilemma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1356-1369. [PMID: 32246919 PMCID: PMC7481755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Long considered both physiologic and inevitable, skin aging is a degenerative phenomenon whereby both intrinsic and environmental factors conspire to produce an authentic disease. The consequences of this disorder are many and varied, ranging from atrophy and fragility to defective repair to deficient immunity and vulnerability to certain infections. The pathobiologic basis for skin aging remains poorly understood. At a cellular level, stem cell dysfunction and attrition appear to be key events, and both genetic and epigenetic factors are involved in a complex interplay that over time results in deterioration of our main protective interface with the external environment. Past and current understanding of the cellular and molecular intricacies of skin aging provide a foundation for future approaches designed to thwart the aging phenotype. Herein, the authors provide a review of current insights into skin aging, including the mechanisms of skin aging, the role of stem cells in skin aging and the implications of skin aging for the microbiome and for the development of cancer. Conquest of the oft overlooked disease of skin aging should have broad implications that transcend the integument and inform novel approaches to retarding aging and age-related dysfunction in those internal organs that youthful skin was designed to envelop and safeguard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Russell-Goldman
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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12
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Yang J, Zhan XZ, Malola J, Li ZY, Pawar JS, Zhang HT, Zha ZG. The multiple roles of Thy-1 in cell differentiation and regeneration. Differentiation 2020; 113:38-48. [PMID: 32403041 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thy-1 is a 25-37 kDa glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein that was discovered more than 50 years ago. Recent findings have suggested that Thy-1 is expressed on thymocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), cancer stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, neuronal smooth muscle cells, and pan T cells. Thy-1 plays vital roles in cell migration, adhesion, differentiation, transdifferentiation, apoptosis, mechanotransduction, and cell division, which in turn are involved in tumor development, pulmonary fibrosis, neurite outgrowth, and T cell activation. Studies have increasingly indicated a significant role of Thy-1 in cell differentiation and regeneration. However, despite recent research, many questions remain regarding the roles of Thy-1 in cell differentiation and regeneration. This review aimed to summarize the roles of Thy-1 in cell differentiation and regeneration. Furthermore, since Thy-1 is an outer leaflet membrane protein anchored by GPI, we attempted to address how Thy-1 regulates intracellular pathways through cis and trans signals. Due to the complexity and mystery surrounding the issue, we also summarized the Thy-1-related pathways in different biological processes, and this might provide novel insights in the field of cell differentiation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Zhan
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Jonathan Malola
- College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47906, IN, USA
| | - Zhen-Yan Li
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Jogendra Singh Pawar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47906, IN, USA
| | - Huan-Tian Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhen-Gang Zha
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Niu XH, Xie YP, Yang S, Chen Y, Xu L, Zhang Y, Liu Y. IL-18/IL-18R1 promotes circulating fibrocyte differentiation in the aging population. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:497-507. [PMID: 32193584 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01330-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrosis in multiple organs increases with age. Circulating fibrocytes are bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitors that contribute to heart, lung, and kidney fibrosis under the diseased conditions. Whether circulating fibrocytes contribute to aging-related fibrosis is very limited. METHODS AND RESULTS We measured the proportion and differentiation of circulating fibrocytes (CD45+/CD34+/collagen I+) from elders (n = 12) and adults (n = 12) using flow cytometry. Differentiated fibrocytes in the culture dishes were isolated and microarray was performed. The percentage of circulating fibrocytes in elders (1.95 ± 0.43%) was comparable to that in the adults (1.71 ± 0.38%). Cultured fibrocytes displayed enhanced potential of differentiation in the elder group (67.91 ± 5.88%) vs the adult group (44.03 ± 7.98%). In addition, expression of fibroblast activation markers and cell migratory ability were also increased in differentiated fibrocytes from elders. Microarray analysis revealed that differentiated fibrocytes from elders expressed high level of interleukin-18 (IL-18) receptor 1 (IL-18R1). Furthermore, we found IL-18 was elevated in the plasma of elders and IL-18/IL-18R1 was shown to promote fibrocyte differentiation. CONCLUSION Circulating fibrocytes from elders had an enhanced capacity to differentiate into myofibroblasts, and might contribute to age-dependent fibrosis. Age-dependent increment of differentiation at least in part arose from their enhanced expression of IL-18R1. Inhibiting fibrocyte differentiation might be useful as an adjuvant treatment to delay the fibrosis process in aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Niu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No 222, Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, China.,Yixing People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China.,Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No 222, Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, China
| | - Yun-Peng Xie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No 222, Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, China
| | - Song Yang
- Yixing People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Yanchun Chen
- Yixing People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Yixing People's Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No 222, Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, No 222, Zhongshan Rd, Dalian, China.
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14
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Matrix metalloproteinase: An upcoming therapeutic approach for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Pharmacol Res 2020; 152:104591. [PMID: 31837390 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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15
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Calyeca J, Balderas-Martínez YI, Olmos R, Jasso R, Maldonado V, Rivera Q, Selman M, Pardo A. Accelerated aging induced by deficiency of Zmpste24 protects old mice to develop bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3881-3896. [PMID: 30530916 PMCID: PMC6326652 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating aging-associated disease of unknown etiology. Despite that aging is a major risk factor, the mechanisms linking aging with this disease are uncertain, and experimental models to explore them in lung fibrosis are scanty. We examined the fibrotic response to bleomycin-induced lung injury in Zmpste24-deficient mice, which exhibit nuclear lamina defects developing accelerated aging. We found that young WT and Zmpste24(-/-) mice developed a similar fibrotic response to bleomycin. Unexpectedly, while old WT mice developed severe lung fibrosis, accelerated aged Zmpste24-/- mice were protected showing scant lung damage. To investigate possible mechanisms associated with this resistance to fibrosis, we compared the transcriptome signature of the lungs and found that Zmpste24(-/-) mice showed downregulation of several core and associated matrisome genes compared with WT mice. Interestingly, some microRNAs that target extracellular matrix molecules such as miR23a, miR27a, miR29a, miR29b-1, miR145a, and miR491 were dysregulated resulting in downregulation of profibrotic pathways such as TGF-β/SMAD3/NF-κB and Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling axis. These results indicate that the absence of Zmpste24 in aging mice results in impaired lung fibrotic response after injury, which is likely associated to the dysregulation of fibrosis-related miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmín Calyeca
- Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Raúl Olmos
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Jasso
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vilma Maldonado
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Quetzali Rivera
- Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Moisés Selman
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Annie Pardo
- Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Abstract
People worldwide are living longer, and it is estimated that by 2050, the proportion of the world's population over 60 years of age will nearly double. Natural lung aging is associated with molecular and physiological changes that cause alterations in lung function, diminished pulmonary remodeling and regenerative capacity, and increased susceptibility to acute and chronic lung diseases. As the aging population rapidly grows, it is essential to examine how alterations in cellular function and cell-to-cell interactions of pulmonary resident cells and systemic immune cells contribute to a higher risk of increased susceptibility to infection and development of chronic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. This review provides an overview of physiological, structural, and cellular changes in the aging lung and immune system that facilitate the development and progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Cho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Heather W Stout-Delgado
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
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17
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Tan C, Jiang M, Wong SS, Espinoza CR, Kim C, Li X, Connors E, Hagood JS. Soluble Thy-1 reverses lung fibrosis via its integrin-binding motif. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131152. [PMID: 31672942 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of Thy-1 expression in fibroblasts correlates with lung fibrogenesis; however, the clinical relevance of therapeutic targeting of myofibroblasts via Thy-1-associated pathways remains to be explored. Using single (self-resolving) or repetitive (nonresolving) intratracheal administration of bleomycin in type 1 collagen-GFP reporter mice, we report that Thy-1 surface expression, but not mRNA, is reversibly diminished in activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in self-resolving fibrosis. However, Thy-1 mRNA expression is silenced in lung with nonresolving fibrosis following repetitive bleomycin administration, associated with persistent activation of αv integrin. Thy1-null mice showed progressive αv integrin activation and myofibroblast accumulation after a single dose of bleomycin. In vitro, targeting of αv integrin by soluble Thy-1-Fc (sThy-1), but not RLE-mutated Thy-1 or IgG, reversed TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that Thy-1's integrin-binding RGD motif is required for the reversibility of myofibroblast differentiation. In vivo, treatment of established fibrosis induced either by single-dose bleomycin in WT mice or by induction of active TGF-β1 by doxycycline in Cc10-rtTA-tTS-Tgfb1 mice with sThy-1 (1000 ng/kg, i.v.) promoted resolution of fibrosis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that sThy-1 therapeutically inhibits the αv integrin-driven feedback loop that amplifies and sustains fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Simon S Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Celia R Espinoza
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ceonne Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Edward Connors
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - James S Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Lee EJ, Cárdenes N, Álvarez D, Sellarés J, Sembrat J, Aranda P, Peng Y, Bullock J, Nouraie SM, Mora AL, Rojas M. Mesenchymal stem cells reduce ER stress via PERK-Nrf2 pathway in an aged mouse model. Respirology 2019; 25:417-426. [PMID: 31364255 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been shown to ameliorate the deleterious effects of bleomycin in murine models. However, the mechanism responsible for protection from pulmonary fibrosis by stem cell therapy is still poorly understood, especially in terms of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We hypothesized that during bleomycin-induced lung injury, markers of ER stress, specifically the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), increase during injury, resembling the kinetics of collagen deposition in the lung described for the bleomycin model. We aimed to elucidate the possible role of MSC in ER stress modulation. METHODS To determine the kinetics of ER stress in aged mice, the expression of ER stress markers after bleomycin lung injury was measured in old mice at different time points (days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21). To evaluate the consequences of systemic delivery of MSC on lung ER stress in the bleomycin model, we evaluated changes in body weight, lung histology and protein expression of ER stress markers. RESULTS The level of expression of UPR transcription factor XBP-1 and its regulator BiP was elevated at day 7 and progressively increased up to day 21. MSC inhibited BiP expression in bleomycin-induced ER stress, attenuating ER stress via the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-Nrf2 pathway. The expression levels of other ER stress markers were not perturbed by MSC. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that MSC operate on ER stress via several pathways, but the PERK-Nrf2 pathway revealed to be the main functioning pathway in our bleomycin model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Lee
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nayra Cárdenes
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Diana Álvarez
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacobo Sellarés
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Interstitial Lung Disease Program, Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Sembrat
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paola Aranda
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yating Peng
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jordan Bullock
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Seyed M Nouraie
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ana L Mora
- Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Vascular Medicine Institute University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- The Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Division of Respiratory, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Vascular Medicine Institute University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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19
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Neveu WA, Staitieh BS, Mills ST, Guidot DM, Sueblinvong V. Alcohol-Induced Interleukin-17 Expression Causes Murine Lung Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Transdifferentiation via Thy-1 Down-Regulation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1427-1438. [PMID: 31081931 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol exposure induces TGFβ1 and renders the lung susceptible to injury and disrepair. We determined that TGFβ1 regulates myofibroblast differentiation through the loss of Thy-1 expression and consequent induction of α-SMA. TGFβ1 is important for T helper 17 (Th17) differentiation and IL-17 secretion, which in turn participates in tissue repair. We hypothesized that alcohol induces Th17 differentiation via TGFβ1 and that IL-17 produced by these cells contributes to the development of profibrotic lung myofibroblasts. METHODS Primary lung fibroblasts (PLFs) were treated with alcohol, TGFβ1, and IL-17 and then analyzed for Thy-1 expression and cell morphology. Naïve and Th17-polarized CD4+ T cells were exposed to alcohol and assessed for IL-17 expression. CD4+ T cells from alcohol-fed mice were analyzed for Th17 and IL-17 expression. Lungs of control-fed, bleomycin-treated and alcohol-fed, bleomycin-treated mice were analyzed for IL-17 protein expression. RESULTS Alcohol-treated PLFs expressed lower levels of Thy-1 than untreated cells. TGFβ1 or IL-17 exposure suppressed PLF Thy-1 expression. When administered together, TGFβ1 and IL-17 additively down-regulated Thy-1 expression. Exposure of naïve and Th17-polarized CD4+ T cells to alcohol induced the Th17 phenotype and augmented their production of IL-17. CD4+ Th17+ levels are elevated in the peripheral compartment but not in the lungs of alcohol-fed animals. Treatment of the PLFs with IL-17 and alcohol induced α-SMA expression. Induction of α-SMA and myofibroblast morphology by IL-17 occurred selectively in a Thy-1- fibroblast subpopulation. Chronic alcohol ingestion augmented lung-specific IL-17 expression following bleomycin-induced lung injury. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol exposure skews T cells toward a Th17 immune response that in turn primes the lung for fibroproliferative disrepair through loss of Thy-1 expression and induction of myofibroblast differentiation. These effects suggest that IL-17 and TGFβ1 contribute to fibroproliferative disrepair in the lung and targeting these proteins could limit morbidity and mortality following lung injury in alcoholic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Neveu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bashar S Staitieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen T Mills
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David M Guidot
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Viranuj Sueblinvong
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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20
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Pignolo RJ, Samsonraj RM, Law SF, Wang H, Chandra A. Targeting Cell Senescence for the Treatment of Age-Related Bone Loss. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2019; 17:70-85. [PMID: 30806947 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review cell senescence in the context of age-related bone loss by broadly discussing aging mechanisms in bone, currently known inducers and markers of senescence, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and the emerging roles of senescence in bone homeostasis and pathology. RECENT FINDINGS Cellular senescence is a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest induced by insults or stressors including telomere attrition, oxidative stress, DNA damage, oncogene activation, and other intrinsic or extrinsic triggers and there is mounting evidence for the role of senescence in aging bone. Cellular aging also instigates a SASP that exerts detrimental paracrine and likely systemic effects. With aging, multiple cell types in the bone microenvironment become senescent, with osteocytes and myeloid cells as primary contributors to the SASP. Targeting undesired senescent cells may be a favorable strategy to promote bone anabolic and anti-resorptive functions in aging bone, with the possibility of improving bone quality and function with normal aging and/or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | | | - Susan F Law
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Abhishek Chandra
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine & Gerontology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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21
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Bowdish DM. The Aging Lung. Chest 2019; 155:391-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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22
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Moroncini G, Paolini C, Orlando F, Capelli C, Grieco A, Tonnini C, Agarbati S, Mondini E, Saccomanno S, Goteri G, Svegliati Baroni S, Provinciali M, Introna M, Del Papa N, Gabrielli A. Mesenchymal stromal cells from human umbilical cord prevent the development of lung fibrosis in immunocompetent mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196048. [PMID: 29856737 PMCID: PMC5983506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is a severe condition resulting from several interstial lung diseases (ILD) with different etiologies. Current therapy of ILD, especially those associated with connective tissue diseases, is rather limited and new anti-fibrotic strategies are needed. In this study, we investigated the anti-fibrotic activity in vivo of human mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from whole umbilical cord (hUC-MSC). Adult immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice (n. = 8 for each experimental condition) were injected intravenously with hUC-MSC (n. = 2.5 × 105) twice, 24 hours and 7 days after endotracheal injection of bleomycin. Upon sacrifice at days 8, 14, 21, collagen content, inflammatory cytokine profile, and hUC-MSC presence in explanted lung tissue were analyzed. Systemic administration of a double dose of hUC-MSC significantly reduced bleomycin-induced lung injury (inflammation and fibrosis) in mice through a selective inhibition of the IL6-IL10-TGFβ axis involving lung M2 macrophages. Only few hUC-MSC were detected from explanted lungs, suggesting a “hit and run” mechanism of action of this cellular therapy. Our data indicate that hUC-MSC possess strong in vivo anti-fibrotic activity in a mouse model resembling an immunocompetent human subject affected by inflammatory ILD, providing proof of concept for ad-hoc clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Moroncini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Chiara Paolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Orlando
- Centro di Tecnologie Avanzate nell’Invecchiamento, IRCCS-INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Capelli
- UOS Centro di Terapia Cellulare "G. Lanzani", A.S.S.T. Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonella Grieco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cecilia Tonnini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Agarbati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mondini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefania Saccomanno
- AnatomiaPatologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche s e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gaia Goteri
- AnatomiaPatologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche s e Sanità Pubblica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Silvia Svegliati Baroni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mauro Provinciali
- Centro di Tecnologie Avanzate nell’Invecchiamento, IRCCS-INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | - Martino Introna
- UOS Centro di Terapia Cellulare "G. Lanzani", A.S.S.T. Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Del Papa
- UOC Day Hospital di Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Reumatologia, ASST G. Pini-CTO, Milano, Italy
| | - Armando Gabrielli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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23
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Artlett CM. The IL-1 family of cytokines. Do they have a role in scleroderma fibrosis? Immunol Lett 2018; 195:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a debilitating disease and is often fatal. It may be the consequence of direct lung injury or the result of genetic defects and occupational, environmental, or drug-related exposures. In many cases the etiology is unknown. The pathogenesis of all forms of pulmonary fibrosis regardless of type of injury or etiology is incompletely understood. These disorders are characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the lung interstitium with a loss of lung compliance and impaired gas exchange that ultimately leads to respiratory failure. Animal models of pulmonary fibrosis have become indispensable in the improved understanding of these disorders. Multiple models have been developed each with advantages and disadvantages. In this chapter we discuss the application of two of the most commonly employed direct lung instillation models, namely, the induction of pulmonary fibrosis with bleomycin or fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). We provide details on design, materials, and methods and describe how these models can be best undertaken. We also discuss methods to induce fibrosis in aged mice using murine gamma-herpesvirus (γHV-68) and approaches to exacerbate bleomycin- or FITC-induced fibrosis using γHV-68.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N O'Dwyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Bethany B Moore
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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25
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Jenkins RG, Moore BB, Chambers RC, Eickelberg O, Königshoff M, Kolb M, Laurent GJ, Nanthakumar CB, Olman MA, Pardo A, Selman M, Sheppard D, Sime PJ, Tager AM, Tatler AL, Thannickal VJ, White ES. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Use of Animal Models for the Preclinical Assessment of Potential Therapies for Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:667-679. [PMID: 28459387 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0096st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous compounds have shown efficacy in limiting development of pulmonary fibrosis using animal models, yet few of these compounds have replicated these beneficial effects in clinical trials. Given the challenges associated with performing clinical trials in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), it is imperative that preclinical data packages be robust in their analyses and interpretations to have the best chance of selecting promising drug candidates to advance to clinical trials. The American Thoracic Society has convened a group of experts in lung fibrosis to discuss and formalize recommendations for preclinical assessment of antifibrotic compounds. The panel considered three major themes (choice of animal, practical considerations of fibrosis modeling, and fibrotic endpoints for evaluation). Recognizing the need for practical considerations, we have taken a pragmatic approach. The consensus view is that use of the murine intratracheal bleomycin model in animals of both genders, using hydroxyproline measurements for collagen accumulation along with histologic assessments, is the best-characterized animal model available for preclinical testing. Testing of antifibrotic compounds in this model is recommended to occur after the acute inflammatory phase has subsided (generally after Day 7). Robust analyses may also include confirmatory studies in human IPF specimens and validation of results in a second system using in vivo or in vitro approaches. The panel also strongly encourages the publication of negative results to inform the lung fibrosis community. These recommendations are for preclinical therapeutic evaluation only and are not intended to dissuade development of emerging technologies to better understand IPF pathogenesis.
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Differential Regulation of the Extracellular Cysteine/Cystine Redox State (EhCySS) by Lung Fibroblasts from Young and Old Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1561305. [PMID: 27642492 PMCID: PMC5014973 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1561305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with progressive oxidation of plasma cysteine (Cys)/cystine (CySS) redox state, expressed as EhCySS. Cultured cells condition their media to reproduce physiological EhCySS, but it is unknown whether aged cells produce a more oxidized extracellular environment reflective of that seen in vivo. In the current study, we isolated primary lung fibroblasts from young and old female mice and measured the media EhCySS before and after challenge with Cys or CySS. We also measured expression of genes related to redox regulation and fibroblast function. These studies revealed that old fibroblasts produced a more oxidizing extracellular EhCySS than young fibroblasts and that old fibroblasts had a decreased capacity to recover from an oxidative challenge due to a slower rate of reduction of CySS to Cys. These defects were associated with 10-fold lower expression of the Slc7a11 subunit of the xCT cystine-glutamate transporter. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (Sod3) was the only antioxidant or thiol-disulfide regulating enzyme among 36 examined that was downregulated in old fibroblasts by more than 2-fold, but there were numerous changes in extracellular matrix components. Thus, aging fibroblasts not only contribute to remodeling of the extracellular matrix but also have a profound effect on the extracellular redox environment.
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Glasser SW, Hagood JS, Wong S, Taype CA, Madala SK, Hardie WD. Mechanisms of Lung Fibrosis Resolution. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1066-77. [PMID: 27021937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Fibrogenesis involves a dynamic interplay between factors that promote the biosynthesis and deposition of extracellular matrix along with pathways that degrade the extracellular matrix and eliminate the primary effector cells. Opposing the often held perception that fibrotic tissue is permanent, animal studies and clinical data now demonstrate the highly plastic nature of organ fibrosis that can, under certain circumstances, regress. This review describes the current understanding of the mechanisms whereby the lung is known to resolve fibrosis focusing on degradation of the extracellular matrix, removal of myofibroblasts, and the role of inflammatory cells. Although there are significant gaps in understanding lung fibrosis resolution, accelerated improvements in biotechnology and bioinformatics are expected to improve the understanding of these mechanisms and have high potential to lead to novel and effective restorative therapies in the treatment not only of pulmonary fibrosis, but also of a wide-ranging spectrum of chronic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan W Glasser
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - James S Hagood
- Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Simon Wong
- Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Carmen A Taype
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Satish K Madala
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - William D Hardie
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Godin LM, Sandri BJ, Wagner DE, Meyer CM, Price AP, Akinnola I, Weiss DJ, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A. Decreased Laminin Expression by Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts Cultured in Acellular Lung Scaffolds from Aged Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150966. [PMID: 26954258 PMCID: PMC4783067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung changes functionally and structurally with aging. However, age-related effects on the extracellular matrix (ECM) and corresponding effects on lung cell behavior are not well understood. We hypothesized that ECM from aged animals would induce aging-related phenotypic changes in healthy inoculated cells. Decellularized whole organ scaffolds provide a powerful model for examining how ECM cues affect cell phenotype. The effects of age on ECM composition in both native and decellularized mouse lungs were assessed as was the effect of young vs old acellular ECM on human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs) and lung fibroblasts (hLFs). Native aged (1 year) lungs demonstrated decreased expression of laminins α3 and α4, elastin and fibronectin, and elevated collagen, compared to young (3 week) lungs. Proteomic analyses of decellularized ECM demonstrated similar findings, and decellularized aged lung ECM contained less diversity in structural proteins compared to young ECM. When seeded in old ECM, hBECs and hLFs demonstrated lower gene expression of laminins α3 and α4, respectively, as compared to young ECM, paralleling the laminin deficiency of aged ECM. ECM changes appear to be important factors in potentiating aging-related phenotypes and may provide clues to mechanisms that allow for aging-related lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Godin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Sandri
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Darcy E. Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Carolyn M. Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Price
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ifeolu Akinnola
- MSTP Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Weiss
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Angela Panoskaltsis-Mortari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tashiro J, Elliot SJ, Gerth DJ, Xia X, Pereira-Simon S, Choi R, Catanuto P, Shahzeidi S, Toonkel RL, Shah RH, El Salem F, Glassberg MK. Therapeutic benefits of young, but not old, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a chronic mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Transl Res 2015; 166:554-67. [PMID: 26432923 PMCID: PMC4922649 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The observation that pulmonary inflammatory lesions and bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis spontaneously resolve in young mice, whereas remaining irreversible in aged mice suggests that impairment of pulmonary regeneration and repair is associated with aging. Because mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may promote repair after injury, we postulated that differences in MSCs from aged mice may underlie postinjury fibrosis in aging. The potential for young-donor MSCs to inhibit BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in aged male mice (>22 months) has not been studied. Adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) from young (4 months) and old (22 months) male mice were infused 1 day after intratracheal BLM administration. At 21-day sacrifice, aged BLM mice demonstrated lung fibrosis by Ashcroft score, collagen content, and α(v)-integrin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Lung tissue from aged BLM mice receiving young ASCs exhibited decreased fibrosis, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 activity, oxidative stress, and markers of apoptosis vs BLM controls. Lung mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was also decreased in aged BLM mice receiving young-donor ASCs vs BLM controls. In contrast, old-donor ASC treatment in aged BLM mice did not reduce fibrosis and related markers. On examination of the cells, young-donor ASCs had decreased mRNA expression of MMP-2, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor, and protein kinase B (AKT) activation compared with old-donor ASCs. These results show that the BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in aged mice could be blocked by young-donor ASCs and that the mechanisms involve changes in collagen turnover and markers of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tashiro
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla
| | - Sharon J Elliot
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla
| | - David J Gerth
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla
| | - Xiaomei Xia
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla
| | - Simone Pereira-Simon
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla
| | - Rhea Choi
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla
| | - Paola Catanuto
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla
| | - Shahriar Shahzeidi
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla
| | - Rebecca L Toonkel
- Department of Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, Fla
| | - Rahil H Shah
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla
| | - Fadi El Salem
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Marilyn K Glassberg
- Department of Surgery, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla; Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Fla.
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Sosulski ML, Gongora R, Danchuk S, Dong C, Luo F, Sanchez CG. Deregulation of selective autophagy during aging and pulmonary fibrosis: the role of TGFβ1. Aging Cell 2015; 14:774-83. [PMID: 26059457 PMCID: PMC4568965 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging constitutes a significant risk factor for fibrosis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characteristically associated with advancing age. We propose that age-dependent defects in the quality of protein and cellular organelle catabolism may be causally related to pulmonary fibrosis. Our research found that autophagy diminished with corresponding elevated levels of oxidized proteins and lipofuscin in response to lung injury in old mice and middle-aged mice compared to younger animals. More importantly, older mice expose to lung injury are characterized by deficient autophagic response and reduced selective targeting of mitochondria for autophagy (mitophagy). Fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation (FMD) is an important feature of pulmonary fibrosis in which the profibrotic cytokine TGFβ1 plays a pivotal role. Promotion of autophagy is necessary and sufficient to maintain normal lung fibroblasts’ fate. On the contrary, FMD mediated by TGFβ1 is characterized by reduced autophagy flux, altered mitophagy, and defects in mitochondrial function. In accord with these findings, PINK1 expression appeared to be reduced in fibrotic lung tissue from bleomycin and a TGFβ1-adenoviral model of lung fibrosis. PINK1 expression is also reduced in the aging murine lung and biopsies from IPF patients compared to controls. Furthermore, deficient PINK1 promotes a profibrotic environment. Collectively, this study indicates that an age-related decline in autophagy and mitophagy responses to lung injury may contribute to the promotion and/or perpetuation of pulmonary fibrosis. We propose that promotion of autophagy and mitochondrial quality control may offer an intervention against age-related fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L. Sosulski
- Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA 70112USA
| | - Rafael Gongora
- Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA 70112USA
| | - Svitlana Danchuk
- Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA 70112USA
| | - Chunmin Dong
- Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA 70112USA
| | - Fayong Luo
- Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA 70112USA
| | - Cecilia G. Sanchez
- Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care and Environmental Medicine Tulane University Health Sciences Center New Orleans LA 70112USA
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Neveu WA, Mills ST, Staitieh BS, Sueblinvong V. TGF-β1 epigenetically modifies Thy-1 expression in primary lung fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C616-26. [PMID: 26333597 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00086.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disease that increases in incidence with age. We identified a profibrotic lung phenotype in aging mice characterized by an increase in the number of fibroblasts lacking the expression of thymocyte differentiation antigen 1 (Thy-1) and an increase in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression. It has been shown that Thy-1 expression can be epigenetically modified. Lung fibroblasts (PLFs) were treated with TGF-β1 ± DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA) and analyzed for Thy-1 gene and protein expression, DNMT protein expression, and activity. α-Smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen type 1 (Col1A1) gene and protein expression was assessed. PLFs were transfected with DNMT1 silencing RNA ± TGF-β1. TGF-β1 inhibited Thy-1 gene and protein expression in PLFs, and cotreatment with 5-AZA ameliorated this effect and appeared to inhibit DNMT1 activation. TGF-β1 induced Thy-1 promoter methylation as assessed by quantitative methyl PCR. Treatment with 5-AZA attenuated TGF-β1-induced Col1A1 gene and protein expression and α-SMA gene expression (but not α-SMA protein expression). Inhibiting DNMT1 with silencing RNA attenuated TGF-β1-induced DNMT activity and its downstream suppression of Thy-1 mRNA and protein expression as well as inhibited α-SMA mRNA and Col1A1 mRNA and protein expression, and showed a decreased trend in Thy-1 promoter methylation. Immunofluorescence for α-SMA suggested that 5-AZA inhibited stress fiber formation. These findings suggest that TGF-β1 epigenetically regulates lung fibroblast phenotype through methylation of the Thy-1 promoter. Targeted inhibition of DNMT in the right clinical context might prevent fibroblast to myofibroblast transdifferentiation and collagen deposition, which in turn could prevent fibrogenesis in the lung and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Neveu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen T Mills
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bashar S Staitieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Viranuj Sueblinvong
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Biochemical and histological impact of direct renin inhibition by aliskiren on myofibroblasts activation and differentiation in bleomycin induced pulmonary fibrosis in adult mice. Tissue Cell 2015; 47:373-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Murray MA, Chotirmall SH. The Impact of Immunosenescence on Pulmonary Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:692546. [PMID: 26199462 PMCID: PMC4495178 DOI: 10.1155/2015/692546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The global population is aging with significant gains in life expectancy particularly in the developed world. Consequently, greater focus on understanding the processes that underlie physiological aging has occurred. Key facets of advancing age include genomic instability, telomere shortening, epigenetic changes, and declines in immune function termed immunosenescence. Immunosenescence and its associated chronic low grade systemic "inflamm-aging" contribute to the development and progression of pulmonary disease in older individuals. These physiological processes predispose to pulmonary infection and confer specific and unique clinical phenotypes observed in chronic respiratory disease including late-onset asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. Emerging concepts of the gut and airway microbiome further complicate the interrelationship between host and microorganism particularly from an immunological perspective and especially so in the setting of immunosenescence. This review focuses on our current understanding of the aging process, immunosenescence, and how it can potentially impact on various pulmonary diseases and the human microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Murray
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Sanjay H. Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232
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Álvarez D, Levine M, Rojas M. Regenerative medicine in the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: current position. STEM CELLS AND CLONING-ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS 2015; 8:61-5. [PMID: 25926746 PMCID: PMC4403512 DOI: 10.2147/sccaa.s49801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, irreversible disease of the lung that has no lasting option for therapy other than transplantation. It is characterized by replacement of the normal lung tissue by fibrotic scarring, honeycombing, and increased levels of myofibroblasts. The underlying causes of IPF are still largely unknown. The focus of the current review is the possible use of stem cell therapy, specifically mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a multipotent stromal cell population, which have demonstrated promising data in multiple animal models of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). The most studied source of MSCs is the bone marrow, although they can be found also in the adipose tissue and umbilical cord, as well as in the placenta. MSCs have immunomodulatory and tissue-protective properties that allow them to manipulate the local environment of the injured tissue, ameliorating the inflammation and promoting repair. Because IPF primarily affects older patients, the issue of aging is intrinsically linked to many aspects of the disease, including the age of the stem cells. Animal models have shown the success of MSC therapy in mitigating the fibrotic effects of bleomycin-induced PF. However, bleomycin, the most commonly used model for PF, is imperfect in mimicking IPF as it presents in humans, as the duration of the illness is not parallel or reversible, and honeycombing is not produced. Furthermore, the time of MSC dosage has proven to be critical in determining whether the cells will ultimately have a positive or negative effect on disease progression, since it has been demonstrated that the maximal beneficial effect of MSCs occurs during the early inflammatory phase of the disease and that there is no or negative effect during the late fibrotic phase. Therefore, all the current clinical trials of MSCs and IPF, though promising, should proceed with caution as we move toward true stem cell therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Álvarez
- Dorothy P and Richard P Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie Levine
- Dorothy P and Richard P Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Dorothy P and Richard P Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor for major non-communicable chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, most forms of lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. While the prevalence of these diseases continually increases with age, their respective incidence peaks at different times during the lifespan, suggesting specific effects of ageing on the onset and/or pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Recently, the nine hallmarks of ageing have been defined as cell-autonomous and non-autonomous pathways involved in ageing. Here, we review the available evidence for the involvement of each of these hallmarks in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Importantly, we propose an additional hallmark, “dysregulation of the extracellular matrix”, which we argue acts as a crucial modifier of cell-autonomous changes and functions, and as a key feature of the above-mentioned lung diseases.
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Woodard GE, Ji Y, Christopherson GT, Wolcott KM, Hall DJ, Jackson WM, Nesti LJ. Characterization of discrete subpopulations of progenitor cells in traumatic human extremity wounds. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114318. [PMID: 25490403 PMCID: PMC4260839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show that distinct subpopulations of cells exist within traumatic human extremity wounds, each having the ability to differentiate into multiple cells types in vitro. A crude cell suspension derived from traumatized muscle was positively sorted for CD29, CD31, CD34, CD56 or CD91. The cell suspension was also simultaneously negatively sorted for either CD45 or CD117 to exclude hematopoietic stem cells. These subpopulations varied in terms their total numbers and their abilities to grow, migrate, differentiate and secrete cytokines. While all five subpopulations demonstrated equal abilities to undergo osteogenesis, they were distinct in their ability to undergo adipogenesis and vascular endotheliogenesis. The most abundant subpopulations were CD29+ and CD34+, which overlapped significantly. The CD29+ and CD34+ cells had the greatest proliferative and migratory capacity while the CD56+ subpopulation produced the highest amounts of TGFß1 and TGFß2. When cultured under endothelial differentiation conditions the CD29+ and CD34+ cells expressed VE-cadherin, Tie2 and CD31, all markers of endothelial cells. These data indicate that while there are multiple cell types within traumatized muscle that have osteogenic differentiation capacity and may contribute to bone formation in post-traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO), the major contributory cell types are CD29+ and CD34+, which demonstrate endothelial progenitor cell characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey E. Woodard
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GEW); (LJN)
| | - Youngmi Ji
- Clinical and Experimental Orthopaedics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Gregory T. Christopherson
- Clinical and Experimental Orthopaedics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Karen M. Wolcott
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, Nation Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - David J. Hall
- Clinical and Experimental Orthopaedics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Wesley M. Jackson
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Leon J. Nesti
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Clinical and Experimental Orthopaedics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GEW); (LJN)
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