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Zheng C, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang Q, Liang T. Cell of Origin of Pancreatic cancer: Novel Findings and Current Understanding. Pancreas 2024; 53:e288-e297. [PMID: 38277420 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) stands as one of the most lethal diseases globally, boasting a grim 5-year survival prognosis. The origin cell and the molecular signaling pathways that drive PDAC progression are not entirely understood. This review comprehensively outlines the categorization of PDAC and its precursor lesions, expounds on the creation and utility of genetically engineered mouse models used in PDAC research, compiles a roster of commonly used markers for pancreatic progenitors, duct cells, and acinar cells, and briefly addresses the mechanisms involved in the progression of PDAC. We acknowledge the value of precise markers and suitable tracing tools to discern the cell of origin, as it can facilitate the creation of more effective models for PDAC exploration. These conclusions shed light on our existing understanding of foundational genetically engineered mouse models and focus on the origin and development of PDAC.
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Guo Y, Zhu H, Weng M, Zhang H, Wang C, Sun L. CC-223, NSC781406, and BGT226 Exerts a Cytotoxic Effect Against Pancreatic Cancer Cells via mTOR Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:580407. [PMID: 33343350 PMCID: PMC7741184 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.580407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mTOR signaling pathway is abnormally activated in pancreatic cancer and is related to tumor glucose metabolism. However, its specific regulation mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether Sestrin2 affects the glucose metabolism of pancreatic cancer by modulating mTOR signal and then affects its biological behavior. We have observed that l-leucine can promote the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and increase the expression of Sestrin2 and p-mTOR proteins. In order to further study the role of Sestrin2 and mTOR signaling in pancreatic cancer, we conducted Sestrin2 overexpression and mTOR pharmacological inhibition experiments. We found that Sestrin2 overexpression can increase glycolysis of pancreatic cancer cells and promote their proliferation. This effect can be eliminated by mTOR inhibitors. Finally, we found that Sestrin2 knockdown could inhibit the growth of pancreatic cancer in vivo. In conclusion, these findings suggest that Sestrin2 may promote the occurrence and development of pancreatic cancer through mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hengyue Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Weng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hewei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Linxiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Medical University First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou, China
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Adult Pancreatic Acinar Progenitor-like Populations in Regeneration and Cancer. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:758-767. [PMID: 32362534 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bulk of the pancreas primarily comprises long-lived acinar cells that are not considered a bona fide source for stem cells. However, certain acinar subpopulations have a repopulating capacity during regeneration, raising the hypothesis as to the presence of regenerative progenitor-like populations in the adult pancreas. Here, we describe recent discoveries based on fate-mapping techniques that support the existence of progenitor-like acinar subpopulations, including active progenitor-like cells that maintain tissue homeostasis and facultative progenitor-like cells that drive tissue regeneration. A possible link between progenitor-like acinar cells and cancer initiators is proposed. Further analysis of these cellular components is needed, because it would help uncover possible cellular sources for regeneration and cancer, as well as potential targets for therapy.
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Yu J, Liu SH, Sanchez R, Nemunaitis J, Rozengurt E, Brunicardi FC. Pancreatic cancer actionable genes in precision medicine and personalized surgery. Surgeon 2017; 15:24-29. [PMID: 27374183 PMCID: PMC5195911 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly cancer with an overall 5-year survival rate less than 5% due to the poor early diagnosis and lack of effective therapeutic options. The most effective therapy remains surgery, however post-operative survival could be enhanced with effective adjuvant therapy. The massive information gained from Omics techniques on PDAC at the beginning of the 21st century is a remarkable accomplishment. However, the information gained from the omics data, including next generation sequencing data, has yet to successfully affect care of patients suffering with PDAC. Therefore, we propose the development of an actionable genomic platform that matches a patient's PDAC clinically actionable genes with potential targeted adjuvant therapies. Using this platform, PDX1 has been identified as a potential actionable gene for PDAC, therefore, RNAi therapy, gene therapy and small inhibitory drugs, all targeting PDX1, serve as potential targeted adjuvant therapies. Preclinical studies support the hypothesis that identification of PDAC actionable genes could permit translation of a patient's genomic information into precision targeted adjuvant therapy for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juehua Yu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shi-He Liu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robbi Sanchez
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - F Charles Brunicardi
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Human pancreatic cancer progression: an anarchy among CCN-siblings. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:207-216. [PMID: 27541366 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of basic and translational studies have identified the mechanisms by which pancreatic cancer cells use molecular pathways to hijack the normal homeostasis of the pancreas, promoting pancreatic cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis, as well as drug resistance. These molecular pathways were explored to develop targeted therapies to prevent or cure this fatal disease. Regrettably, the studies found that majority of the molecular events that dictate carcinogenic growth in the pancreas are non-actionable (potential non-responder groups of targeted therapy). In this review we discuss exciting discoveries on CCN-siblings that reveal how CCN-family members contribute to the different aspects of the development of pancreatic cancer with special emphasis on therapy.
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Tanase CP, Neagu AI, Necula LG, Mambet C, Enciu AM, Calenic B, Cruceru ML, Albulescu R. Cancer stem cells: Involvement in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis and perspectives on cancer therapeutics. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10790-10801. [PMID: 25152582 PMCID: PMC4138459 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive and lethal malignancies. Despite remarkable progress in understanding pancreatic carcinogenesis at the molecular level, as well as progress in new therapeutic approaches, pancreatic cancer remains a disease with a dismal prognosis. Among the mechanisms responsible for drug resistance, the most relevant are changes in individual genes or signaling pathways and the presence of highly resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). In pancreatic cancer, CSCs represent 0.2%-0.8% of pancreatic cancer cells and are considered to be responsible for tumor growth, invasion, metastasis and recurrence. CSCs have been extensively studied as of late to identify specific surface markers to ensure reliable sorting and for signaling pathways identified to play a pivotal role in CSC self-renewal. Involvement of CSCs in pancreatic cancer pathogenesis has also highlighted these cells as the preferential targets for therapy. The present review is an update of the results in two main fields of research in pancreatic cancer, pathogenesis and therapy, focused on the narrow perspective of CSCs.
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Harada K, Ferdous T, Ueyama Y. Establishment of 5-fluorouracil-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines with epithelial to mesenchymal transition changes. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1302-8. [PMID: 24452635 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) treatments, and the acquisition of resistance is the major problem to successful OSCC treatment. It has been reported that the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with chemoresistance in several types of cancers. In the present study, we established 5-FU-resistant OSCC cell lines (HSC2/FU and HSC4/FU), and aimed to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in resistance in association with its EMT characteristics. MTT assay revealed that HSC2/FU is about 14-fold more resistant compared to HSC2, and HSC4/FU is 5-fold more resistant compared to HSC4. TUNEL assay also showed a dramatically decreased number of apoptotic cells in the 5-FU-resistant OSCC cell lines compared to each parental cell after treatment with 5-FU. Moreover, the 5-FU-resistant OSCC cell lines had typical morphologic phenotypes of EMT; loss of cell-cell adhesion, increased formation of pseudopodia and spindle-shaped morphology. Western blot analysis showed downregulated E-cadherin, and upregulated N-cadherin and Twist in the 5-FU-resistant OSCC cell lines. Results of our tumor xenograft studies coincide with our in vitro study data that confirmed the 5-FU resistant nature of HSC2/FU and HSC4/FU tumors. Moreover, immunohistochemistry showed that EMT changes (downregulated E-cadherin, and upregulated Twist and N-cadherin) occurred in the 5-FU-resistant xenografted tumor cells. These results suggest that EMT has important roles in the 5-FU-resistant OSCC cells, and that these resistant cells may be considered as useful tools for understanding the mechanisms involved in 5-FU resistance in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Harada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Tarannum Ferdous
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Ueyama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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Modulation of c-kit expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a novel stem cell marker responsible for the progression of the disease. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:197-203. [PMID: 23978330 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal cancers because of late symptoms and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We have investigated the appearance of c-kit, a stem cell marker, in both normal adult pancreatic tissue and in cancerous tissue. Apart from some very pale staining of islets of Langerhans, normal pancreas was devoid of staining with antibodies to c-kit. In contrast, in cancerous tissue that still preserves the overall integrity of the pancreatic tissue, there was a clear labeling in islets of Langerhans, which seemed to be co-localized with insulin containing β cells. In other cases, where the pancreatic tissue was completely deteriorated, intensive labeling was clearly evident in remnants of both the exocrine and the endocrine tissues. The duct cells of the adenocarcinoma were moderately but clearly labeled with antibodies to c-kit. In contrast, in metastasis of PDAC, very intensive labeling of c-kit was evident. The location of KRAS, which is strongly associated with PDAC, was also analyzed at the initial stages of the disease, when islets of Langerhans still preserve their integrity to a large extent. KRAS was found exclusively in islets of Langerhans and overlapped in its location with insulin and c-kit expressing cells. It is suggested that the modulation of the expression of c-kit, visualized by antibodies to the oncogene molecule, may play an important role in the formation and progression of PDAC. The absence of c-kit in normal pancreas and its appearance in PDAC is probably due to a mutational event, which probably allows conversion of the β cells into cancer stem cells (CSC). Co-expression of both c-kit and KRAS, typical markers for CSC with overlapping with insulin in islets of Langerhans, strongly support the notion that β-cells play a central role in the development of PDAC. The use of specific drugs that can attenuate the kinase activity of c-kit or target KRAS expressing cancer cells should be tested in order to attenuate the progression of this lethal disease.
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Bao B, Ahmad A, Kong D, Ali S, Azmi AS, Li Y, Banerjee S, Padhye S, Sarkar FH. Hypoxia induced aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells is linked with deregulated expression of VEGF, IL-6 and miRNAs that are attenuated by CDF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43726. [PMID: 22952749 PMCID: PMC3428287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia with deregulated expression of hypoxia inducing factor (HIF) and its biological consequence leads to poor prognosis of patients diagnosed with solid tumors, resulting in higher mortality, suggesting that understanding of the molecular relationship of hypoxia with other cellular features of tumor aggressiveness would be invaluable for developing newer targeted therapy for solid tumors. Emerging evidence also suggest that hypoxia and HIF signaling pathways contributes to the acquisition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), maintenance of cancer stem cell (CSC) functions, and also maintains the vicious cycle of inflammation, all of which contribute to radiation therapy and chemotherapy resistance. However, the detailed mechanisms by which hypoxia/HIF drive these events are not fully understood. Here, we have shown that hypoxia leads to increased expression of VEGF, IL-6, and CSC marker genes such as Nanog, Oct4 and EZH2, and also increased the expression of miR-21, an oncogenic miRNA, in prostate cancer (PCa) cells (PC-3 and LNCaP). The treatment of PCa cells with CDF, a novel Curcumin-derived synthetic analogue previously showed anti-tumor activity in vivo, inhibited the productions of VEGF and IL-6, and down-regulated the expression of Nanog, Oct4, EZH2 mRNAs, as well as miR-21 under hypoxic condition. Moreover, CDF treatment of PCa cells led to decreased cell migration under hypoxic condition. Taken together, these results suggest that the anti-tumor effect of CDF is in part mediated through deregulation of tumor hypoxic pathways, and thus CDF could become useful for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shadan Ali
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Asfar S. Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Subhash Padhye
- ISTRA, Department of Chemistry, MCE Society’s Abeda Inamdar Senior College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Pune, India
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Mihaljevic AL, Michalski CW, Friess H, Kleeff J. Molecular mechanism of pancreatic cancer--understanding proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010; 395:295-308. [PMID: 20237938 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-010-0622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this review is to highlight the molecular mechanisms leading to the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) with particular emphasis on tumor cell proliferation, local invasion, and metastasis. Recent advances in the field of PDAC biology have shed light on the molecular events that trigger PDAC initiation and maintenance. RESULTS It is now clear that apart from the genetic alterations within the tumor cells, interactions of the tumor with its environment are necessary for proliferation and invasion. Interestingly, a number of developmental signaling pathways are reactivated in PDAC. Progress has also been made in the understanding of the molecular events that govern the process of metastasis. CONCLUSION Although our understanding of the mechanisms underlying PDAC pathobiology are more advanced than ever, little progress has been made in the clinical treatment of PDAC, and successful bench-to-bedside transfer of knowledge to boost new treatment options is still unsatisfying.
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Affiliation(s)
- André L Mihaljevic
- Chirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
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