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Fontes JLM, Khouri R, Reinaldo LGC, Hassegawa EMA, Meneses Filho AJ, de Melo CVB, Ramos PIP, de Deus Moura R, Pagliari C, Santos M, Araújo RJC, Van Weyenbergh J, de Freitas LAR, Costa CHN, dos-Santos WLC. An integrated analysis of the structural changes and gene expression of spleen in human visceral leishmaniasis with and without HIV coinfection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011877. [PMID: 38843306 PMCID: PMC11265696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The spleen plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis. In severe forms of the disease, the spleen undergoes changes that can compromise its function in surveilling blood-circulating pathogens. In this study, we present an integrated analysis of the structural and gene expression alterations in the spleens of three patients with relapsing visceral leishmaniasis, two of whom were coinfected with HIV. Our findings reveal that the IL6 signaling pathway plays a significant role in the disorganization of the white pulp, while BCL10 and ICOSLG are associated with spleen organization. Patients coinfected with HIV and visceral leishmaniasis exhibited lower splenic CD4+ cell density and reduced expression of genes such as IL15. These effects may contribute to a compromised immune response against L. infantum in coinfected individuals, further impacting the structural organization of the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L. M. Fontes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Caroline V. B. de Melo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael de Deus Moura
- Departamento de Medicina Especializada, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Carla Pagliari
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Raimundo José C. Araújo
- Departamento de Medicina Especializada, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Henrique N. Costa
- Instituto de Doenças Tropicais Natan Portela, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Washington L. C. dos-Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Conde L, Maciel G, de Assis GM, Freire-de-Lima L, Nico D, Vale A, Freire-de-Lima CG, Morrot A. Humoral response in Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1063291. [PMID: 36579347 PMCID: PMC9791258 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1063291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis presents different types of clinical manifestations that can be divided into cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis. The host's immune system, associated with genetic and nutritional factors, is strongly involved in the evolution of the disease or parasite escape. Humoral immunity is characterized by the production of antibodies capable of promoting neutralization, opsonization, and activation of the complement system. In this scenario, B lymphocytes produce antibodies that play an important role in Leishmania infection although neglected for a long time. Thus, relevant aspects in the establishment of Leishmania infection will be addressed, highlighting the importance of humoral immunity during the entire process of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Conde
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Maciel
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Meira de Assis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Nico
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Vale
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,*Correspondence: Alexandre Morrot,
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Fontes JLM, Mesquita BR, Brito R, Gomes JCS, de Melo CVB, dos Santos WLC. Anti- Leishmania infantum Antibody-Producing Plasma Cells in the Spleen in Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121635. [PMID: 34959592 PMCID: PMC8706995 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen is involved in visceral leishmaniasis immunopathogenesis, and presents alterations in white-pulp microenvironments that are associated with an increased susceptibility to coinfections and patient death. Plasmacytosis in splenic red pulp (RP) is one observed alteration, but the specificity of antibody-secreting cells and the distribution of them has not yet been evaluated. We biotinylated soluble L. infantum membrane antigens (bSLMA) used as probes in modified immunohistochemistry, and detected the presence of anti-L. infantum antibody-secreting cells. Were used spleens from eight dogs from the endemic area for canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL), and three healthier controls. The spleen sections were cryopreserved, and we performed modified immunohistochemistry. The ratio of plasma cells which were reactive to bSLMA (Anti-Leish-PC) in the spleen RP and periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS) were calculated. Dogs with CanL present hyperglobulinemia and more plasma cells in their RP than the controls. Furthermore, dogs with CanL presented a lower proportion of Anti-Leish-PC in their RP than in PALS. Likewise, dysproteinemia was related to RP and PALS plasmacytosis, and a more severe clinical profile.
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Cytokines and splenic remodelling during Leishmania donovani infection. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100036. [PMID: 33604560 PMCID: PMC7885873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis leads to extensive remodelling of splenic microarchitecture. Splenomegaly is associated with compartmentalised vascular remodelling. Alterations in white pulp stromal cells affects leucocyte segregation. Splenic remodelling involves multiple cytokines from diverse cellular sources. Understanding splenic remodelling may lead to new therapeutic interventions.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) causes extensive splenic pathology that contributes to dysfunctional immune responses, in part through displacement and destruction of cell populations involved in maintaining splenic structural integrity. The expression of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is crucial in orchestrating the delicate balance that exists between host resistance and tissue pathology. In an effort to restore homeostatic balance to the local microenvironment, remodelling of the splenic architecture occurs in a compartmentalised manner to retain some level of functionality, despite persistent inflammatory pressures. Animal models of VL as well as human studies have significantly contributed to our understanding of the architectural changes that occur in the spleen during VL. Here, we review the role of cytokines in mediating microarchitectural changes associated with the development of splenomegaly during VL.
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Parodi C, Barrio A, García Bustos MF, González Prieto AG, Pimentel J, Badano N, Albareda MC, Castro Eiro ME, Laucella SA, de Elizalde de Bracco MM. B-cell profile, B-cell activating factor concentration and IgG levels in human cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12759. [PMID: 32460372 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate characteristics of B cells in human tegumentary leismaniasis (TL) analysing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), most prevalent form and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), aggressive form characterized by the destruction of the oral-nasal-pharyngeal cavities. METHODS AND RESULTS By flow cytometry analysis, we found decreased percentages of non-class-switched memory B cells in TL with the degree of the loss related to clinical severity. Using commercial ELISA, we reported high levels of B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and IgG preferentially in aggressive CL and markedly in ML together with decreased BAFF receptors in the latter. We also found lower levels of BAFF after clinical recovery suggesting a relation between BAFF and disease activity. Mucosal leishmaniasis history of therapeutic failure presented high levels of BAFF accompanied by detectable concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-6 (assayed by commercial ELISA and cytometric bead arrays respectively), cytokines involved in exaggerated inflammatory responses and tissue damage in TL. CONCLUSION We demonstrate B-cell disturbances in TL with the degree of the alterations related to clinical severity. We suggest a relation between excess of BAFF and disease activity and point towards a possible implication of BAFF in the inflammatory phenomenon of ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Parodi
- Instituto de Patología Experimental-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Barrio
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - María F García Bustos
- Instituto de Patología Experimental-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Ana G González Prieto
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Julia Pimentel
- Instituto de Patología Experimental-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Noel Badano
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Albareda
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa E Castro Eiro
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana A Laucella
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. M. Fatala Chaben, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María M de Elizalde de Bracco
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Instituto de Medicina Experimental-CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Azuma N, Omachi S, Hanazawa W, Morimoto A, Sanjoba C, Matsumoto Y, Fujii W, Goto Y. Variable dependency on BAFF in IgG antibody production during Leishmania infection. Parasitol Int 2019; 74:101997. [PMID: 31626986 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is known as a cytokine responsible for survival and activation of B cells. However, involvement of the molecule in IgG antibody production during infection remains elusive. In this study, dependency of antibody production in Leishmania infection on BAFF was examined by using BAFF-knockout (BAFF-KO) mice. When BAFF-KO mice were infected with L. major, there was no significant difference in lesion development or parasite burden from those in infected wildtype mice. In contrast, levels of IgG antibodies to Leishmania crude antigen were lower in BAFF-KO mice, suggesting that antibody production during L. major infection is BAFF-dependent. ELISA using defined leishmanial antigens demonstrated that the influence of BAFF on antibody production during L. major varies depending on antigens; IgG production to tandem repeat proteins were more affected by BAFF than non-repeat antigens. On the contrary, all of the defined antigens tested were strongly affected by BAFF for IgG antibody production during L. donovani infection. These results suggest degree of BAFF contribution to antibody production during infection is variable depending on the type of infection and even on the type of antigen in a given infection. These results may explain contradictory roles of BAFF in antibody production in previous works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuho Azuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Omachi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wakana Hanazawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Morimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Silva-Barrios S, Stäger S. Hypergammaglobulinemia sustains the development of regulatory responses during chronic Leishmania donovani infection in mice. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:1082-1091. [PMID: 31001826 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis, a chronic, potentially fatal disease, is characterized by high production of low-affinity antibodies. In humans, hypergammaglobulinemia is prediction of disease progression. Nevertheless, the contribution of hypermutated and/or class-switched immunoglobulins to disease pathogenesis has never been studied. Using Aicda-/- mice and the experimental model of Leishmania donovani infection, we demonstrate that the absence of hypermutated and/or class-switched antibodies was associated with increased resistance to disease, stronger protective Th1 responses, and a lower frequency of regulatory IFNγ+ IL-10+ CD4 T cells. Interestingly, stronger Th1 responses and the absence of IFNγ+ IL-10+ CD4 T cells during chronic infection in infected Aicda-/- mice were not caused by a T-cell intrinsic effect of AID, but by changes in the cytokine environment during chronic disease. Indeed TNF, IL-10 and IFN-ß expressions were only upregulated in the presence of hypermutated, class-switched antibodies and hypergammaglobulinemia at later stages of infection. Taken together, our results suggest that hypergammaglobulinemia sustains inhibitory responses during chronic visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Stäger
- INRS, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Canada
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Leishmania infantum recombinant kinesin degenerated derived repeat (rKDDR): A novel potential antigen for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211719. [PMID: 30703138 PMCID: PMC6355020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or kala-azar, the most severe form of leishmaniasis, can lead to death if not properly diagnosed and treated. Correct identification of infected patients and reservoirs is vital for controlling the spread of leishmaniasis. Current diagnostic kits for leishmaniasis show high sensitivity and specificity, but can also result in false negatives and cross reactions with related parasitic infections. New diagnostic methods with greater accuracy are urgently needed for diagnosis of leishmaniasis. In this study, we aimed to uncover a new highly effective antigen for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs and humans, aiming to improve the accuracy compared with those of current methods of diagnosis. Initially, in-silico epitope prediction analyses identified several potential B-cell epitopes in the repetitive region of Leishmania infantum kinesin, which co-localized with predicted structural disordered regions, suggesting high potential for antigenicity. Based on this analysis, 8.5 genomic motifs, which encode the repetitive sequence of 39 degenerate amino acids, were selected for recombinant expression. BLASTn analysis of this repetitive region indicated that it is absent in the T. cruzi parasite, which is closely related to Leishmania, indicating the specificity of this region. This potentially antigenic protein, named recombinant kinesin degenerated derived repeat (rKDDR), was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21-Star using the pET28a-TEV expression vector. We then evaluated the performance of rKDDR in correctly diagnosing Leishmania infection and compared this new assay with currently used diagnostic tests for leishmaniasis. rKDDR showed greater sensitivity and specificity in correctly diagnosing leishmaniasis both in human (sensitivity 92.86% and specificity 100%) and canine (sensitivity 88.54% and specificity 97.30%) sera compared with those of rK39 (human: sensitivity 90.48% and specificity 97.92%; canine: sensitivity 78.13% and specificity 90.09%). In addition, the rKDDR-ELISA outperformed the EIE-LVC kit, which is the serologic kit recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. These results indicate that rKDDR is a highly promising candidate for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis, and is more accurate than the currently used gold-standard antigens.
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Hermida MDR, de Melo CVB, Lima IDS, Oliveira GGDS, Dos-Santos WLC. Histological Disorganization of Spleen Compartments and Severe Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:394. [PMID: 30483481 PMCID: PMC6243053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ responsible for immune surveillance against blood-circulating pathogens. Absence of the spleen is associated with increased susceptibility to systemic spread and fatal infection by different pathogens. Severe forms of visceral leishmaniasis are associated with disorganization of spleen compartments where cell interactions essential for splenic immunological function take place. White pulp atrophies, secondary lymphoid follicles and marginal zones vanish, and the boundaries separating white and red pulp blur. Leukocyte populations are reduced or disappear or are replaced by plasma cells. In this paper, we review the published data on spleen disorganization in severe forms of visceral leishmaniasis and propose a histological classification to help the exchange of information among research groups.
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Pinna RA, Dos Santos AC, Perce-da-Silva DS, da Silva LA, da Silva RNR, Alves MR, Santos F, de Oliveira Ferreira J, Lima-Junior JC, Villa-Verde DM, De Luca PM, Carvalho-Pinto CE, Banic DM. Correlation of APRIL with production of inflammatory cytokines during acute malaria in the Brazilian Amazon. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2018; 6:207-220. [PMID: 29314720 PMCID: PMC5946147 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B cell activation factor (BAFF) are known to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including BAFF in malaria. The aim of this study was to investigate whether APRIL and BAFF plasma concentrations could be part of inflammatory responses associated with P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria in patients from the Brazilian Amazon. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria patients (n = 52) resident in Porto Velho before and 15 days after the beginning of treatment and from uninfected individuals (n = 12). We investigated APRIL and BAFF circulating levels and their association with parasitaemia, WBC counts, and cytokine/chemokine plasma levels. The expression levels of transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) on PBMC from a subset of 5 P. vivax-infected patients were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS APRIL plasma levels were transiently increased during acute P. vivax and P. falciparum infections whereas BAFF levels were only increased during acute P. falciparum malaria. Although P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria patients have similar cytokine profiles during infection, in P. vivax acute phase malaria, APRIL but not BAFF levels correlated positively with IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-13 levels. We did not find any association between P. vivax parasitaemia and APRIL levels, while an inverse correlation was found between P. falciparum parasitaemia and APRIL levels. The percentage of TACI positive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were increased in the acute phase P. vivax malaria. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the APRIL and BAFF inductions reflect different host strategies for controlling infection with each malaria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A Pinna
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21040-360
| | - Adriana C Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil, 24020-140
| | - Daiana S Perce-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21040-360
| | - Luciene A da Silva
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21040-360
| | - Rodrigo N Rodrigues da Silva
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21040-360
| | - Marcelo R Alves
- Laboratory of Research in Pharmacogenetics, National Institute of Infectology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21040-360
| | - Fátima Santos
- Laboratory of Entomology, LACEN/RO, Rua Anita Garibalde, 4130 - Costa e Silva, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil, 76803-620
| | - Joseli de Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21040-360
| | - Josué C Lima-Junior
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21040-360
| | - Déa M Villa-Verde
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21040-360
| | - Paula M De Luca
- Laboratory of Imunoparasitology Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21040-360
| | - Carla E Carvalho-Pinto
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil, 24020-140
| | - Dalma M Banic
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21040-360
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Abstract
The two ligands B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and the three receptors BAFF receptor (BAFF-R), transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) are members of the "BAFF system molecules." BAFF system molecules are primarily involved in B cell homeostasis. The relevance of BAFF system molecules in host responses to microbial assaults has been investigated in clinical studies and in mice deficient for each of these molecules. Many microbial products modulate the expression of these molecules. Data from clinical studies suggest a correlation between increased expression levels of BAFF system molecules and elevated B cell responses. Depending on the pathogen, heightened B cell responses may strengthen the host response or promote susceptibility. Whereas pathogen-mediated increases in the expression levels of the ligands and/or the receptors appear to promote microbial clearance, certain pathogens have evolved to ablate B cell responses by suppressing the expression of TACI and/or BAFF-R on B cells. Other than its well-established role in B cell responses, the TACI-mediated activation of macrophages is also implicated in resistance to intracellular pathogens. An improved understanding of the role that BAFF system molecules play in infection may assist in devising novel strategies for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Sakai
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Omachi S, Fujii W, Azuma N, Morimoto A, Sanjoba C, Matsumoto Y, Goto Y. B-cell activating factor deficiency suppresses splenomegaly during Leishmania donovani infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 489:528-533. [PMID: 28583852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a critical regulator for B-cell development and differentiation. We previously reported elevation of serum BAFF levels in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In this study, we examined if BAFF is involved in pathologies during infection of Leishmania donovani. BALB/cA mice infected with L. donovani showed significant elevation in serum BAFF and IgG levels as seen in VL patients. In contrast, elevation of serum IgG by L. donovani infection was significantly suppressed in BAFF-deficient mice. The spleen weight of the BAFF-deficient mice after infection was significantly lower than that of the infected wild-type mice, whereas comparable degree of hepatomegaly and anemia were observed in those mice. In the enlarged spleen of L. donovani-infected wild-type mice, increase of CD19+ lymphocytes was more prominent than that of CD3+ cells, suggesting the contribution of B cell increase to splenomegaly during VL. Besides, increase of CD19+ lymphocytes was not found in BAFF-deficient mice after L. donovani infection. Taken together, these results suggest that BAFF is involved in strong B cell activation, which has a pathological role in splenomegaly but not in hepatomegaly or anemia, during VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Omachi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Laboratory of Applied Genetics, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuho Azuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Morimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizu Sanjoba
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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Silva-Barrios S, Smans M, Duerr C, Qureshi S, Fritz J, Descoteaux A, Stäger S. Innate Immune B Cell Activation by Leishmania donovani Exacerbates Disease and Mediates Hypergammaglobulinemia. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2427-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Silva-O’Hare J, de Oliveira IS, Klevorn T, Almeida VA, Oliveira GGS, Atta AM, de Freitas LAR, dos-Santos WLC. Disruption of Splenic Lymphoid Tissue and Plasmacytosis in Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: Changes in Homing and Survival of Plasma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156733. [PMID: 27243459 PMCID: PMC4887081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum, which is transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. Dogs are the main urban reservoir of this parasite and the disease presents similar characteristics in both humans and dogs. In this paper, we investigated the potential pathways involved in plasma cell replacement of normal cell populations in the spleen, with respect to disease severity in dogs from an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis. To this end, canine spleen samples were grouped into three categories: TYPE1SC- (non-infected dogs or without active infection with organized white pulp), TYPE1SC+ (infected dogs with organized white pulp) or TYPE3SC+ (infected animals with disorganized white pulp). We analyzed the distribution of different plasma cell isotypes (IgA, IgG and IgM) in the spleen. The expression of cytokines and chemokines involved in plasma cell homing and survival were assessed by real time RT-PCR. Polyclonal B cell activation and hypergammaglobulinemia were also evaluated. The proportion of animals with moderate or intense plasmacytosis was higher in the TYPE3SC+ group than in the other groups (Fisher test, P<0.05). This was mainly due to a higher density of IgG+ plasma cells in the red pulp of this group. The albumin/globulin ratio was lower in the TYPE3SC+ animals than in the TYPE1SC- or TYPE1SC+ animals, which evidences VL-associated dysproteinemia. Interestingly, TYPE3SC+ animals showed increased expression of the BAFF and APRIL cytokines, as well as chemokine CXCL12. Aberrant expression of BAFF, APRIL and CXCL12, together with amplified extrafollicular B cell activation, lead to plasma cell homing and the extended survival of these cells in the splenic red pulp compartment. These changes in the distribution of immunocompetent cells in the spleen may contribute to the progression of VL, and impair the spleen's ability to protect against blood borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselli Silva-O’Hare
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - BA, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís Klevorn
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - BA, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Valter A. Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - BA, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Ajax M. Atta
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio R. de Freitas
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - BA, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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