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Prameswari HS, Dewi TI, Hasan M, Martanto E, Astuti A, Saboe A, Cool CJ. Clinical Presentation and 6-Month Outcomes of Patients with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy in Indonesia. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17:1073-1083. [PMID: 38529099 PMCID: PMC10962360 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s447214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Due to the rarity of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) globally, baseline characteristic data for PPCM patients are still scarce. Therefore, this study aims to determine the baseline characteristics and 6-month outcomes of PPCM patients in Indonesia. Methods From January 2014 to December 2021, all PPCM patients aged ≥18 years who were admitted to Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital in Bandung, Indonesia, participated in this single-center, prospective cohort study. All patients were re-evaluated within 6 months of PPCM diagnosis. Results A total of 138 patients with PPCM were admitted to Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital in Bandung. The mean age of all patients was 30.4 ± 6.4 years old. Approximately 60% patients were multipara and had preeclampsia. All guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure was received by most patients, excluding mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (25.2%) and bromocriptine (14.1%). The neonatal mortality rate was 5.1%. Among those who survived, 61.2% had normal weight, 31.8% had low birth weight, and 7% had very low birth weight. At the 6-month follow-up, 6.7% of the patients died, 63.3% recovered, and 1.9% were rehospitalized. Conclusion The present study found a high incidence of PPCM in Indonesia. Our patients frequently had preeclampsia, which contributed to the higher rate of miscarriage and low birth weight. Our liberal use of beta-blockers and ACEi/ARB may have contributed to the higher 6-month recovery rate than that in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hawani Sasmaya Prameswari
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Triwedya Indra Dewi
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Melawati Hasan
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Erwan Martanto
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Astri Astuti
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Aninka Saboe
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Charlotte Johanna Cool
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) contributes significantly to maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this review, we describe the present-day epidemiology and current understanding of the pathogenesis of PPCM. We provide an updated approach to diagnosis and management of PPCM, and discuss risk factors and predictors of outcome. RECENT FINDINGS The highest incidences of PPCM have been reported in African, Asian, and Caribbean populations. Contemporary literature supports a 'two-hit' hypothesis, whereby the 'first hit' implies a predisposition, and the 'second hit' refers to an imbalanced peripartal hormonal milieu that results in cardiomyopathy. Whereas a half of patients will have left ventricular (LV) recovery, a tenth do not survive. Clinical findings and special investigations (ECG, echocardiography, cardiac MRI, biomarkers) can be used for risk stratification. Frequent prescription of guideline-directed medical therapy is associated with improved outcomes. SUMMARY Despite advances in elucidating the pathogenesis of PPCM, it remains unclear why only certain women develop the disease. Moreover, even with better diagnostic work-up and management, it remains unknown why some patients with PPCM have persistent LV dysfunction or die. Future research should be aimed at better understanding of the mechanisms of disease and finding new therapies that could improve survival and LV recovery.
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Hang S, Dixit P, Alam D, Fatima S, Madhavan R. Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome and Ischemic Stroke Secondary to Peripartum Cardiomyopathy - Report a Rare Case. Cureus 2022; 14:e29640. [PMID: 36320956 PMCID: PMC9606850 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute cardioembolic stroke is a rare presentation of peripartum cardiomyopathy. We present an unusual case of peripartum cardiomyopathy, that subsequently developed cardioembolic ischemic stroke and reversible cerebral vasospasms. A 26-year-old G1P1 caucasian woman presented to the emergency department 10 days after a spontaneous vaginal delivery with the clinical and physical presentation of acute heart failure. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level was >8000 pg/mL. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) demonstrated global left ventricular hypokinesis, reduced ejection fraction (EF) 22% with grade I diastolic dysfunction and apical thrombus. On hospital day two of her heart failure exacerbation admission, a code stroke was activated for aphasia and confusion. She received an IV tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and underwent a mechanical thrombectomy. On hospital day three, she developed worsening of neurological symptoms, and a computed tomography (CT) angiogram revealed vasospasm in the region of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA), which subsequently resulted in nimodipine therapy. Furthermore, her hospital course was complicated by persistent hypotension, and with our concern for vasospasm that was noted in the CT angiogram instead of guideline-directed therapy for heart failure, digoxin was given to control heart rate and to improve cardiac output. Ultimately, her neurological symptoms improved, and she was discharged on hospital day 10. This case highlights the combination of rare presentations - postpartum cardiomyopathy, ischemic stroke, and reversible cerebral vasospasms, which suggests that the time and size of the stroke are of the essence in terms of promptness of aggressive treatment.
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Isogai T, Kamiya CA. Worldwide Incidence of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy and Overall Maternal Mortality. Int Heart J 2019; 60:503-511. [DOI: 10.1536/ihj.18-729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Isogai
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center
| | - Chizuko A. Kamiya
- Department of Perinatology and Gynecology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
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Biochemical and histological changes in the heart of post-partum rats exposed to Natron. Indian Heart J 2017; 70:887-893. [PMID: 30580861 PMCID: PMC6306309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The customary puerperal practice of Natron consumption has been identified as one of the predisposing factors in the etiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM). This study was designed to investigate the effect of Natron in postpartum Wistar albino rats. Methods A total of 30 postpartum Wistar rats were exposed to different doses (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) of Natron for 28 days. After the treatment, we carried out biochemical analyses and histological evaluations of kidney, liver and heart. Results The study revealed that the exposure of postpartum rats to 100 mg/kg of Natron and above significantly (p < 0.05) increase the cardiac markers; myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB, troponin I and T as compared with control. The result of liver function indicated no significant difference in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, albumin and total protein of the Natron treated groups as compared with control. However, at higher doses, the levels of total protein, globulin and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly increased in comparison to the control. There was no significant difference in the kidney function markers of the treatment groups as compared with control. Histological examinations revealed no changes in the kidney of the treated groups. Mild portal triaditis was observed in the liver of the treated rats. The heart of the rats administered ≥100 mg/kg of Natron showed myocyte hypertrophy. Conclusion The study demonstrated that the administration of Natron for 28 days caused changes in the heart of postpartum rats and thus may contribute to the pathogenesis of PPCM.
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Patel H, Berg M, Barasa A, Begley C, Schaufelberger M. Symptoms in women with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: A mixed method study. Midwifery 2015; 32:14-20. [PMID: 26515744 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peripartum Cardiomyopathy is a form of cardiac disease often associated with cardiac failure, occurring in late pregnancy or after childbirth. The anatomical and physiological changes in the mother associated with normal pregnancy are profound, and this may result in symptoms and signs that overlap with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy, leading to missed or delayed diagnosis. Women's experiences of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy symptoms remain poorly studied. The aim of this study was to explore and describe women's experiences of symptoms in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy. DESIGN A triangulation of methods with individual interviews and data from medical records. SETTING Mothers with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy diagnosis were recruited from Western Sweden as a part of research project. PARTICIPANTS 19 women were interviewed and medical records were reviewed by authors. DATA ANALYSIS All interview transcripts were analysed using qualitative inductive content analysis to identify key themes. RESULTS The main theme, meaning of onset and occurrence of symptoms is captured in the metaphor: being caught in a spider web, comprising subthemes, invasion of the body by experienced symptoms and feeling of helplessness. Symptoms related to Peripartum Cardiomyopathy started for 17 women during pregnancy and in two post partum and time from symptoms to diagnosis varied between three and 190 days (median 40). The physical symptoms were:shortness of breath, excessive fatigue and swelling, bloatedness, nausea, palpitation, coughing, chest tightness, bodily pain, headache, fever, tremor, dizziness, syncope, restless and tingly body and reduced urine output. Emotional symptoms were: fear, anxiety, feelings of panic, and thoughts of impending death. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Symptoms of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy were debilitating, exhausting and frightening for the women interviewed in this study. Health care professionals responsible for the antenatal care, especially midwives, need skills to identify initial symptoms of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy for early referral and treatment by a specialist. In order to give optimal care more research is needed to show how to improve midwives' knowledge of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshida Patel
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Marie Berg
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Anders Barasa
- Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Cecily Begley
- Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Maria Schaufelberger
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Dalzell JR, Cannon JA, Simpson J, Gardner RS, Petrie MC. Improving outcomes in peripartum cardiomyopathy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2015; 13:665-71. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.2015.1040767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Karaye KM, Henein MY. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: A review article. Int J Cardiol 2013; 164:33-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Del Zotto E, Giossi A, Volonghi I, Costa P, Padovani A, Pezzini A. Ischemic Stroke during Pregnancy and Puerperium. Stroke Res Treat 2011; 2011:606780. [PMID: 21331336 PMCID: PMC3038679 DOI: 10.4061/2011/606780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke during pregnancy and puerperium represents a rare occurrence but it could be a serious and stressful event for mothers, infants, and also families. Whenever it does occur, many concerns arise about the safety of the mother and the fetus in relation to common diagnostic tests and therapies leading to a more conservative approach. The physiological adaptations in the cardiovascular system and in the coagulability that accompany the pregnant state, which are more significant around delivery and in the postpartum period, likely contribute to increasing the risk of an ischemic stroke.
Most of the causes of an ischemic stroke in the young may also occur in pregnant patients. Despite this, there are specific conditions related to pregnancy which may be considered when assessing this particular group of patients such as pre-eclampsia-eclampsia, choriocarcinoma, peripartum cardiomiopathy, amniotic fluid embolization, and postpartum cerebral angiopathy. This article will consider several questions related to pregnancy-associated ischemic stroke, dwelling on epidemiological and specific etiological aspects, diagnostic issue concerning the use of neuroimaging, and the related potential risks to the embryo and fetus. Therapeutic issues surrounding the use of anticoagulant and antiplatelets agents will be discussed along with the few available reports regarding the use of thrombolytic therapy during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Del Zotto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25128 Brescia, Italy
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Carlin AJ, Alfirevic Z, Gyte GML. Interventions for treating peripartum cardiomyopathy to improve outcomes for women and babies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD008589. [PMID: 20824881 PMCID: PMC4170903 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008589.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM or PCMO) is a rare disease of unknown etiology, characterised by an acute onset of heart failure in women in the late stage of pregnancy or in the early months postpartum. OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness and safety of any intervention for the care of women and/or their babies with a diagnosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (27 July 2010) and the reference lists of identified studies. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of any intervention for treating peripartum cardiomyopathy. Such interventions include: drugs; cardiac monitoring and treatment; haemodynamic monitoring and treatments; supportive therapies and heart transplant. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed the studies for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and carried out data extraction. Data entry was checked. MAIN RESULTS We identified and included one pilot study, involving 20 women, undertaken in South Africa. Women were diagnosed postnatally and included in the study within 24 hours of diagnosis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There are insufficient data to draw any firm conclusions. Treatment with bromocriptine appears promising, although women would be unable to breastfeed due to suppression of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Carlin
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, John Hunter Hospital, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Zarko Alfirevic
- School of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Division of Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gillian ML Gyte
- Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group, School of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Division of Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Carlin AJ, Alfirevic Z, Gyte GML. Interventions for treating peripartum cardiomyopathy. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd008589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abboud J, Murad Y, Chen-Scarabelli C, Saravolatz L, Scarabelli TM. Peripartum cardiomyopathy: a comprehensive review. Int J Cardiol 2007; 118:295-303. [PMID: 17208320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare disorder in which left ventricular dysfunction and symptoms of heart failure occur in the peripartum period in previously healthy women. Incidence of PPCM ranges from 1 in 1300 to 1 in 15,000 pregnancies. The etiology of PPCM is unknown, but viral, autoimmune, and idiopathic causes may contribute. The diagnostic criteria are onset of heart failure in the last month of pregnancy or in first 5 months postpartum, absence of determinable cause for cardiac failure, and absence of a demonstrable heart disease before the last month of pregnancy. Risk factors for PPCM include advanced maternal age, multiparity, African race, twinning, gestational hypertension, and long-term tocolysis. The clinical presentation of patients with PPCM is similar to that of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment are essential to optimize pregnancy outcome. Treatment is similar to medical therapy for other forms of dilated cardiomyopathy. About half the patients of PPCM recover without complications. The prognosis is poor in patients with persistent cardiomyopathy. Persistence of disease after 6 months indicates irreversible cardiomyopathy and portends worse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Abboud
- Center for Heart and Vessel Preclinical Studies, Division of Cardiology, St John Hospital and Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48236, USA
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Abstract
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a disorder in which initial left ventricular systolic dysfunction and symptoms of heart failure occur between the late stages of pregnancy and the early postpartum period. It is common in some countries and rare in others. The causes and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Molecular markers of an inflammatory process are found in most patients. Clinical presentation includes usual signs and symptoms of heart failure, and unusual presentations relating to thromboembolism. Clinicians should consider PPCM in any peripartum patient with unexplained disease. Conventional heart failure treatment includes use of diuretics, beta blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Effective treatment reduces mortality rates and increases the number of women who fully recover left ventricular systolic function. Outcomes for subsequent pregnancy after PPCM are better in women who have first fully recovered heart function. Areas for future research include immune system dysfunction, the role of viruses, non-conventional treatments such as immunosuppression, immunoadsorption, apheresis, antiviral treatment, suppression of proinflammatory cytokines, and strategies for control and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sliwa
- Soweto Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Cardiology, Chris-Hani-Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, P O Bertsham 2013, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Arnould N, Diemunsch P, Raiga J, Brettes JP. [Peripartum dilated cardiomyopathies: is there a correlation with sexually transmitted diseases?]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE & FERTILITE 2002; 30:59-63. [PMID: 11875867 DOI: 10.1016/s1297-9589(01)00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A revue of litérature about peripartum cardiomyopathy; a disease of unknown pathogenesis. Some retrospective studies suggest a relation with sexually transmitted diseases. Other risk factors were observed. Diuretics and digoxin are used in the treatment. Cardiac transplantation is the final solution but the affection could appear again. A database must be started with epidemiologic information to understand this disorder and its correlation with sexually transmitted diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arnould
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 1, place de l'hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
Zaria has the highest incidence of peripartum cardiac failure, a syndrome of unsettled aetiology. Over the years it has been noted that there has been a decrease in the period of treatment by traditional methods from an average of 90 days to 30 days and with a complete avoidance of hot bed treatment. Twenty-one subjects with the syndrome were studied: they exhibited the same clinical findings as evinced in previous reports from our centre. Echocardiography findings of dilated heart with depressed left ventricular function were noted. There was a statistically significant relationship between the duration of practice and ejection fraction (EF), r=0.36 and P<0.05, duration of practice and left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd), r=0.28, P<0.05. Were these subjects suffering from a quiescent heart muscle disease from a previous viral myocarditis and did they require an expanded volume as a trigger? Or are they intolerant of salt requiring only a small increase from the traditional method of treatment to precipitate cardiac failure? Further investigation in the field of molecular biology is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Danbauchi
- Department of Medicine, Ahmado Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.
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