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Boodman C, Gupta N, van Griensven J, Van Bortel W. Bartonella quintana detection among arthropods and their hosts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:328. [PMID: 39095833 PMCID: PMC11295871 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bartonella quintana is a body louse-borne bacterium causing bacteremia and infective endocarditis. We aimed to describe B. quintana detection among arthropods and their hosts. METHODS We searched databases in PubMed Central/MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from January 1, 1915 (the year of B. quintana discovery) to January 1, 2024, to identify publications containing specific search terms relating to B. quintana detection among arthropods. Descriptive statistics and meta-analysis of pooled prevalence using random-effects models were performed for all arthropods and body and head lice. RESULTS Of 1265 records, 62 articles were included, describing 8839 body lice, 4962 head lice, and 1692 other arthropods, such as different species of fleas, bedbugs, mites, and ticks. Arthropods were collected from 37 countries, of which 28 had arthropods with B. quintana DNA. Among articles that reported B. quintana detection among individual arthropods, 1445 of 14,088 (0.1026, 95% CI [0.0976; 0.1077]) arthropods tested positive for B. quintana DNA, generating a random-effects model global prevalence of 0.0666 (95% CI [0.0426; 0.1026]). Fifty-six studies tested 8839 body lice, of which 1679 had B. quintana DNA (0.1899, 95% CI [0.1818; 0.1983]), generating a random-effects model pooled prevalence of 0.2312 (95% CI [0.1784; 0.2843]). Forty-two studies tested 4962 head lice, of which 390 head lice from 20 studies originating from 11 different countries had B. quintana DNA (0.0786, 95% CI [0.0713; 0.0864]). Eight studies detected B. quintana DNA exclusively on head lice. Five studies reported greater B. quintana detection on head lice than body lice; all originated from low-resource environments. CONCLUSIONS Bartonella quintana is a vector-borne bacterium with a global distribution, disproportionately affecting marginalized populations. Bartonella quintana DNA has been detected in many different arthropod species, though not all of these arthropods meet criteria to be considered vectors for B. quintana transmission. Body lice have long been known to transmit B. quintana. A limited number of studies suggest that head lice may also act as possible vectors for B. quintana in specific low-resource contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Boodman
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Infectious Disease, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Diarra AZ, Kelly P, Davoust B, Parola P. Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans and Animals in West Africa. Pathogens 2023; 12:1276. [PMID: 38003741 PMCID: PMC10675719 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are a significant group of arthropod vectors that transmit a large variety of pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases worldwide. Ticks are the second biggest transmitters of vector-borne diseases, behind mosquitoes. However, in West Africa, there is often only limited knowledge of tick-borne diseases. With the scarcity of appropriate diagnostic services, the prevalence of tick-borne diseases is generally underestimated in humans. In this review, we provide an update on tick-borne pathogens reported in people, animals and ticks in West Africa by microscopic, immunological and molecular methods. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. The selection criteria included all studies conducted in West Africa reporting the presence of Rickettsia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Bartonella, Coxiella burnetii, Theileria, Babesia, Hepatozoon and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever viruses in humans, animals or ticks. Our intention is to raise awareness of tick-borne diseases amongst human and animal health workers in West Africa, and also physicians working with tourists who have travelled to the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama Zan Diarra
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis;
| | - Bernard Davoust
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.Z.D.); (B.D.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
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3
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Deng YP, Fu YT, Yao C, Shao R, Zhang XL, Duan DY, Liu GH. Emerging bacterial infectious diseases/pathogens vectored by human lice. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 55:102630. [PMID: 37567429 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Human lice have always been a major public health concern due to their vector capacity for louse-borne infectious diseases, like trench fever, louse-borne relapsing fever, and epidemic fever, which are caused by Bartonella quintana, Borrelia recurrentis, and Rickettsia prowazekii, respectively. Those diseases are currently re-emerging in the regions of poor hygiene, social poverty, or wars with life-threatening consequences. These louse-borne diseases have also caused outbreaks among populations in jails and refugee camps. In addition, antibodies and DNAs to those pathogens have been steadily detected in homeless populations. Importantly, more bacterial pathogens have been detected in human lice, and some have been transmitted by human lice in laboratories. Here, we provide a comprehensive review and update on louse-borne infectious diseases/bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ping Deng
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Tian Fu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
| | - Renfu Shao
- Centre for Bioinnovation, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Xue-Ling Zhang
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - De-Yong Duan
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Ouarti B, Fonkou DMM, Houhamdi L, Mediannikov O, Parola P. Lice and lice-borne diseases in humans in Africa: a narrative review. Acta Trop 2022; 237:106709. [PMID: 36198330 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lice are host-specific insects. Human lice include Pediculus humanus humanus (body lice) which are known to be vectors of serious human bacterial infectious diseases including epidemic typhus, relapsing fever, trench fever and plague; Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) that frequently affect children; and Pthirus pubis, commonly known as crab lice. In Africa, human infections transmitted by lice remained poorly known and therefore, underestimated, perhaps due to the lack of diagnostic tools and professional knowledge. In this paper we review current knowledge of the microorganisms identified in human lice in the continent of Africa, in order to alert health professionals to the importance of recognising the risk of lice-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basma Ouarti
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Linda Houhamdi
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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Fu YT, Yao C, Deng YP, Elsheikha HM, Shao R, Zhu XQ, Liu GH. Human pediculosis, a global public health problem. Infect Dis Poverty 2022; 11:58. [PMID: 35619191 PMCID: PMC9134731 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-022-00986-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pediculosis is caused by hematophagous lice, which are transmitted between individuals via direct and/or indirect contact. Despite the public health importance of louse infestation, information concerning the global burden of pediculosis and the epidemiological landscape of louse-borne diseases is limited. The aim of this review was to summarize the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of lice infestation in humans. We also discussed the latest advances in molecular taxonomy and molecular genetics of lice. METHODS We searched five electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, CNKI, VIP Chinese Journal Database, and Wanfang Data) and followed a standard approach for conducting scoping reviews to identify studies on various aspects of human lice. Relevant information reported in the identified studies were collated, categorized, and summarized. RESULTS A total of 282 studies were eligible for the final review. Human pediculosis remains a public health issue affecting millions of people worldwide. Emerging evidence suggests that head lice and body lice should be considered conspecific, with different genotypes and ecotypes. Phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial (mt) cytb gene sequences identified six distinct clades of lice worldwide. In addition to the direct effect on human health, lice can serve as vectors of disease-causing pathogens. The use of insecticides plays a crucial role in the treatment and prevention of louse infestation. Genome sequencing has advanced our knowledge of the genetic structure and evolutionary biology of human lice. CONCLUSIONS Human pediculosis is a public health problem affecting millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries. More progress can be made if emphasis is placed on the use of emerging omics technologies to elucidate the mechanisms that underpin the physiological, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Fu
- Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Yuan-Ping Deng
- Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan China
| | - Hany M. Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Renfu Shao
- Centre for Bioinnovation, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4556 Australia
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801 Shanxi China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan China
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Santibáñez S, Caruz A, Márquez-Constán J, Portillo A, Oteo JA, Márquez FJ. Serologic study of Bartonella sp. infection among human population of Southern Spain. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2022; 40:179-182. [PMID: 35473988 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Bartonella sp. in a randomly selected sample from the population of the patients of North Sanitary District of Jaén. METHODS We used a commercially available immunofluorescent test (Focus-Technology IFA Bartonella quintana and B. henselae test). RESULTS Six hundred five healthy individuals were divided by sex into three age groups. We detected that 13.55% and 11.07% subjects were IgG seropositive to B. henselae and B. quintana, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the prevalence of both Bartonella species in Andalusia (Southern Spain) is relatively high. No statistical difference in the seropositivity was observed among these groups. In both cases, the IgG antibody titers ranged from 1/128 to 1/512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Santibáñez
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu Portillo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Oteo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco J Márquez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
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Demoncheaux JP, Medkour H, Louni M, Laugier L, Pasqualini C, Fenollar F, Davoust B, Mediannikov O. Detection of Potential Zoonotic Bartonella Species in African Giant Rats (Cricetomys gambianus) and Fleas from an Urban Area in Senegal. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030489. [PMID: 35336065 PMCID: PMC8953472 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonellae are bacteria associated with mammals and their ectoparasites. Rodents often host different species of Bartonella. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Bartonella spp. in African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) and their ectoparasites in Dakar, Senegal. In 2012, 20 rats were caught, and their fleas were identified. DNA was extracted from 170 selected fleas and qPCR was carried out to detect Bartonella spp. Subsequently, a Bartonella culture was performed from the rat blood samples and the isolated strains (16S rRNA, rpoB, ftsZ and ITS3) were genotyped. A total of 1117 fleas were collected from 19 rats and identified as Xenopsylla cheopis, the tropical rat flea. Bartonella DNA was detected in 148 of 170 selected fleas (87.1%). In addition, Bartonella strains were isolated from the blood of 17 rats (85%). According to Bartonella gene-sequence-based criteria for species definition, the isolated strains were identified as B. massiliensis (four strains) and two potential new species related to the zoonotic B. elizabethae. In this paper, these potentially new species are provisionally called Candidatus Bartonella militaris (11 strains) and Candidatus Bartonella affinis (two strains) until their description has been completed. Cricetomys gambianus and its fleas could constitute a public health risk in Dakar due to the high prevalence of Bartonella infection reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Demoncheaux
- Animal Epidemiology Expert Group of the Military Health Service, 37100 Tours, France; (J.-P.D.); (B.D.)
- Military Health Service, French Armed Forces in Senegal, Dakar 18524, Senegal;
| | - Hacene Medkour
- IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (H.M.); (M.L.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Meriem Louni
- IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (H.M.); (M.L.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Laurie Laugier
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.); (F.F.)
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.); (F.F.)
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Animal Epidemiology Expert Group of the Military Health Service, 37100 Tours, France; (J.-P.D.); (B.D.)
- IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (H.M.); (M.L.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.); (F.F.)
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Aix Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France; (H.M.); (M.L.)
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (L.L.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Santibáñez S, Caruz A, Márquez-Constán J, Portillo A, Oteo JA, Márquez FJ. Serologic study of Bartonella sp. infection among human population of Southern Spain. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2020; 40:S0213-005X(20)30399-2. [PMID: 33334612 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IgG antibodies against Bartonella sp. in a randomly selected sample from the population of the patients of North Sanitary District of Jaén. METHODS We used a commercially available immunofluorescent test (Focus-Technology IFA Bartonella quintana and B. henselae test). RESULTS Six hundred five healthy individuals were divided by sex into three age groups. We detected that 13.55% and 11.07% subjects were IgG seropositive to B. henselae and B. quintana, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that the prevalence of both Bartonella species in Andalusia (Southern Spain) is relatively high. No statistical difference in the seropositivity was observed among these groups. In both cases, the IgG antibody titers ranged from 1/128 to 1/512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Santibáñez
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Aránzazu Portillo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Oteo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Francisco J Márquez
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain.
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A 2,000-year-old specimen with intraerythrocytic Bartonella quintana. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10069. [PMID: 32572066 PMCID: PMC7308320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Photogrammetry and cascading microscopy investigations of dental pulp specimens collected from 2,000-year-old individuals buried in a Roman necropolis in Besançon, France, revealed unprecedented preserved tissular and cellular morphology. Photogrammetry yielded 3-D images of the smallest archaeological human remains ever recovered. Optical microscopy examinations after standard haematoxylin-phloxine-saffron staining and anti-glycophorin A immunohistochemistry exposed dental pulp cells, in addition erythrocytes were visualised by electron microscopy, which indicated the ancient dental pulp trapped a blood drop. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation applied on red blood cells revealed the louse-borne pathogen Bartonella quintana, a finding confirmed by polymerase chain reaction assays. Through paleohistology and paleocytology, we demonstrate that the ancient dental pulp preserved intact blood cells at the time of the individual's death, offering an unprecedented opportunity to engage in direct and indirect tests to diagnose pathogens in ancient buried individuals.
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López-Valencia D, Medina-Ortega ÁP, Hoyos-Samboní DF, Salguero C, Vásquez-Arteaga LR. Pediculosis capitis y transmisión potencial de enfermedades infecciosas reemergentes en Colombia. Revisión de la literatura. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v68n2.76604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. La infestación por piojos de la cabeza en humanos (Pediculus humanus capitis) se conoce como pediculosis capitis. Estos parásitos pueden ser vectores de enfermedades infecciosas con potencial reemergente.Objetivos. Revisar la literatura actual sobre las enfermedades infecciosas transmitidas por piojos de la cabeza y realizar una breve descripción de sus manifestaciones clínicas.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO y Redalyc mediante la siguiente estrategia de búsqueda: años de publicación: 1938 a 2019; idioma: inglés y español; términos de búsqueda: “Pediculus”, “lice infestations”, “bacteria”, “emerging communicable diseases”, “Rickettsia”, “Bartonella”, “Borrelia”, “Acinetobacter”, “Yersinia“, and “Colombia”, y sus equivalentes en español.Resultados. De los 110 artículos incluidos, la mayoría correspondió a investigaciones originales (48.2%). A nivel mundial, numerosos estudios han reportado la transmisión de Rickettsia prowazekii, Bartonella quintana, Borrelia recurrentis, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii y Yersinia pestis, entre otras bacterias, por los piojos de la cabeza y del cuerpo en humanos.Conclusiones. Aunque las enfermedades infecciosas transmitidas por piojos de la cabeza son raras, guardan potencial reemergente en poblaciones afectadas por migraciones humanas, crisis sociopolíticas, indigencia e inmunosupresión. En Colombia no se han realizado investigaciones sobre la transmisión de estas enfermedades por Pediculus spp., por lo que se sugiere que en estudios futuros se determine la prevalencia y los aspectos epidemiológicos de las enfermedades transmitidas por piojos de la cabeza en población colombiana.
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Ectoparasites. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 82:551-569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Amanzougaghene N, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:474. [PMID: 32039050 PMCID: PMC6990135 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediculus humanus is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of human that includes two ecotypes, head louse and body louse, which differ slightly in morphology and biology, but have distinct ecologies. Phylogenetically, they are classified on six mitochondrial clades (A, B, C, D, E, and F), head louse encompasses the full genetic diversity of clades, while body louse belongs to clades A and D. Recent studies suggested that not only body louse, but also head louse can transmit disease, which warrants greater attention as a serious public health problem. The recent sequencing of body louse genome confirmed that P. humanus has the smallest genome of any hemimetabolous insect reported to date, and also revealed numerous interesting characteristics in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The transcriptome analyses showed that body and head lice were almost genetically identical. Indeed, the phenotypic flexibility associated with the emergence of body lice, is probably a result of regulatory changes, perhaps epigenetic in origin, triggered by environmental signals. Current lice control strategies have proven unsuccessful. For instance, ivermectin represents a relatively new and very promising pediculicide. However, ivermectin resistance in the field has begun to be reported. Therefore, novel opportunities for pest control strategies are needed. Our objective here is to review the current state of knowledge on the biology, epidemiology, phylogeny, disease-vector and control of this fascinating and very intimate human parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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13
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Boumbanda Koyo CS, Oyegue-Liabagui SL, Mediannikov O, Cortaredona S, Kouna LC, Raoult D, Lekana-Douki JB, Fenollar F. High Circulation of Malaria and Low Prevalence of Bacteremia in Febrile and Afebrile Children in Northeastern Gabon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 102:121-129. [PMID: 31769404 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of febrile illness etiologies is under-explored in resource-poor settings. Establishing a local repertory of microorganisms circulating in blood of febrile and afebrile people is important for physicians. Blood was collected from 428 febrile and 88 afebrile children in Makokou (Gabon) and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction. Plasmodium spp. were the pathogens, which were most detected in febrile children (69.6%; 298/428) and in afebrile children (31.8%; 28/88) (P < 0.0001). Plasmodium falciparum was the most prevalent species in both febrile and afebrile children (66.8% and 27.3%, respectively). No differences were observed between febrile and afebrile children for Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale (8.2% versus 10.2% and 3.3% versus 3.4%, respectively). Triple infection with P. falciparum, P. malariae, and P. ovale was also detected in 1% of febrile children (4/428). Filariasis due to Mansonella perstans was detected in 10 febrile patients (2.3%), whereas Loa loa was detected in both febrile and afebrile children (1.4% and 2.3%, respectively). Bacterial DNA was detected in only 4.4% (19/428) of febrile children, including 13 (68.4%) who were coinfected with at least one Plasmodium species. These were Haemophilus influenzae (1.6%, 7/428), Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (1.2%, 5/428), and Rickettsia felis (0.9%, 4/428). Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella spp., Borrelia spp., Tropheryma whipplei, Anaplasma spp., Leptospira spp., Streptococcus pyogenes, and Salmonella spp. were not detected. This study also highlights the over-prescription and the overuse of antibiotics and antimalarials. Overall, malaria remains a major health problem in Makokou. Malaria control measures must be reconsidered in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Scherelle Boumbanda Koyo
- Aix Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Unité d'Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.,Ecole Doctorale Régionale en Infectiologie Tropicale d'Afrique Centrale, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Sandrine Lydie Oyegue-Liabagui
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Parasitologie et Microbiologie, École Doctorale Régionale d'Afrique Centrale en Infectiologie Tropicale, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Masuku, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU), Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Cortaredona
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
| | - Lady Charlene Kouna
- Unité d'Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, Microbes, Evolution, Phylogénie et Infection (MEPHI), Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU), Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon.,Ecole Doctorale Régionale en Infectiologie Tropicale d'Afrique Centrale, Franceville, Gabon.,Unité d'Evolution, Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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14
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Eremeeva ME, Warang SS, Anderson ML, Capps D, Zohdy S, Durden LA. Molecular Survey for Pathogens and Markers of Permethrin Resistance in Human Head Lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Madagascar. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/18-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. Eremeeva
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, 501 Forest Drive, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, Georgia 30458
| | - Shamta S. Warang
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, 501 Forest Drive, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, Georgia 30458
| | - Matthew L. Anderson
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, 501 Forest Drive, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, Georgia 30458
| | - Danielle Capps
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, 501 Forest Drive, P.O. Box 8015, Statesboro, Georgia 30458
| | - Sarah Zohdy
- School of Forestry & Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849
| | - Lance A. Durden
- College of Science and Mathematics, Georgia Southern University, P.O. Box 8042-1, Statesboro, Georgia 30458
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Ramos JM, Pérez-Tanoira R, Martín-Martín I, Prieto-Pérez L, Tefasmariam A, Tiziano G, Escudero R, Gil-Zamorano J, Gil-Gil H, Górgolas M, Jado I. Arthropod-Borne Bacteria Cause Nonmalarial Fever in Rural Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study in 394 Patients. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:815-820. [PMID: 31184993 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial arthropod-borne pathogens are a common cause of fever in Africa, but their precise impact is unknown and usually underdiagnosed in the basic rural laboratories of low-resourced African countries. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of arthropod-borne bacterial diseases causing fever among malaria smear-negative patients in a rural hospital located in Ethiopia. The study population included patients aged 2 years or older; referred to Gambo Rural General Hospital (West Arsi, Ethiopia), between July and November 2013, for fever or report of fever in the previous 48 h; attending the outpatient department; and testing negative for malaria by Giemsa-stained thin blood smears. We extracted DNA from 394 whole blood samples, using reverse line blot assays of amplicons to look for bacteria from the genera: Anaplasma, Bartonella, Borrelia, Coxiella, Ehrlichia, Francisella, and Rickettsia. Thirteen patients showed presence of DNA for these pathogens: three each by Borrelia spp., the Francisella group (F. tularensis tularensis, F. tularensis holartica, and F. novicia), Rickettsia bellii, and Rickettsia Felis, and one by Bartonella rochalimae. Thus, in this rural area of Africa, febrile symptoms could be due to bacteria transmitted by arthropods. Further studies are needed to evaluate the pathogenic role of R. bellii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Ramos
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, Ethiopia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ramón Pérez-Tanoira
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, Ethiopia.,Division of Infectious Diseases, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Martín-Martín
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, Ethiopia.,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Laura Prieto-Pérez
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, Ethiopia.,Division of Infectious Diseases, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abraham Tefasmariam
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, Ethiopia
| | - Gebre Tiziano
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, Ethiopia
| | - Raquel Escudero
- Laboratory of Special Pathogens of the National Microbiology Center of Spain, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Judit Gil-Zamorano
- Laboratory of Special Pathogens of the National Microbiology Center of Spain, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Horacio Gil-Gil
- Laboratory of Special Pathogens of the National Microbiology Center of Spain, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Górgolas
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory, Gambo Rural General Hospital, Kore, Ethiopia.,Division of Infectious Diseases, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Jado
- Laboratory of Special Pathogens of the National Microbiology Center of Spain, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Boumbanda Koyo CS, Amanzougaghene N, Davoust B, Tshilolo L, Lekana-Douki JB, Raoult D, Mediannikov O, Fenollar F. Genetic diversity of human head lice and molecular detection of associated bacterial pathogens in Democratic Republic of Congo. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:290. [PMID: 31174587 PMCID: PMC6555951 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis, is an obligatory blood-sucking ectoparasite, distributed worldwide. Phylogenetically, it occurs in five divergent mitochondrial clades (A-E); each exhibiting a particular geographical distribution. Recent studies suggest that, as in the case of body louse, head louse could be a disease vector. We aimed to study the genetic diversity of head lice collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) and to screen for louse-borne pathogens in these lice. METHODS A total of 181 head lice were collected from 27 individuals at the Monkole Hospital Center located in Kinshasa. All head lice were genotyped and screened for the presence of louse-borne bacteria using molecular methods. We searched for Bartonella quintana, Borrelia recurrentis, Rickettsia prowazekii, Anaplasma spp., Yersinia pestis, Coxiella burnetii and Acinetobacter spp. RESULTS Among these head lice, 67.4% (122/181) belonged to clade A and 24.3% (44/181) belonged to clade D. Additionally, for the first time in this area, we found clade E in 8.3% (15/181) of tested lice, from two infested individuals. Dual infestation with clades A and D was observed for 44.4% individuals. Thirty-three of the 181 head lice were infected only by different bacterial species of the genus Acinetobacter. Overall, 16 out of 27 individuals were infested (59.3%). Six Acinetobacter species were detected including Acinetobacter baumannii (8.3%), Acinetobacter johnsonii (1.7%), Acinetobacter soli (1.7%), Acinetobacter pittii (1.7%), Acinetobacter guillouiae (1.1%), as well as a new potential species named "Candidatus Acinetobacter pediculi". CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study reports for the first time, the presence of clade E head lice in DR Congo. This study is also the first to report the presence of Acinetobacter species DNAs in human head lice in DR Congo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Scherelle Boumbanda Koyo
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Unité d'Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.,Ecole Doctorale Régionale en Infectiologie Tropicale d'Afrique Centrale, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Leon Tshilolo
- Monkole Mother and Child Hospital, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki
- Unité d'Evolution Epidémiologie et Résistances Parasitaires (UNEEREP), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.,Ecole Doctorale Régionale en Infectiologie Tropicale d'Afrique Centrale, Franceville, Gabon.,Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médecine Tropicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé (USS), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France. .,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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17
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Mitochondrial diversity and phylogeographic analysis of Pediculus humanus reveals a new Amazonian clade “F”. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 70:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Neupane P, Hegarty BC, Marr HS, Maggi RG, Birkenheuer AJ, Breitschwerdt EB. Evaluation of cell culture-grown Bartonella antigens in immunofluorescent antibody assays for the serological diagnosis of bartonellosis in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1958-1964. [PMID: 30307643 PMCID: PMC6271329 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of poor sensitivity and questionable specificity of immunofluorescent antibody assays (IFAs), serological diagnosis of Bartonella species infections in dogs remains challenging. Despite limitations, IFA testing is the historical "gold standard" for Bartonella serodiagnosis in animals and humans. Because most diagnostic laboratories test against only 1 or 2 Bartonella spp., testing against a broader panel of Bartonella antigens may enhance diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of Bartonella IFA using 8 cell culture-grown Bartonella spp. isolates. ANIMALS Archived serum samples from 34 Bartonella spp. naturally exposed, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive dogs and from 26 PCR-negative and IFA-negative dogs. METHODS Bartonella IFA sensitivity and specificity were assessed using cell culture-grown whole cell antigens derived from 3 Bartonella henselae (Bh) strains (Bh Houston 1, Bh San Antonio Type 2, Bh California 1), 3 Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii genotypes (Bvb I, II, and III), Bartonella koehlerae (Bk), and Bartonella quintana (Bq). RESULTS Only 62% of 34 Bartonella spp. PCR-positive dogs were seroreactive to any of the 8 Bartonella IFA antigens, indicating low IFA sensitivity. PCR-positive dogs were most often IFA seroreactive to Bq (n = 15), to Bvb II (n = 13), or to both (n = 9) antigens. Of the 26 previously IFA-negative/PCR-negative dogs, 4 (15%) were seroreactive using the expanded antigen panel. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Despite IFA testing of dogs against 8 different Bartonella isolates, IFA sensitivity remained poor, and specificity was only 85%. Development of a reliable serological assay is needed to facilitate the diagnosis of Bartonella infection in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Neupane
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Barbara C Hegarty
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Henry S Marr
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Ricardo G Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Adam J Birkenheuer
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Edward B Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Sokhna C, Gaye O, Doumbo O. Developing Research in Infectious and Tropical Diseases in Africa: The Paradigm of Senegal. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 65:S64-S69. [PMID: 28859342 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases represent one of the greatest potential barriers to achievement of the third Sustainable Development Goals in African countries and around the world because they continue to pose major public health challenges. The surveillance of infectious diseases has recently assumed greater importance in most African countries, both because of the emergence of infectious diseases and because strains of pathogens that cause tuberculosis, malaria, cholera, dysentery, and pneumonia have developed resistance to common and inexpensive antimicrobial drugs. However, data on the pathogen-specific causes of infectious diseases are limited. Developing research in infectious and tropical diseases in Africa is urgently needed to better describe the distribution of pathogen-borne diseases and to know which pathogens actually cause fever. This research is critical for guiding treatment and policies in Africa. More effective diagnostics are also needed for these diseases, which often are misdiagnosed or diagnosed too late. A comprehensive review of this type of research is presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheikh Sokhna
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), Institut Hospitlao-Universitaire (IHU)Méditerranée-Infection
| | - Oumar Gaye
- Service Parasitologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ogobara Doumbo
- Department of Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Dentistry, University of Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali
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20
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Louni M, Mana N, Bitam I, Dahmani M, Parola P, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Body lice of homeless people reveal the presence of several emerging bacterial pathogens in northern Algeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006397. [PMID: 29664950 PMCID: PMC5922582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human lice, Pediculus humanus, are obligate blood-sucking parasites. Body lice, Pediculus h. humanus, occur in two divergent mitochondrial clades (A and D) each exhibiting a particular geographic distribution. Currently, the body louse is recognized as the only vector for louse-borne diseases. In this study, we aimed to study the genetic diversity of body lice collected from homeless populations in three localities of northern Algeria, and to investigate louse-borne pathogens in these lice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, 524 body lice specimens were collected from 44 homeless people in three localities: Algiers, Tizi Ouzou and Boumerdès located in northern Algeria. Duplex clade specific real-time PCRs (qPCR) and Cytochrome b (cytb) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis were performed in order to identify the mitochondrial clade. Screening of louse-borne pathogens bacteria was based on targeting specific genes for each pathogen using qPCR supplemented by sequencing. All body lice belong to clade A. Through amplification and sequencing of the cytb gene we confirmed the presence of three haplotypes: A5, A9 and A63, which is novel. The molecular investigation of the 524 body lice samples revealed the presence of four human pathogens: Bartonella quintana (13.35%), Coxiella burnetii (10.52%), Anaplasma phagocytophilum (0.76%) and Acinetobacter species (A. baumannii, A. johnsonii, A. berezeniae, A. nosocomialis and A. variabilis, in total 46.94%). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to show the genetic diversity and presence of several emerging pathogenic bacteria in homeless' body lice from Algeria. We also report for the first time, the presence of several species of Acinetobacter in human body lice. Our results highlight the fact that body lice may be suspected as being a much broader vector of several pathogenic agents than previously thought. Nevertheless, other studies are needed to encourage epidemiological investigations and surveys of louse-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Louni
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Valorisation et Conservation des Ressources Biologiques (VALCORE), Faculté des Sciences, Université M’Hamed Bougara Boumerdes, Boumerdès, Algeria
| | - Nassima Mana
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Environnement: Interactions, Génomes, Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediene, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Idir Bitam
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Environnement: Interactions, Génomes, Département de Biologie, Université des Sciences et Technologies Houari Boumediene, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
- Ecole Supérieure des Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Agro-Alimentaires, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Mustapha Dahmani
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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21
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Amanzougaghene N, Fenollar F, Sangaré AK, Sissoko MS, Doumbo OK, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Detection of bacterial pathogens including potential new species in human head lice from Mali. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184621. [PMID: 28931077 PMCID: PMC5606924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In poor African countries, where no medical and biological facilities are available, the identification of potential emerging pathogens of concern at an early stage is challenging. Head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, have a short life, feed only on human blood and do not transmit pathogens to their progeny. They are, therefore, a perfect tool for the xenodiagnosis of current or recent human infection. This study assessed the occurrence of bacterial pathogens from head lice collected in two rural villages from Mali, where a high frequency of head lice infestation had previously been reported, using molecular methods. Results show that all 600 head lice, collected from 117 individuals, belonged to clade E, specific to West Africa. Bartonella quintana, the causative agent of trench fever, was identified in three of the 600 (0.5%) head lice studied. Our study also shows, for the first time, the presence of the DNA of two pathogenic bacteria, namely Coxiella burnetii (5.1%) and Rickettsia aeschlimannii (0.6%), detected in human head lice, as well as the DNA of potential new species from the Anaplasma and Ehrlichia genera of unknown pathogenicity. The finding of several Malian head lice infected with B. quintana, C. burnetii, R. aeschlimannii, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia is alarming and highlights the need for active survey programs to define the public health consequences of the detection of these emerging bacterial pathogens in human head lice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Amanzougaghene
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Abdoul Karim Sangaré
- University of Bamako, Epidemiology Department of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (MRTC/DEAP/FMOS-FAPH), Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou S. Sissoko
- University of Bamako, Epidemiology Department of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (MRTC/DEAP/FMOS-FAPH), Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K. Doumbo
- University of Bamako, Epidemiology Department of Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Odonto-Stomatology, Faculty of Pharmacy (MRTC/DEAP/FMOS-FAPH), Bamako, Mali
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail: (OM); (DR)
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INSERM, AP-HM, URMITE, IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Campus International UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
- * E-mail: (OM); (DR)
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Ehounoud C, Fenollar F, Dahmani M, N’Guessan J, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Bacterial arthropod-borne diseases in West Africa. Acta Trop 2017; 171:124-137. [PMID: 28365316 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods such as ticks, lice, fleas and mites are excellent vectors for many pathogenic agents including bacteria, protozoa and viruses to animals. Moreover, many of these pathogens can also be accidentally transmitted to humans throughout the world. Bacterial vector-borne diseases seem to be numerous and very important in human pathology, however, they are often ignored and are not well known. Yet they are in a phase of geographic expansion and play an important role in the etiology of febrile episodes in regions of Africa. Since the introduction of molecular techniques, the presence of these pathogens has been confirmed in various samples from arthropods and animals, and more rarely from human samples in West Africa. In this review, the aim is to summarize the latest information about vector-borne bacteria, focusing on West Africa from 2000 until today in order to better understand the epidemiological risks associated with these arthropods. This will allow health and veterinary authorities to develop a strategy for surveillance of arthropods and bacterial disease in order to protect people and animals.
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23
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Eremeeva ME, Capps D, Winful EB, Warang SS, Braswell SE, Tokarevich NK, Bonilla DL, Durden LA. Molecular Markers of Pesticide Resistance and Pathogens in Human Head Lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) From Rural Georgia, USA. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1067-1072. [PMID: 28399311 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer, and body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus L., both have a worldwide distribution, the occurrence of head louse pediculosis appears to be more prevalent in modern societies despite systematic use of various pediculicides. This study tested head lice collected in rural Georgia and body lice collected in Russia for the prevalence of a kdr-biomarker that is associated with permethrin resistance. This study also screened lice for the presence of DNA from Bartonella quintana and Acinetobacter species. The kdr-permethrin resistance biomarker for the T917I mutation was detected by RFLP and PCR in 99.9% of head lice tested from Georgia, whereas only 2.9% of body lice from Russia tested positive for this kdr biomarker. DNA of B. quintana was detected in 10.3% of head lice from Georgia, whereas 84.8% of body lice from Russia tested positive. Acinetobacter DNA was detected in 80.8% (95% CI, 68-89%) of head lice from Georgia and all body lice from Russia tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Eremeeva
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
| | - Danielle Capps
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
| | - Emmanuel B Winful
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
| | - Shamta S Warang
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
| | - Sarah E Braswell
- Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
| | | | | | - Lance A Durden
- College of Science and Mathematics, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458
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Alsarraf M, Mohallal EME, Mierzejewska EJ, Behnke-Borowczyk J, Welc-Falęciak R, Bednarska M, Dziewit L, Zalat S, Gilbert F, Behnke JM, Bajer A. Description of Candidatus Bartonella fadhilae n. sp. and Candidatus Bartonella sanaae n. sp. (Bartonellaceae) from Dipodillus dasyurus and Sekeetamys calurus (Gerbillinae) from the Sinai Massif (Egypt). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:483-494. [PMID: 28541836 PMCID: PMC5512320 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bartonella spp. are parasites of mammalian erythrocytes and endothelial cells, transmitted by blood-feeding arthropod ectoparasites. Different species of rodents may constitute the main hosts of Bartonella, including several zoonotic species of Bartonella. The aim of this study was to identify and compare Bartonella species and genotypes isolated from rodent hosts from the South Sinai, Egypt. Prevalence of Bartonella infection was assessed in rodents (837 Acomys dimidiatus, 73 Acomys russatus, 111 Dipodillus dasyurus, and 65 Sekeetamys calurus) trapped in 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 in four dry montane wadis around St. Katherine town in the Sinai Mountains. Total DNA was extracted from blood samples, and PCR amplification and sequencing of the Bartonella-specific 860-bp gene fragment of rpoB and the 810-bp gene fragment of gltA were used for molecular and phylogenetic analyses. The overall prevalence of Bartonella in rodents was 7.2%. Prevalence differed between host species, being 30.6%, 10.8%, 9.6%, and 3.6% in D. dasyurus, S. calurus, A. russatus, and A. dimidiatus, respectively. The phylogenetic analyses of six samples of Bartonella (five from D. dasyurus and one from S. calurus) based on a fragment of the rpoB gene, revealed the existence of two distinct genetic groups (with 95–96% reciprocal sequence identity), clustering with several unidentified isolates obtained earlier from the same rodent species, and distant from species that have already been described (90–92% of sequence identity to the closest match from the GenBank reference database). Thus, molecular and phylogenetic analyses led to the description of two species: Candidatus Bartonella fadhilae n. sp. and Candidatus Bartonella sanaae n. sp. The identification of their vectors and the medical significance of these species need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alsarraf
- 1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa J Mierzejewska
- 1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Behnke-Borowczyk
- 3 Department of Forest Phytopathology, Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences , Poznań, Poland
| | - Renata Welc-Falęciak
- 1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bednarska
- 1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Dziewit
- 4 Department of Bacterial Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Samy Zalat
- 5 Department of Zoology, Suez Canal University , Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Francis Gilbert
- 6 School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jerzy M Behnke
- 6 School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham , Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Bajer
- 1 Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
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25
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Leulmi H, Diatta G, Sokhna C, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Assessment of oral ivermectin versus shampoo in the treatment of pediculosis (head lice infestation) in rural areas of Sine-Saloum, Senegal. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:627-632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Abat C, Colson P, Chaudet H, Rolain JM, Bassene H, Diallo A, Mediannikov O, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Sokhna C. Implementation of Syndromic Surveillance Systems in Two Rural Villages in Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005212. [PMID: 27926917 PMCID: PMC5167408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases still represent a major challenge for humanity. In this context, their surveillance is critical. From 2010 to 2016, two Point-Of-Care (POC) laboratories have been successfully implemented in the rural Saloum region of Senegal. In parallel, a homemade syndromic surveillance system called EPIMIC was implemented to monitor infectious diseases using data produced by the POC laboratory of the Timone hospital in Marseille, France. The aim of this study is to describe the steps necessary for implementing EPIMIC using data routinely produced by two POC laboratories (POC-L) established in rural Senegal villages. After improving EPIMIC, we started to monitor the 15 pathogens routinely diagnosed in the two POC-L using the same methodology we used in France. In 5 years, 2,577 deduplicated patients-samples couples from 775 different patients have been tested in the Dielmo and Ndiop POC-L. 739 deduplicated patients-samples couples were found to be positive to at least one of the tested pathogens. The retrospective analysis of the Dielmo and Ndiop POC data with EPIMIC allowed to generate 443 alarms. Since January 2016, 316 deduplicated patients-samples couples collected from 298 different patients were processed in the Niakhar POC laboratory. 56 deduplicated patients-samples couples were found to be positive to at least one of the tested pathogens. The retrospective analysis of the data of the Niakhar POC laboratory with EPIMIC allowed to generate 14 alarms. Although some improvements are still needed, EPIMIC has been successfully spread using data routinely produced by two rural POC-L in Senegal, West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Abat
- Aix-Marseille Univ., URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille CEDEX 05, France
- Campus IRD d' Hann Maristes, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Philippe Colson
- Aix-Marseille Univ., URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Hervé Chaudet
- Aix-Marseille Univ., URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Aix-Marseille Univ., URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | | | | | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix-Marseille Univ., URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- Aix-Marseille Univ., URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ., URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille CEDEX 05, France
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- Aix-Marseille Univ., URMITE UM 63 CNRS 7278 IRD 198 INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Facultés de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille CEDEX 05, France
- Campus IRD d' Hann Maristes, Dakar, Sénégal
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27
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Head lice probably resistant to ivermectin recovered from two rural girls in Dielmo, a village in Sine-Saloum, Senegal. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 47:501-2. [PMID: 27211825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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