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Modulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response mitigates the behavioral effects of early-life stress. Pharmacol Rep 2023; 75:293-319. [PMID: 36843201 PMCID: PMC10060333 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00456-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life stress (ELS) affects brain development and increases the risk of mental disorders associated with the dysfunction of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The mechanisms of ELS action are not well understood. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) are cellular processes involved in brain maturation through the regulation of pro-survival or proapoptotic processes. We hypothesized that ER stress and the UPR in the mPFC are involved in the neurobiology of ELS. METHODS We performed a maternal separation (MS) procedure from postnatal days 1 to 14 in rats. Before each MS, pups were injected with an inhibitor of ER stress, salubrinal or a vehicle. The mRNA and protein expression of UPR and apoptotic markers were evaluated in the mPFC using RT-qPCR and Western blot methods, respectively. We also estimated the numbers of neurons and glial cells using stereological methods. Additionally, we assessed behavioral phenotypes related to fear, anhedonia and response to psychostimulants. RESULTS MS slightly enhanced the activation of the UPR in juveniles and modulated the expression of apoptotic markers in juveniles and preadolescents but not in adults. Additionally, MS did not affect the numbers of neurons and glial cells at any age. Both salubrinal and vehicle blunted the expression of UPR markers in juvenile and preadolescent MS rats, often in a treatment-specific manner. Moreover, salubrinal and vehicle generally alleviated the behavioral effects of MS in preadolescent and adult rats. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of ER stress and UPR processes may potentially underlie susceptibility or resilience to ELS.
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Solarz A, Majcher-Maślanka I, Kryst J, Chocyk A. A Search for Biomarkers of Early-life Stress-related Psychopathology: Focus on 70-kDa Heat Shock Proteins. Neuroscience 2021; 463:238-253. [PMID: 33662529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies clearly indicate that early-life stress (ELS) may cause physical and mental health problems later in life. Therefore, the identification of universal biomarkers of ELS-related diseases is very important. The 70-kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70s), specifically HSPA5 and HSPA1B, have been recently shown to be potentially associated with occurrence of anxiety, mood disorders, and schizophrenia; thus, we hypothesized that HSP70s are potential candidate biomarkers of ELS-induced psychopathologies. A maternal separation (MS) procedure in rats was used to model ELS, and the expression of HSPA5 and HSPA1B was investigated in the blood, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and hippocampus of juvenile, preadolescent, and adult animals. We also studied the effects of MS on the long-term potentiation (LTP) and behavioral phenotypes of adult rats. We found that MS enhanced the expression of HSPA1B mRNA in the blood and mPFC of juvenile and preadolescent rats. This increase was accompanied by an increase in the HSPA1A/1B protein levels in the mPFC and hippocampus of juvenile rats that persisted in the mPFC until adulthood. MS juvenile and adult rats showed enhanced HSPA5 mRNA expression in the blood and increased HSPA5 protein expression in the mPFC (juveniles) and hippocampus (adults). Concurrently, MS adult rats exhibited aberrations in LTP in the mPFC and hippocampus and a less anxious behavioral phenotype. These results indicate that MS may produce enduring overexpression of HSPA1B and HSPA5 in the brain and blood. Therefore, both HSP70 family members may be potential candidate peripheral and brain biomarkers of ELS-induced changes in brain functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Solarz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Majcher-Maślanka
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Kryst
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chocyk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Biostructure, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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K V A, Madhana RM, Bais AK, Singh VB, Malik A, Sinha S, Lahkar M, Kumar P, Samudrala PK. Cognitive Improvement by Vorinostat through Modulation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in a Corticosterone-Induced Chronic Stress Model in Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2649-2657. [PMID: 32673474 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is the leading cause of memory impairment today. Various stress-based models are being developed for studying cognitive impairment. Repurposing of existing drugs in a new pharmacology class is the safest and cheapest option for treatment instead of new drug discovery. Vorinostat (VOR) is the first histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by the U.S. FDA. VOR follows the rule of five and is reported to cross the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the procognitive potential of VOR (25 mg/kg) administered by intraperitoneal (ip) route in a stress-based model of chronic corticosterone (CORT) injections (20 mg/kg, subcutaneously (sc)). The study comprised six groups. Normal mice were administered vehicle (VEH) (days 1-21, sc) in the first group, VOR (days 8-21, 25 mg/kg, ip) in the second group, and fluoxetine (FLX) (days 8-21, 15 mg/kg, oral) in the third group. Mice in the remaining three groups were given 20 mg/kg (sc) CORT for 21 days, and VOR (days 8-21, 25 mg/kg, ip) or FLX (days 8-21, 15 mg/kg, oral) was additionally administered to the treatment groups. Behavioral tests such as Morris water maze test, novel object recognition test, and object in place test were performed at the end of the dosing schedule to assess cognition. After behavior tests, mice were sacrificed, and hippocampus was separated from brain tissue for reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry studies. VOR treatment attenuated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in CORT mice as evident from the reduction in DNA damage-inducible transcript 3 (Ddit3) (gene encoding CHOP), caspase 12 (Casp12), and calpain-2 (Capn2) mRNA levels, and cleaved caspase 3 (CASP3) protein expression. Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) was significantly increased in VOR-treated CORT mice. VOR also reversed CORT induced increase in HDAC2 level in the CA3 region. The protective effects of VOR were comparable to that of FLX in CORT mice. Thus, VOR has the potential to reverse cognitive dysfunction via modulation of ER stress markers and HDAC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira K V
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Mirza, Kamrup, 781125 Assam, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, 682041 Kerala, India
| | - Rajaram Mohanrao Madhana
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Mirza, Kamrup, 781125 Assam, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Bais
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Mirza, Kamrup, 781125 Assam, India
| | - Vijay Bahadur Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Mirza, Kamrup, 781125 Assam, India
| | - Arpit Malik
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Mirza, Kamrup, 781125 Assam, India
| | - Swapnil Sinha
- DST WOS-A Scientist, Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Mirza, Kamrup, 781125 Assam, India
| | - Mangala Lahkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, 781032 Assam, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, 781125 Assam, India
| | - Pavan Kumar Samudrala
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Guwahati, Mirza, Kamrup, 781125 Assam, India
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Effects of chronic social defeat stress on behaviour, endoplasmic reticulum proteins and choline acetyltransferase in adolescent mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1635-47. [PMID: 23442729 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of social defeat stress on the behaviours and expressions of 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (Grp78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP) and choline acetyltransferase (Chat) in the brains of adolescent mice. Adolescent male C57BL/6J mice were divided into two groups (susceptible and unsusceptible) after 10 d social defeat stress. In expt 1, behavioural tests were conducted and brains were processed for Western blotting on day 21 after stress. In expt 2, social avoidance tests were conducted and brains were subsequently processed for Western blotting on day 12 after stress. Chronic social defeat stress produced more pronounced depression-like behaviours such as decreased locomotion and social interaction, increased anxiety-like behaviours and immobility, and impaired memory performance in susceptible mice. Moreover, susceptible mice showed greater expression of Grp78 and CHOP in the amygdala (Amyg) on days 12 and 21 compared with the other groups. Susceptible and unsusceptible groups showed significant increases in Grp78 and CHOP expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (Hipp) on day 12 compared with the control group; this persisted until day 21. The levels of Chat measured on days 12 and 21 were significantly lower in the PFC, Amyg and Hipp of all defeated mice compared with controls. The findings of the behavioural tests indicate that chronic social defeat in adolescents produces anxiety-like behaviours, social withdrawal, despair-like behaviours and cognitive impairment. The Grp78, CHOP and Chat results suggest that the selective response of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins in the Amyg plays an important role in the vulnerability-stress model of depression.
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Zhao T, Huang GB, Muna SS, Bagalkot TR, Jin HM, Chae HJ, Chung YC. Effects of chronic social defeat stress on behavior and choline acetyltransferase, 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein, and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein in adult mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 228:217-30. [PMID: 23468099 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Social defeat stress induces physiological and behavioral symptoms, including anxiety, anhedonia, immune deficits, and altered expression of key brain genes. OBJECTIVES The present study investigated the effects of social defeat stress on the behaviors and expressions of Chat, Grp78, and chop in the brains of adult mice. METHODS Adult mice were divided into susceptible and unsusceptible groups after 10 days of social defeat stress. In experiment 1, behavioral tests were conducted, and brains were processed for Western blotting at day 27 after stress. In experiment 2, social avoidance tests were conducted, and brains were processed for Western blotting at day 12 after stress. RESULTS The results indicate decreased and increased locomotion and anxiety behavior in all defeated mice. Decrease in social interaction, increased immobility, and impaired memory performance were only observed in susceptible mice. A decrease in the Chat level at days 12 and 27 was noted in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), amygdala (Amyg), and dorsal hippocampus (HIP) in defeated mice. The expression levels of Grp78 and chop measured on days 12 and 27 were significantly greater in the Amyg of susceptible mice. In the PFC and HIP, defeated mice displayed different patterns in the levels of Grp78 and chop expressions measured on days 12 and 27. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that chronic social defeat stress in mice produces stress-related behaviors. Different response patterns were noted for Grp78 and chop expression among the groups in terms of brain regions and time-course effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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Ishisaka M, Kakefuda K, Yamauchi M, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Tsuruta A, Hara H. Luteolin Shows an Antidepressant-Like Effect via Suppressing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:1481-6. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsue Ishisaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kenichi Kakefuda
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Mika Yamauchi
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Akifumi Tsuruta
- Theravalues Corporation
- Advanced Institute of Industrial Technology
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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