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Kipper D, Mascitti AK, De Carli S, Carneiro AM, Streck AF, Fonseca ASK, Ikuta N, Lunge VR. Emergence, Dissemination and Antimicrobial Resistance of the Main Poultry-Associated Salmonella Serovars in Brazil. Vet Sci 2022; 9:405. [PMID: 36006320 PMCID: PMC9415136 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella infects poultry, and it is also a human foodborne pathogen. This bacterial genus is classified into several serovars/lineages, some of them showing high antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The ease of Salmonella transmission in farms, slaughterhouses, and eggs industries has made controlling it a real challenge in the poultry-production chains. This review describes the emergence, dissemination, and AMR of the main Salmonella serovars and lineages detected in Brazilian poultry. It is reported that few serovars emerged and have been more widely disseminated in breeders, broilers, and layers in the last 70 years. Salmonella Gallinarum was the first to spread on the farms, remaining as a concerning poultry pathogen. Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis were also largely detected in poultry and foods (eggs, chicken, turkey), being associated with several human foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella Heidelberg and Minnesota have been more widely spread in recent years, resulting in frequent chicken/turkey meat contamination. A few more serovars (Infantis, Newport, Hadar, Senftenberg, Schwarzengrund, and Mbandaka, among others) were also detected, but less frequently and usually in specific poultry-production regions. AMR has been identified in most isolates, highlighting multi-drug resistance in specific poultry lineages from the serovars Typhimurium, Heidelberg, and Minnesota. Epidemiological studies are necessary to trace and control this pathogen in Brazilian commercial poultry production chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diéssy Kipper
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Andréa Karoline Mascitti
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - Silvia De Carli
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas 92425-350, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
| | - Andressa Matos Carneiro
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | - André Felipe Streck
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
| | | | - Nilo Ikuta
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (A.S.K.F.); (N.I.)
| | - Vagner Ricardo Lunge
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul 95070-560, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (D.K.); (A.K.M.); (A.M.C.); (A.F.S.)
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA), Canoas 92425-350, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil;
- Simbios Biotecnologia, Cachoeirinha 94940-030, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; (A.S.K.F.); (N.I.)
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Fernandes SA, Tavechio AT, Ghilardi ÂCR, Almeida EAD, Silva JMLD, Camargo CH, Tiba-Casas MR. Salmonella enterica serotypes from human and nonhuman sources in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, 2004-2020. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e66. [PMID: 36197427 PMCID: PMC9528755 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis ranks among the most frequently reported zoonosis worldwide and is often associated with foodborne outbreaks. Since the 1950s, the distribution of Salmonella serotypes in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, has been documented and periodically reported. In this study, we updated the data on the distribution of Salmonella serotypes received in our reference laboratory, isolated from human infections and nonhuman sources, from 2004 to 2020. In that period, a total of 9,014 Salmonella isolates were analyzed, of which 3,553 (39.4%) were recovered from human samples, mainly of stool (65%) and blood (25.6%), and 5,461 (60.6%) were isolated from nonhuman origins, such as animals (47.2%), food (27.7%) and animal environments (18.6%). In human isolates, a total of 104 serotypes were identified and the most frequent ones were Enteritidis, Typhimurium, S . I. 4,[5],12:i:-, Dublin and Typhi. A consistent reduction of the Enteritidis proportion was observed over the years. Among the 156 serotypes identified in isolates with nonhuman origins, Enteritidis, Mbandaka, Typhimurium, Agona and Anatum were ranked as the top five Salmonella serotypes; in more recent years, S . Heidelberg has increased in frequency. Although with different proportions, the top 10 prevalent serotypes were identified in both human and nonhuman origins, underscoring the role of animals, food products and environment as reservoirs of Salmonella with potential to cause human salmonellosis.
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Peresi JTM, De Almeida IAZC, Teixeira ISDC, Silva SIDLE, Graciano RAS, Tiba-Casas MR. High rates of Salmonella contamination in raw kibbe from commercial establishments: predominance of Salmonella Give. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:626-635. [PMID: 31625762 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1679356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the major causes of gastroenteritis worldwide in both humans and animals and one of the main agents involved in foodborne disease outbreaks. In this study, 70 raw kibbe samples from different commercial establishments were analyzed for Salmonella spp. The isolates were seroyped and tested for susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis was carried out following the standard protocol of the PulseNet network. Fifteen (21.4%) samples were contaminated with Salmonella and S. Give was the prevalent serotype (46.7%). Similarity of 96.3% was observed among the S. Give isolates (n = 7), which indicates the possible spread of the same clone in the analyzed commercial establishments. S. Rissen and S. Typhimurium showed antimicrobial resistance. The detection of a significant percentage of contamination in raw kibbe and of the resistant strains indicates the risk that the consumption of this dish may represent.
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Trotta A, Del Sambro L, Galgano M, Ciccarelli S, Ottone E, Simone D, Parisi A, Buonavoglia D, Corrente M. Salmonella enterica Subsp. houtenae Associated with an Abscess in Young Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus). Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060654. [PMID: 34070532 PMCID: PMC8227071 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S. enterica subsp. houtenae has been rarely documented, and very limited genomic information is available. This report describes a rare case of primary extraintestinal salmonellosis in a young roe deer, associated with Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae. Methods: A traditional cultural-based analysis was carried out from the contents of a neck abscess; biochemical identification and PCR assay were performed to isolate and identify the pathogen. Through whole-genome sequencing (WGS), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), core genome MLST (cgMLST), and the Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) survey, resistome and virulome genes were investigated to gain insight into the virulence and antimicrobial resistance of S. houtenae. RESULTS Biochemical identification and PCR confirmed the presence of Salmonella spp. in the swelling. The WGS analysis identified Salmonella enterica subspecies houtenae serovar 43:z4,z23:- and ST 958. The virulence study predicted a multidrug resistance pattern with resistance shown against aminoglycosides, tetracycline, beta-lactamase, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, nitroimidazole, aminocoumarin, and peptide. Fifty-three antibiotic-resistant genes were identified. No plasmids were detected. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the importance of continuous surveillance of pathogenic salmonellae. Biomolecular analyses combined with epidemiological data can provide important information about poorly described Salmonella strains and can help to improve animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Trotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (A.T.); (M.G.); (S.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Laura Del Sambro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e Basilicata, Sezione di Putignano, Contrada San Pietro Piturno, 70017 Putignano, BA, Italy; (L.D.S.); (D.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Michela Galgano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (A.T.); (M.G.); (S.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Stefano Ciccarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (A.T.); (M.G.); (S.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Erika Ottone
- Parco Nazionale Pollino, Complesso Monumentale Santa Maria della Consolazione, 85048 Rotonda, PZ, Italy;
| | - Domenico Simone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e Basilicata, Sezione di Putignano, Contrada San Pietro Piturno, 70017 Putignano, BA, Italy; (L.D.S.); (D.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Puglia e Basilicata, Sezione di Putignano, Contrada San Pietro Piturno, 70017 Putignano, BA, Italy; (L.D.S.); (D.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Domenico Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (A.T.); (M.G.); (S.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy; (A.T.); (M.G.); (S.C.); (D.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Campioni F, Gomes CN, Bergamini AMM, Rodrigues DP, Tiba-Casas MR, Falcão JP. Comparison of cell invasion, macrophage survival and inflammatory cytokines profiles between Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Dublin from Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:2123-2131. [PMID: 33150646 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study compared the capacity of strains of Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Dublin isolated in Brazil to invade epithelial cells, to be internalized by and survive within macrophages, and to stimulate cytokine release in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Both serovars infected 75 and 73% Caco-2 (human) and MDBK (bovine) epithelial cells respectively. Salmonella Dublin and S. Enteritidis (i) were internalized at the respective rates of 79·6 and 65·0% (P ≤ 0·05) by U937 (human) macrophages, and 70·4 and 66·9% by HD11 (chicken) macrophages; and (ii) multiplied at the respective rates of 3·2- and 2·7-fold within U937 cells, and 1·9- and 1·1-fold (P ≤ 0·05) within HD11 cells respectively. Seventy per cent of 10 S. Dublin strains stimulated IL-8 production, while 70% of S. Enteritidis strains enhanced production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF in Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Compared with S. Enteritidis, S. Dublin had stronger ability to survive within macrophages and induced weak cytokine production, which may explain the higher incidence of invasive diseases caused by S. Dublin in humans. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study compared S. enterica serovars Enteritidis and Dublin to provide comparative data about the profile of the two serovars in cells from humans, the common host and their respective natural animal hosts and vice versa in order to check the differences between these two phylogenetically closely related serovars that share antigenic properties but present different phenotypic behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Campioni
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - C N Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - A M M Bergamini
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz - Centro de Laboratórios Regionais - Ribeirão Preto VI, Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - D P Rodrigues
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ - Laboratório de Enterobactérias, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - M R Tiba-Casas
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz - Centro de Bacteriologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J P Falcão
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Díaz-Torres O, Lugo-Melchor OY, de Anda J, Gradilla-Hernández MS, Amézquita-López BA, Meza-Rodríguez D. Prevalence, Distribution, and Diversity of Salmonella Strains Isolated From a Subtropical Lake. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:521146. [PMID: 33042046 PMCID: PMC7518123 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.521146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence, serovar distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of Salmonella enterica isolated from Lake Zapotlán, Jalisco, Mexico. Additionally, the association of the presence of Salmonella with physicochemical and environmental parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Salmonella spp. were identified in 19 of 63 (30.15%) samples. The prevalence of Salmonella was positively correlated with air temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen and negatively correlated with relative humidity, water temperature, turbidity, and precipitation. The predominant serotype identified was Agona (68.48%), followed by Weltevreden (5.26%), Typhimurium (5.26%), and serogroup B (21.05%). Overall, the highest detected antimicrobial resistance was toward colistin (73.68%), followed by sulfamethoxazole (63.15%), tetracycline (57.89%), nalidixic acid (52.63%), and trimethoprim (52.63%). All Salmonella strains were genetically diverse, with a total of 11 XbaI and four BlnI profiles on PFGE. The use of these two enzymes allowed differentiate strains of Salmonella of the same serotype. The results obtained in this study contribute to a better understanding of the Salmonella spp. ecology in an endorheic subtropical lake and provide information for decision makers to propose and implement effective strategies to control point and non-point sources of pathogen contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osiris Díaz-Torres
- Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Yadira Lugo-Melchor
- Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José de Anda
- Departamento de Tecnología Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Bianca A Amézquita-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
| | - Demetrio Meza-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Guadalajara, Autlán de Navarro, Mexico
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High similarity and high frequency of virulence genes among Salmonella Dublin strains isolated over a 33-year period in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:497-509. [PMID: 31701384 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Dublin is a strongly adapted serovar that causes enteritis and/or systemic disease with high rates of mortality in cattle and occasionally infects humans. Despite the importance of this serovar, there is a lack of studies in Brazil. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of 112 S. Dublin strains isolated from humans and animals in Brazil by CRISPR and CRISPR-MVLST and the relatedness among strains by MLST. In addition, the frequency of some important virulence genes was verified. The strains studied belonged to nine different sequence types, being all of them single- or double-locus variants of the ST10. CRISPR discriminated the strains into 69 subtypes with a similarity ≥ 84.4% and CRISPR-MVLST into 72 subtypes with a similarity ≥ 84.7%. The virulence genes ratB, lpfA, mgtC, avrA, sopB, sopE2, sifA, sseA, ssrA, csgA, fliC, and sinH were found in all the strains studied, while spvB, spvC, sodCl, rpoS, sipA, sipD, invA, and hilA were detected in ≥ 93.7% of the strains. In conclusion, the high similarity among the strains reinforces the clonal nature of the strains of this serovar that may have descended from a common ancestor that little differed over 33 years in Brazil. CRISPR and CRISPR-MVLST showed to be good alternatives to type S. Dublin strains. MLST suggested that S. Dublin strains from Brazil were phylogenetically related to strains from other parts of the globe. Moreover, the high frequency of virulence genes among the strains studied reinforces the capacity of S. Dublin to cause invasive diseases.
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Tolerance to benzalkonium chloride and antimicrobial activity of Butia odorata Barb. Rodr. extract in Salmonella spp. isolates from food and food environments. Food Res Int 2019; 116:652-659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Werlang GO, Haubert L, Peter CM, Cardoso M. Isolation of Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus from salami sold at street fairs in Porto Alegre, Brazil. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000072019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Salami is a ready-to-eat (RTE) product frequently purchased at street fairs in Porto Alegre. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CPS) are important causes of foodborne disease and can be transmitted through the consumption of RTE foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of these pathogens in salami sold at street fairs. Ninety salami samples from three commercial brands available at street fairs were analyzed by routine bacteriological methods for Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp., as well as enumeration of CPS. In addition, two samples from each commercial brand were analyzed for water activity (aw). Samples of brand A showed aw values (0.938 and 0.942) above those set by the legislation, while brand B (0.849 and 0.860) and brand C (0.826 and 0.854) were compliant. Microbiological analyses showed that 67.7% were negative to all investigated bacteria. Salmonella Typhimurium was isolated from 4.4% (4/90) of salami samples, all from commercial brand A. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 3.3% (3/90) of samples, from commercial brands B and C. Moreover, 7.7% (7/90) of samples contained CPS populations non-compliant with legislation. Although the great majority of salami sold at street fairs of Porto Alegre was compliant with standards, S. enterica, L. monocytogenes, and CPS ≥ 5 × 103 cfu.g-1 could be found in this RTE product. Therefore, control measures in the processing industry and consumer’s education about foodborne illness prevention should be maintained.
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Almeida F, Seribelli AA, Medeiros MIC, Rodrigues DDP, de MelloVarani A, Luo Y, Allard MW, Falcão JP. Phylogenetic and antimicrobial resistance gene analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated in Brazil by whole genome sequencing. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201882. [PMID: 30102733 PMCID: PMC6089434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has been used as a powerful technology for molecular epidemiology, surveillance, identification of species and serotype, identification of the sources of outbreaks, among other purposes. In Brazil, there is relatively few epidemiological data on Salmonella. In this study, 90 Salmonella Typhimurium strains had their genome sequenced to uncover the diversity of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated from humans and food, between 1983 and 2013, from different geographic regions in Brazil based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. A total of 39 resistance genes were identified, such as aminoglycoside, tetracycline, sulfonamide, trimethoprim, beta-lactam, fluoroquinolone, phenicol and macrolide, as well as the occurrence of point mutations in some of the genes such as gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE. A total of 65 (72.2%) out of 90 S. Typhimurium strains studied were phenotypically resistant to sulfonamides, 44 (48.9%) strains were streptomycin resistant, 27 (30%) strains were resistant to tetracycline, 21 (23.3%) strains were gentamicin resistant, and seven (7.8%) strains were resistant to ceftriaxone. In the gyrA gene, it was observed the following amino acid substitutions: Asp(87)→Gly, Asp(87)→Asn, Ser(83)→Phe, Ser(83)→Tyr. Phylogenetic results placed the 90 S. Typhimurium strains into two major clades suggesting the existence of a prevalent subtype, likely more adapted, among strains isolated from humans, with some diversity in subtypes in foods. The variety and prevalence of resistant genes found in these Salmonella Typhimurium strains reinforces their potential hazard for humans and the risk in foods in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas–Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/ nº, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brasil
| | - Amanda Aparecida Seribelli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas–Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/ nº, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brasil
| | | | - Dália dos Prazeres Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Enterobactérias, FIOCRUZ/Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, 3°andar, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alessandro de MelloVarani
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Yan Luo
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regular Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marc W. Allard
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regular Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JPF); (MA)
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas–Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/ nº, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brasil
- * E-mail: (JPF); (MA)
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Harb A, Habib I, Mezal EH, Kareem HS, Laird T, O'Dea M, Abraham S. Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance and whole-genome sequencing analysis of Salmonella isolates from chicken carcasses imported into Iraq from four different countries. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 284:84-90. [PMID: 30005930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella is a major cause of human foodborne illnesses worldwide; however, little is known about its occurrence and genomic characteristics in food sources in many developing countries. This study investigates the occurrence, serotypes distribution, antimicrobial resistance, and multilocus sequence types (ST) of Salmonella isolated from 400 imported frozen chicken carcasses sold in the markets of Thi-Qar, south-eastern Iraq. Salmonella was detected in 46 out of 400 tested samples [11.5% (95% confidence interval: 8.5%-15.0%)]. S. Typhimurium was the most abundant (30.4%) among 14 different serotypes recovered from the tested frozen carcasses. Antimicrobial resistance was most frequently detected against tetracycline (84.4%), nalidixic acid (80.4%), streptomycin (69.6%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (65.2%). Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) analysis revealed that 18 isolates harbored four β-lactamase resistance genes, with blaCARB-2 was the most commonly (14/18) detected. It was possible to identify 8 multilocus sequence types from the WGS analysis of 40 out of the 46 Salmonella isolates; with ST-11 (among S. Enteritidis) and ST-19 (among S. Typhimurium) were the most frequently detected. These results add to our understanding of the global epidemiology of Salmonella. Our work stands as one of the first reports on WGS analysis of Salmonella from retail chicken in a Middle-Eastern country. Results from this study could be valuable for guiding an informed import risk analysis aiming at reducing the exposure risk from Salmonella through imported chicken carcasses into Iraq. This work demonstrates the value of WGS as a promising tool for supporting evidence-based food safety hazard characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Harb
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Thi-Qar Public Health Division, Ministry of Health, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ezat Hussain Mezal
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Thi-Qar University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | | | - Tanya Laird
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Mark O'Dea
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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12
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Abstract
Salmonella spp. are food-borne pathogens that usually cause gastroenteritis, although bacteremia and subsequent focal metastatic infection can also occasionally occur. Of the known Salmonella spp., Salmonella houtenae is a rare subspecies, comprising less than 1% of all Salmonella strains. We herein report the first case of S. houtenae-induced empyema complicated with chronic tuberculous empyema, which was successfully treated by antibacterial agents alone. We wish to highlight the importance of being aware that Salmonella spp. can cause empyema in cases suffering from chronic tuberculous empyema; moreover, despite the successful completion of treatment with antibacterial agents, periodical follow-up is mandatory in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Mukai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Shinshu Ueda Medical Center, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Agatsuma
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Shinshu Ueda Medical Center, Japan
| | - Gen Ideura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Shinshu Ueda Medical Center, Japan
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13
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Vilela FP, Frazão MR, Rodrigues DP, Costa RG, Casas MRT, Fernandes SA, Falcão JP, Campioni F. Genetic diversity, anti-microbial resistance, plasmid profile and frequency of the Vi antigen inSalmonellaDublin strains isolated in Brazil. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 65:e34-e43. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. P. Vilela
- Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto - USP; Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - M. R. Frazão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP; Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | | | - R. G. Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil
| | - M. R. T. Casas
- Centro de Bacteriologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz; São Paulo SP Brasil
| | - S. A. Fernandes
- Centro de Bacteriologia; Instituto Adolfo Lutz; São Paulo SP Brasil
| | - J. P. Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP; Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - F. Campioni
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas; Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP; Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
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14
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Ristori CA, Rowlands REG, Martins CG, Barbosa ML, Dos Santos LF, Jakabi M, de Melo Franco BDG. Assessment of Consumer Exposure to Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Meat Products at Retail in the City of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:447-453. [PMID: 28475359 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Meat products may be vehicles of bacterial pathogens to humans, and Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are the most relevant. The aim of this study was to generate data on prevalence of these three pathogens in 552 samples of meat products (hot dogs, pork sausages, raw ground beef, and raw chicken legs) sold at retail in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Salmonella spp. was detected in 5.8% (32/552) of samples, comprising pork sausages 62.5% (20/32) and chicken legs 37.5% (12/32). The counts of Salmonella spp. were low, ranging from < 0.3 to 9.3 × 10 most probable number per gram and the most frequent serovars were Salmonella Typhimurium (28.1%), Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- (15.6%), Salmonella Enteritidis (12.5%), Salmonella Derby, and Salmonella Brandenburg (9.4%). Campylobacter spp. was detected in 33 samples (6.0%), comprising chicken legs (82%) and ground beef (18%). All samples were negative for STEC. These results suggest that meat products when subjected to inadequate cooking and/or cross-contamination with other products ready for consumption can lead to occurrence of outbreaks, highlighting the risks associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Luisa Barbosa
- 1 Food Microbiology Laboratory, Food Center Adolfo Lutz Institute , Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Miyoko Jakabi
- 1 Food Microbiology Laboratory, Food Center Adolfo Lutz Institute , Sao Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Zappelini L, Martone-Rocha S, Dropa M, Matté MH, Tiba MR, Breternitz BS, Razzolini MTP. Effective characterization of Salmonella Enteritidis by most probable number (MPN) followed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4828-4834. [PMID: 27987122 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a relevant pathogen involved in gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. In this study, we determined the capacity to combine the most probable number (MPN) and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods to characterize the most important Salmonella serotypes in raw sewage. A total of 499 isolates were recovered from 27 raw sewage samples and screened using two previously described multiplex PCR methods. From those, 123 isolates were selected based on PCR banding pattern-identical or similar to Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium-and submitted to conventional serotyping. Results showed that both PCR assays correctly serotyped Salmonella Enteritidis, however, they presented ambiguous results for Salmonella Typhimurium identification. These data highlight that MPN and multiplex PCR can be useful methods to describe microbial quality in raw sewage and suggest two new PCR patterns for Salmonella Enteritidis identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincohn Zappelini
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Solange Martone-Rocha
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Milena Dropa
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Helena Matté
- Department of Public Health Practice, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Ribeiro Tiba
- Center of Enteric Diseases and Special Pathogens Infections, Bacteriology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Suellen Breternitz
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Almeida F, Medeiros MIC, Rodrigues DDP, Allard MW, Falcão JP. Molecular characterization of Salmonella Typhimurium isolated in Brazil by CRISPR-MVLST. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 133:55-61. [PMID: 28034696 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-multi-locus virulence sequence typing (CRISPR-MVLST) was performed to type 92 S. Typhimurium strains isolated from humans and food sources between 1983 and 2013 in Brazil and assess the suitability of this methodology comparing it with PFGE already used for subtyping the same strains. Among the 92 S. Typhimurium strains studied, we identified 25 CRISPR1 alleles, 27 CRISPR2 alleles, 2 fimH alleles and 3 sseL alleles showing that the genetic variability is much higher in the CRISPRs loci than in the virulence genes. The CRISPR-MVLST analysis provided similar results to the PFGE previously published used to type the same set of strains, demonstrating that CRISPR-MVLST is a very efficient approach for subtyping S. Typhimurium serovar and can be used to complement and validate results obtained by the PFGE methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Av. do Café s/n°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Dália Dos Prazeres Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Enterobactérias, FIOCRUZ/Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, 3°andar, Manguinhos, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marc W Allard
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Av. do Café s/n°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Yamatogi RS, Oliveira HC, Possebon FS, Pantoja JCF, Joaquim JGF, Pinto JPAN, Araújo JP. Qualitative and Quantitative Determination and Resistance Patterns of Salmonella from Poultry Carcasses. J Food Prot 2016; 79:950-5. [PMID: 27296598 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Poultry products are important in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, mainly Salmonella. This genus causes millions of foodborne diseases worldwide every year. Cross-contamination by food sources in human cases of salmonellosis and the increase in resistant strains have become important issues. A qualitative and quantitative Salmonella detection method was utilized in a poultry slaughterhouse in São Paulo State, Brazil. We collected 33 samples from different batches of carcasses. Each sample was analyzed at three process points: postbleeding, postdefeathering, and postchilling. A fourth point, retail simulation, was added to simulate retail market storage at 5°C for 72 h. The qualitative methods revealed 100% (33 samples) contamination at postbleeding, 39% (13 samples) contamination at postdefeathering, 58% (19 samples) contamination at postchilling, and 30% (10 samples) contamination at the retail simulation. The quantitative results, determined by the most-probable-number (MPN) technique, ranged from <0.03 to >2,400 MPN/g. We identified 23 Salmonella serovars; the most prevalent were Mbandaka, Senftenberg, and Enteritidis. Resistance to nalidixic acid was significantly more common (P < 0.05) than resistance to other antimicrobial agents. Five multidrug-resistant strains were identified. This study contributes important epidemiological data and demonstrates the need to improve sanitary conditions in slaughterhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Yamatogi
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-970, Brazil.
| | - H C Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-970, Brazil
| | - F S Possebon
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-970, Brazil
| | - J C F Pantoja
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-970, Brazil
| | - J G F Joaquim
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply, Botucatu, Sãoo Paulo 18618-970, Brazil
| | - J P A N Pinto
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-970, Brazil
| | - J P Araújo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo 18.618-970, Brazil
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18
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Almeida F, Medeiros MIC, Kich JD, Falcão JP. Virulence-associated genes, antimicrobial resistance and molecular typing of Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from swine from 2000 to 2012 in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1677-90. [PMID: 26913828 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to assess the pathogenic potential, antimicrobial resistance and genotypic diversity of Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated in Brazil from swine (22) and the surrounding swine environment (5) from 2000 to 2012 and compare them to the profiles of 43 human strains isolated from 1983 to 2010, which had been previously studied. METHODS AND RESULTS The presence of 12 SPI-1, SPI-2 and plasmid genes was assessed by PCR, the antimicrobial susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials was determined by the disc diffusion assay and genotyping was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multiple-locus variable-number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) and ERIC-PCR. More than 77·8% of the swine strains carried 10 or more of the virulence markers. Ten (37%) strains isolated from swine were multi-drug resistant (MDR). All the molecular typing techniques grouped the strains in two main clusters. Some strains isolated from swine and humans were allocated together in the PFGE-B2, MLVA-A1, MLVA-B and ERIC-A1 clusters. CONCLUSIONS The genotyping results suggest that some strains isolated from swine and humans may descend from a common subtype and may indicate a possible risk of MDR S. Typhimurium with high frequency of virulence genes isolated from swine to contaminate humans in Brazil. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provided new information about the pathogenic potential, antimicrobial resistance and genotypic diversity of S. Typhimurium isolates from swine origin in Brazil, the fourth largest producer of pigs worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Almeida
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - M I C Medeiros
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - J D Kich
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, SC, Brazil
| | - J P Falcão
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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19
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Almeida F, Medeiros MIC, Rodrigues DDP, Falcão JP. Genotypic diversity, pathogenic potential and the resistance profile of Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from humans and food from 1983 to 2013 in Brazil. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1395-1407. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas – Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Dália dos Prazeres Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Enterobactérias, FIOCRUZ/Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, 3°andar, Manguinhos, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas – Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n°, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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20
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Almeida IAZCD, Peresi JTM, Alves EC, Marques DF, Teixeira ISDC, Silva SIDLE, Pigon SRF, Tiba MR, Fernandes SA. Salmonella Alachua: causative agent of a foodborne disease outbreak. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:233-8. [PMID: 25661321 PMCID: PMC9425400 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study is to report the occurrence of the first outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella Alachua in Brazil, as well as the antimicrobial susceptibility and the genetic relatedness of Salmonella Alachua strains isolated from clinical and food samples. Material and methods To elucidate the outbreak, an epidemiological investigation was carried out, and two samples of common food were tested – mayonnaise salad and galinhada (a traditional Brazilian dish of chicken and rice) – according to the Compendium of methods for the microbiological examination of foods. Five stool samples were tested employing classic methods for the isolation and identification of enterobacteria. Strains of Salmonella were characterized for antibiotic susceptibility according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (2013), and submitted to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis, performed according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention PulseNet protocol. Results A total of 94 people were interviewed after ingesting the food, 66 of whom had become ill. A 60-year old female patient who was hospitalized in a serious condition, developed septic shock and died two days after consuming the food. The presence of Salmonella Alachua was confirmed in all the analyzed stool samples, and in the two types of food. The five strains showed higher than minimum inhibitory concentration values of nalidixic acid (≥256 μg/mL) and reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility (minimum inhibitory concentration = 0.5 μg/mL). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed indistinguishable patterns in Salmonella Alachua strains isolated from clinical and food samples. Conclusion The data presented herein confirm the foodborne disease outbreak. They also allowed for the identification of the source of infection, and suggest that products from poultry are potential reservoirs for this serotype, reinforcing the importance of warning consumers about the danger of possible contamination.
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21
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Scheinemann HA, Dittmar K, Stöckel FS, Müller H, Krüger ME. Hygienisation and nutrient conservation of sewage sludge or cattle manure by lactic acid fermentation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118230. [PMID: 25786255 PMCID: PMC4364889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Manure from animal farms and sewage sludge contain pathogens and opportunistic organisms in various concentrations depending on the health of the herds and human sources. Other than for the presence of pathogens, these waste substances are excellent nutrient sources and constitute a preferred organic fertilizer. However, because of the pathogens, the risks of infection of animals or humans increase with the indiscriminate use of manure, especially liquid manure or sludge, for agriculture. This potential problem can increase with the global connectedness of animal herds fed imported feed grown on fields fertilized with local manures. This paper describes a simple, easy-to-use, low-tech hygienization method which conserves nutrients and does not require large investments in infrastructure. The proposed method uses the microbiotic shift during mesophilic fermentation of cow manure or sewage sludge during which gram-negative bacteria, enterococci and yeasts were inactivated below the detection limit of 3 log10 cfu/g while lactobacilli increased up to a thousand fold. Pathogens like Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli EHEC O:157 and vegetative Clostridium perfringens were inactivated within 3 days of fermentation. In addition, ECBO-viruses and eggs of Ascaris suum were inactivated within 7 and 56 days, respectively. Compared to the mass lost through composting (15-57%), the loss of mass during fermentation (< 2.45%) is very low and provides strong economic and ecological benefits for this process. This method might be an acceptable hygienization method for developed as well as undeveloped countries, and could play a key role in public and animal health while safely closing the nutrient cycle by reducing the necessity of using energy-inefficient inorganic fertilizer for crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik A. Scheinemann
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Gesellschaft zur Förderung von Medizin-, Bio- und Umwelttechnologien e. V. Erich-Neuß-Weg 5, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katja Dittmar
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank S. Stöckel
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann Müller
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monika E. Krüger
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, University of Leipzig, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, An den Tierkliniken 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Voss-Rech D, Vaz CS, Alves L, Coldebella A, Leão JA, Rodrigues DP, Back A. A temporal study of Salmonella enterica serotypes from broiler farms in Brazil. Poult Sci 2015; 94:433-41. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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23
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Krzyzanowski F, Zappelini L, Martone-Rocha S, Dropa M, Matté MH, Nacache F, Razzolini MTP. Quantification and characterization of Salmonella spp. isolates in sewage sludge with potential usage in agriculture. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:263. [PMID: 25927729 PMCID: PMC4207900 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-014-0263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to scrutinize Salmonella spp. and its serotypes in sewage sludge samples from wastewater treatment plants, and assesses the presence of virulence genes and antibiotics resistant to the profile. Samples (n = 54) were collected and analyzed in accordance with the EPA Method 1682/2006. For positive serological reaction, 40 strains were selected for PCR analyses and detection of spvC, invA and sseL virulence genes, plasmid presence and resistance to antibiotics. Results Salmonella spp. was detected in 38.9% of the samples collected (<0.006473 to 12.19 MPN/gTS). The most prevalent serotype was Salmonella Infantis. All Salmonella spp. (n = 35) presented at least one of the three virulence genes mentioned above and 40% harboured plasmids. Salmonella Typhimurium strains were isolated harbouring at least one of the following virulence genes: spvC, invA or sseL. Four Salmonella spp. isolates were resistant to tetracycline; three were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and one isolate was resistant to ciprofloxacin. Two Salmonella spp. strains presented multi resistance to antimicrobial agents. Conclusions The results obtained demonstrated that Salmonella spp. have been found in sewage sludge, thus it is essential to set measures to mitigate human health risks when it is intended to be applied on agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávio Krzyzanowski
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - Brasil, Rua Pedro Vicente 625, 01109-010, São Paulo, Brazil. .,School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Lincohn Zappelini
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo - Brasil, Rua Pedro Vicente 625, 01109-010, São Paulo, Brazil. .,School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Solange Martone-Rocha
- School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Milena Dropa
- School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Maria Helena Matté
- School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Flávia Nacache
- School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini
- School of Public Health of University of São Paulo-Brazil, Av. Dr Arnaldo 715, 1°andar, 01246-904, São Paulo, Brasil.
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24
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Henriques LSV, da Costa Henry F, Barbosa JB, Ladeira SA, de Faria Pereira SM, da Silva Antonio IM, Teixeira GN, Martins MLL, de Carvalho Vital H, dos Prazeres Rodrigues D, dos Reis EMF. Elimination of coliforms and Salmonella spp. in sheep meat by gamma irradiation treatment. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 44:1147-53. [PMID: 24688504 PMCID: PMC3958180 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014005000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at evaluating the bacteriological effects of the treatment of sheep meat contaminated with total coliforms, coliforms at 45 °C and Salmonella spp. by using irradiation at doses of 3 kGy and 5 kGy. Thirty sheep meat samples were collected from animals located in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, and then grouped in three lots including 10 samples: non-irradiated (control); irradiated with 3 kGy; and irradiated with 5 kGy. Exposure to gamma radiation in a (137)Cs source-driven irradiating facility was performed at the Nuclear Defense Section of the Brazilian Army Technological Center (CTEx) in Rio de Janeiro. The samples were kept under freezing temperature (-18 °C) until the analyses, which occurred in two and four months after irradiation. The results were interpreted by comparison with the standards of the current legislation and demonstrated that non-irradiated samples were outside the parameters established by law for all groups of bacteria studied. Gamma irradiation was effective in inactivating those microorganisms at both doses tested and the optimal dose was achieved at 3 kGy. The results have shown not only the need for sanitary conditions improvements in slaughter and processing of sheep meat but also the irradiation effectiveness to eliminate coliform bacteria and Salmonella spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fábio da Costa Henry
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - João Batista Barbosa
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvania Alves Ladeira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia Menezes de Faria Pereira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabela Maria da Silva Antonio
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gina Nunes Teixeira
- Laboratório de Sanidade Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Meire Lelis Leal Martins
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helio de Carvalho Vital
- Seção de Defesa Nuclear da Divisão de Defesa Química, Biológica e Nuclear, Centro Tecnológico do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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25
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Molecular epidemiology and virulence markers of Salmonella Infantis isolated over 25 years in São Paulo State, Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 19:145-51. [PMID: 23860124 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection of humans and animals caused by Salmonella is a major public health problem worldwide. Among the more than 2500 serovars, S. Infantis has been one of the 15 most isolated serovars in the world. Despite its clinical importance, little is known about the molecular characteristics of S. Infantis strains from Brazil. The aims of this study were to type S. Infantis isolates of this country and to assess their pathogenic potential. The molecular epidemiology of 35 S. Infantis strains, isolated from human sources (25) and food items (10) between 1984 and 2009 in São Paulo State, Brazil, were investigated using ERIC-PCR, PFGE and MLST. Furthermore, the presence of some virulence markers from Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) SPI-1 and SPI-2 and from the virulence plasmid was assessed by PCR. Using ERIC-PCR, 34 S. Infantis strains exhibited a high genetic similarity (≥ 93.7%) and using PFGE, 32 strains exhibited a similarity ≥ 80.6%. Additionally, MLST showed a high clonal similarity among strains that all presented the same ST32. Thirty-two isolates under investigation contained the virulence markers invA, sopB, sopD, sipA, sipD, ssaR, sifA, flgK, fljB and flgL. In conclusion, the S. Infantis strains studied were genetically similar, suggesting that a prevalent subtype has been causing disease and food contamination during a 25year period in São Paulo State, an important metropolitan region in Brazil. Furthermore, the contamination between strains from food items and sick humans indicates that better control measures for S. Infantis may be needed in this country.
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26
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Gomes BC, Franco BDGDM, De Martinis ECP. Microbiological Food Safety Issues in Brazil: Bacterial Pathogens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:197-205. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Carrer Gomes
- Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Departamento de Hidráulica e Saneamento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Campioni F, Moratto Bergamini AM, Falcão JP. Genetic diversity, virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from food and humans over a 24-year period in Brazil. Food Microbiol 2012; 32:254-64. [PMID: 22986188 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellosis is a major health problem worldwide. Serovar Enteritidis has been a primary cause of Salmonella outbreaks in many countries. In Brazil, few molecular typing studies have been performed. The aims of this study were to molecularly type Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated in Brazil in order to determine the genetic relationship between strains of food and human origin, as well as, to assess their pathogenic potential and antimicrobial resistance. A total of 128 S. Enteritidis strains isolated from human feces (67) and food (61) between 1986 and 2010 were studied. The genotypic diversity was assessed by ERIC-PCR and PFGE using XbaI, the antimicrobial resistance by the disc-diffusion assay and the presence of the SPI-1, SPI-2 and pSTV virulence genes assessed by PCR. The ERIC-PCR results revealed that 112 strains exhibited a similarity of >85.4% and the PFGE that 96 strains exhibited a similarity of >80.0%. Almost all strains (97.6%) harbored all 13 virulence genes investigated. Thirty-six strains (28.12%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. In conclusion, the nalidixic acid resistance observed after 1996 is indicative of an increase in the use of this drug. It may be suggested that these 128 strains might have descended from a common ancestor that differed little over 24 years and has been both contaminating food and humans and causing disease for more than two decades in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Campioni
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - USP, Av. do Café, s/no, Campus Universitário USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
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28
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Millezi AF, Caixeta DS, Rossoni DF, Cardoso MDG, Piccoli RH. In vitro antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils thymus vulgaris, cymbopogon citratus and laurus nobilis against five important foodborne pathogens. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-20612012005000021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several essential oils of condiment and medicinal plants possess proven antimicrobial activity and are of important interest for the food industry. Therefore, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of those oils should be determined for various bacteria. MIC varies according to the oil used, the major compounds, and the physiology of the bacterium under study. In the present study, the essential oils of the plants Thymus vulgaris (time), Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) and Laurus nobilis (bay) were chemically quantified, and the MIC was determined on the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117, Salmonella enterica Enteritidis S64, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The essential oil of C. citratus demonstrated bacterial activity at all concentrations tested and against all of the bacteria tested. The majority of essential oil compounds were geranial and neral. The major constituent of T. vulgaris was 1.8-cineol and of L. nobilis was linalool, which presented lower antibacterial activity, followed by 1.8-cineol. The Gram-negative bacteria demonstrated higher resistance to the use of the essential oils tested in this study. E. coli was the least sensitive and was inhibited only by the oils of C. citratus and L. nobilis.
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29
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Ramya P, Madhavarao T, Rao L. Study on the incidence of Salmonella enteritidis in Poultry and meat Samples by Cultural and PCR Methods. Vet World 2012. [DOI: 10.5455/vetworld.2012.541-545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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30
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Nimir AR, Ibrahim R, Ibrahim IAA. Salmonella meningitis in a paediatric patient caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Houtenae. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:bcr.04.2011.4096. [PMID: 22689601 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.04.2011.4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors report a case of a 6-week-old baby girl who was admitted to the paediatric ward due to a high fever for 2 days. The patient experienced three fits which took place while in the ward. A brain sonogram showed subdural heterogeneous collection consistent with focal empyema; however, no hydrocephalus or infarction was detected. An urgent Burr hole procedure was performed to remove the collected pus. Both blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture grew Salmonella species which remain sensitive to some antibiotics. This strain was sent to the institute of medical research (IMR) for serotyping. The patient was treated with intravenous combination of ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin for 3 weeks. One week later, IMR sent results that identified the strain as Salmonella enterica serotype Houtenae. Following antibiotic treatment, repeat ultrasound illustrated an improvement of the subdural empyema, and the gram stain of the CSF specimen failed to isolate bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Rashad Nimir
- Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Malaysia.
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31
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Maciel BM, Argôlo Filho RC, Nogueira SSC, Dias JCT, Rezende RP. High prevalence of Salmonella in tegu lizards (Tupinambis merianae), and susceptibility of the serotypes to antibiotics. Zoonoses Public Health 2011; 57:e26-32. [PMID: 19968856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2009.01283.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Species of tegu (Tupinambis) are the largest lizards in South America. Large numbers of these lizards are hunted; there is a vigorous trade in their skins and the meat is consumed by rural and native peoples. The animals are also bred in captivity, an economic activity for rural populations which can help in the animals' conservation. Faecal samples from 30 captive-born tegus were analysed for the presence of Salmonella in two separate samplings. In the first analysis, samples from 26 animals (87%) yielded Salmonella enterica of which 23% were of Rubislaw serotype; 20% Carrau and Agona serotypes; 7% Infantis and Saint-Paul serotypes; 3% Panama and Brandenburg serotypes; 10% were S. enterica subsp. enterica and 7% were rough form. In the second analysis, four tegus (13%) which had been negative in the first sampling were positive, thus, 100% of the animals studied carried the bacterium. Antibiotic susceptibility showed resistance to sulfonamide in 82% of the isolates, streptomycin in 64%, tetracycline in 6% and Chloramphenicol in 20%. Two animals carried strains of the same serotype with different patterns of antibiotic susceptibility. Although it is well known that reptiles are a significant source of Salmonella, to our knowledge, its prevalence in tegu has not been studied previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Maciel
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
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32
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Hassanein R, Ali S, ElMalek A, Moemen M, Elsayh A. Detection and identification of Salmonella species in minced beef and chicken meats by using Multiplex PCR in Assiut city. Vet World 2011. [DOI: 10.5455/vetworld.2011.5-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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33
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Menezes GA, Khan MA, Harish BN, Parija SC, Goessens W, Vidyalakshmi K, Baliga S, Hays JP. Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellae associated with systemic manifestations from India. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:1477-1483. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.022319-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are essential antimicrobials for treating invasive salmonellosis, although emerging resistance to these antimicrobials is of growing concern, especially in India. Therefore, a study was conducted to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes, types of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene plasmids and serological relationships of 21 non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates from patients who attended three different hospitals in India from 2006 to 2008. The isolates were cultured from stool, blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained from patients presenting with diarrhoea and accompanying systemic manifestations such as fever, vomiting and meningism. Non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates were investigated using serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. PCR screening was also performed to detect the β-lactamase, qnr and aac(6′)-Ib-cr genes and class 1 integrons. Sequencing for quinolone resistance mutations and plasmid replicon typing were also performed. An antimicrobial resistance microarray was used for preliminary screening and identification of bla
TEM and bla
SHV genes, and phenotypic testing for the presence of efflux pumps was also performed. Ten out of 21 isolates (48 %) possessed the extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance phenotype, with PCR amplification and sequencing revealing that isolates possessed TEM-1, SHV-12, DHA-1, OXA-1-like and CTX-M-15 ESBL genes. FIIs plasmid replicons were detected in seven isolates (33 %). The involvement of efflux pumps was detected in four isolates (19 %) resistant to ciprofloxacin. It was concluded that SHV-12-carrying Salmonella serotype Agona may play an important role in ESBL-mediated resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellae in India. The very high percentage (48 %) of ESBL-producing non-typhoidal salmonellae isolated from these patients represents a real and immediate challenge to the effective antimicrobial therapy of Salmonella infections associated with systemic manifestations. Continued surveillance for the presence of ESBL-producing (non-typhoidal) salmonellae in India is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. A. Menezes
- Department of Microbiology, SSR Medical College, Belle Rive, Mauritius
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of National Importance, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - M. A. Khan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B. N. Harish
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of National Importance, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - S. C. Parija
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of National Importance, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India
| | - W. Goessens
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K. Vidyalakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal University, Mangalore, India
| | - S. Baliga
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal University, Mangalore, India
| | - J. P. Hays
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, 's Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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34
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Tavechio AT, Fernandes SA, Ghilardi ÂCR, Soule G, Ahmed R, Melles CEA. Tracing lineage by phenotypic and genotypic markers in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:- and Salmonella Typhimurium isolated in state of São Paulo, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:1042-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000700019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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35
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Characteristics and dynamics of Salmonella contamination along the coast of Agadir, Morocco. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:7700-9. [PMID: 19820155 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01852-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Salmonella enterica in the environment of tropical and desert regions has remained largely uninvestigated in many areas of the world, including Africa. In the present study, we investigated the presence of Salmonella spp. along 122 km of the coastline of Agadir (southern Morocco) in relation to environmental parameters. A total of 801 samples of seawater (243), marine sediment (279), and mussels (279) were collected from six sites between July 2004 and May 2008. The overall prevalence of Salmonella spp. was 7.1%, with the highest occurrence in mussels (10%), followed by sediment (6.8%) and seawater (4.1%). Only three serotypes were identified among the 57 Salmonella sp. strains isolated. S. enterica serotype Blockley represented 43.8% of all Salmonella strains and was identified in mussel and sediment samples. S. enterica serotype Kentucky (29.8%) was found almost exclusively in mussels, whereas S. enterica serotype Senftenberg (26.3%) was detected in sediment and seawater. Statistical analysis using generalized additive models identified seawater temperature, environmental temperature, rainfall, and solar radiation as significant factors associated with the presence of Salmonella. Rainfall was the only variable showing a linear positive effect on the presence of Salmonella in the sea, whereas the remaining variables showed more complex nonlinear effects. Twenty-eight (49.1%) Salmonella isolates displayed resistance to ampicillin (22 isolates), nalidixic acid (9 isolates), sulfonamide compounds (2 isolates), and tetracycline (1 isolate), with six of these isolates displaying multiple resistance to two of these antimicrobial agents. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed homogenous restriction patterns within each serotype that were uncorrelated with the resistance pattern profiles.
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36
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Pinto A, Silva E. Ensaios de penetração de Salmonella Enteritidis em ovos de galinha com diferentes qualidades de casca, submetidos ou não a lavagem industrial e a duas temperaturas de armazenagem. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352009000500024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estudou-se o comportamento da Salmonella Enteritidis quando em contato com a superfície de ovos de consumo, classificados de acordo com a qualidade da casca ou com tratamentos (lavados ou não), usando fezes de aves como veículo de contaminação, e armazenados a 8°C e 70% de umidade relativa ou a 30°C e 90% de umidade relativa. A 8°C, o microrganismo permaneceu viável na superfície dos ovos, ao longo do tempo, enquanto a 30°C foi possível identificar a sua inibição e até sua eliminação da superfície. A contaminação do conteúdo de ovos com defeito de casca foi mais frequente quando os ovos foram submetidos a temperaturas inadequadas de armazenagem (30°C).
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Affiliation(s)
- A.T. Pinto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
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37
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Clonal relationship among Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis involved in foodborne outbreaks in Southern Brazil. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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MALHEIROS P, BRANDELLI A, NOREÑA C, TONDO E. ACID AND THERMAL RESISTANCE OF ASALMONELLA ENTERITIDISSTRAIN INVOLVED IN SEVERAL FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS. J Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2009.00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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39
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Lee K, Iwata T, Shimizu M, Taniguchi T, Nakadai A, Hirota Y, Hayashidani H. A novel multiplex PCR assay for Salmonella subspecies identification. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:805-11. [PMID: 19486419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To develop a novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with six primer pairs for Salmonella subspecies identification. METHODS AND RESULTS Five primer pairs were chosen to detect the genes (fljB, mdcA, gatD, stn and STM4057) responsible for several phenotypic traits or encoding (sub) species-specific regions. A primer pair for invA was added to simultaneously detect Salmonella. The combination of these primer pairs was expected to give unique results to all subspecies, including Salmonella bongori. The multiplex PCR assay was optimized and evaluated with 53 Salmonella strains representing all S. enterica subspecies, S. bongori and five non-Salmonella strains. The multiplex PCR assay revealed that the genotypes were well correlated with the phenotypes in the Salmonella strains tested. The unique band patterns to their subspecies were generated from 94.3% (50/53) of the Salmonella strains, and no product from other strains by the multiplex PCR assay. CONCLUSIONS The multiplex PCR assay we developed was found to be a rapid, specific and easy to perform method compared with traditional biochemical tests for Salmonella subspecies identification, especially for rapid screening of large numbers of samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The assay will be useful for characterizing Salmonella isolates from reptiles, which belong to various subspecies, and therefore add to the scientific understanding of reptile-associated Salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lee
- Division of Animal Life Science, Institute of Symbiotic Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Mürmann L, dos Santos MC, Cardoso M. Prevalence, genetic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from fresh pork sausages in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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Pinto A, Mendonça A, Silva E. Isolated or associated experimental contamination of albumen and egg yolk for Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli: influence of temperature and storage time. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352009000100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) and Escherichia coli in albumen and yolk of chicken eggs submitted to two different temperatures, 8ºC and 30ºC, when separately inoculated or in the form of mixed cultures was studied. There was no difference in the behaviour of the tested agents even when inoculated together. Even under high temperature, E. coli did not multiply in the albumen, demonstrating the inhibition power for that microorganism, while SE increased its population up to three logarithmic cycles. In egg yolk, SE demonstrated psychrotrophic characteristics.
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42
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Mürmann L, Dos Santos MC, Longaray SM, Both JMC, Cardoso M. Quantification and molecular characterization of Salmonella isolated from food samples involved in salmonellosis outbreaks in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:529-34. [PMID: 24031261 PMCID: PMC3768449 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220080003000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Data concerning the prevalence and populations of Salmonella in foods implicated in outbreaks may be important to the development of quantitative microbial risk assessments of individual food products. In this sense, the objective of the present study was to assess the amount of Salmonella sp. in different foods implicated in foodborne outbreaks in Rio Grande do Sul occurred in 2005 and to characterize the isolated strains using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Nineteen food samples involved in ten foodborne outbreaks occurred in 2005, and positive on Salmonella isolation at the Central Laboratory of the Health Department of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, were included in this study. Food samples were submitted to estimation of Salmonella using the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. Moreover, one confirmed Salmonella colony of each food sample was serotyped, characterized by its XbaI-macrorestriction profile, and submitted to antimicrobial resistance testing. Foods containing eggs, mayonnaise or chicken were contaminated with Salmonella in eight outbreaks. Higher counts (>107 MPN.g-1) of Salmonella were detected mostly in foods containing mayonnaise. The isolation of Salmonella from multiple food items in five outbreaks probably resulted from the cross-contamination, and the high Salmonella counts detected in almost all analyzed samples probably resulted from storing in inadequate temperature. All strains were identified as S. Enteritidis, and presented a unique macrorestriction profile, demonstrating the predominance of one clonal group in foods involved in the salmonellosis outbreaks. A low frequency of antimicrobial resistant S. Enteritidis strains was observed and nalidixic acid was the only resistance marker detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Mürmann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre, RS , Brasil
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43
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Analysis of Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Weltevreden in Malaysia by PCR fingerprinting and antibiotic resistance profiling. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2008; 94:377-87. [PMID: 18548329 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-008-9254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Agona and 33 strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Weltevreden were characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting using 3 different arbitrary primer, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC-PCR) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. By using RAPD, 81 strains (44 strains of S. Agona and 33 strains of S. Weltevreden) can be clustered into 14 groups and 6 single isolates whereas ERIC-PCR produced 7 clusters and 3 single isolates. Thirteen antimicrobial agents were used and all the isolates were resistant to erythromycin and showed Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance indexes, ranging from 0.08 to 0.62. Poultry still remain as the common reservoir for multi-drug-resistant Salmonella. On the other hand, vegetables contaminated with S. Weltevreden showed a gain in antimicrobial resistance. Besides that, consistent antibiograms were observed from S. Weltevreden isolated at Kajang wet market on 2000/08/02.
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44
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Moura A, Pinheiro Junior J, Oliveira R, Duarte D, Ribeiro A, Reis E. PESQUISA DE COLIFORMES TERMOTOLERANTES, TOTAIS E SALMONELLA SPP. EM CARNES CAPRINAS COMERCIALIZADAS NA CIDADE DO RECIFE, PERNAMBUCO. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v74p2932007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a contaminação na carne caprina in natura e resfriada comercializada nos mercados da Cidade do Recife, PE, por coliformes termotolerantes e totais, além de identificar, tipificar e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade in vitro das amostras de Salmonella spp. Foram analisadas 24 amostras, utilizando-se metodologias oficiais preconizadas pela Coordenação de Laboratório Animal do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que 15 (62,50%) amostras analisadas encontram-se fora dos padrões microbiológicos. Em relação aos coliformes totais, 5 (20,83%) amostras encontravam-se em condições sanitárias satisfatórias e 19 (79,16%) encontravam-se fora dos padrões para carnes. Na pesquisa de Salmonella spp., 7 (29,17%) amostras apresentaram contaminação por Salmonella spp., sendo tipificados 8 sorotipos: 4 (50%) Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae (O:53), 2 (25%), S. Anatum, 1 (12,50%) S. Rubislaw, 1 (12,50%) S. Derby. O perfil de sensibilidade in vitro obtido foi de 100% para norfloxacina, 75% para sulfa + trimetoprim, 62,50% para tetraciclina, com variação de 100 na resistência à penicilina, novobiocina e oxacilina e de 87,50% para amoxicilina. Conclui-se que existe um elevado índice de contaminação por coliformes totais e termotolerantes, além de confirmar a presença de Salmonella spp. em carnes caprinas comercializadas nos mercados da Cidade do Recife, PE, constituindo um fator de risco para a saúde pública. A intervenção dos órgãos de Vigilância Sanitária é necessária para melhorar as condições de produção, manuseio e de venda deste produto, além de estabelecer padrões microbiológicos para coliformes totais e termotolerantes para carne caprina resfriada, congelada ou in natura.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - E.M.F. Reis
- FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Enterobactérias, Brasil
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Capita R. Variation in Salmonella resistance to poultry chemical decontaminants, based on serotype, phage type, and antibiotic resistance patterns. J Food Prot 2007; 70:1835-43. [PMID: 17803139 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.8.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemical decontaminants are currently under review for final approval by the European Union authorities with the aim of reducing the number and/or prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms on poultry. The purpose of the research being reported here was to determine the association, if any, of decontaminant resistance with the serotype, phage type, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella strains. Sixty poultry isolates of Salmonella enterica (serotypes Enteritidis: phage types 1, 4, 4b, 6a, 14b, and 35; Typhimurium; Newport; Infantis; Poona; Virchow; Agona; Derby; and Paratyphi B) showing resistance to none (sensitive), one (resistant), two, three, four, five, six, seven, or nine (multiresistant) antibiotics were screened for resistance to 1,000 ppm acidified sodium chlorite, 1.2% trisodium phosphate, or 25% citric acid. D-values (seconds required for 1-log reduction in the number of bacteria) in peptone water, using a linear regression, of Salmonella in the presence of acidified sodium chlorite varied widely with serotype (the highest resistance levels were shown by serotypes Typhimurium, Newport, and Derby) and antibiotic resistance pattern (average values of 8.37 +/- 1.69 s for multiresistant strains as compared with 5.96 +/- 0.54 s for sensitive, P < 0.05). A positive relationship (0.775, P < 0.001) was found between acidified sodium chlorite D-values and the number of antibiotics to which strains were resistant. Both serotype and antibiotic resistance had only a slight influence over Salmonella resistance to trisodium phosphate, with average D-values from 12.44 +/- 0.91 s (sensitive strains) to 13.28 +/- 0.77 s (multiresistant) (P < 0.05). Neither serotype nor antibiotic profile was associated with Salmonella resistance to citric acid (average D-value of 12.20 +/- 0.81 s). Minimal differences in resistance to decontaminants were found among Salmonella Enteritidis phage types. Results in the present study highlight the importance of selecting an adequate strain (serotype and antibiotic resistance pattern) when acidified sodium chlorite and trisodium phosphate are tested against Salmonella to ensure that concentrations capable of inactivating all strains are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Capita
- Area de Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela Superior y Técnica de Ingeniería Agraria, Avenida de Astorga, s/n. 24400-Ponferrada, Spain.
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Ristori CA, Iaria ST, Gelli DS, Rivera ING. Pathogenic bacteria associated with oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana) and estuarine water along the south coast of Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2007; 17:259-69. [PMID: 17613090 DOI: 10.1080/09603120701372169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Oysters and estuarine water samples were collected monthly, from June 1998 to March 1999, in the Cananéia estuary, on the south coast of São Paulo, Brazil, and analyzed for bacterial hazards with and without depuration in filtered estuarine water. Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides, Vibrio cholerae O1, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio vulnificus were counted in oyster samples using the most probable number (MPN) and their presence verified in the surrounding estuarine water samples. The presence of Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and fecal coliforms counts were determined in oysters and in water samples too. Sixty percent of water samples contained fecal coliforms ranging from <1 to >200 CFU/100 ml and 100%, 30%, 20% and 10% were positive for V. parahaemolyticus, Salmonella, Aeromonas, and V. vulnificus in 5 l of water samples, respectively. In oyster samples, the fecal coliforms concentration ranged from <3.0 to > or =2.4 x 10(3) MPN/g in 40% of untreated and from <3.0 to 1.1 x 10(3) MPN/g in 40% of treated samples. Vibrio parahaemolyticus Kanagawa-negative was detected in all oyster samples and their concentration varied from 3.6 to > or =2.4 x 10(3) MPN/g. For the untreated oyster samples 80%, 70%, and 10% were positive for V. vulnificus (<3 - 11.0 MPN/g), Aeromonas (<3-15 MPN/g), and Salmonella (presence in 25 g), respectively. However, for treated oyster samples 60%, 30%, and 0% of them contained the same bacteria, respectively. Escherichia coli O157:H7, Shigella spp., P. shigelloides, and V. cholerae O1 were not detected in any of the samples. Fecal indicators did not correlate with Vibrio presence (p>0.05), although the isolation of Aeromonas species had a positive correlation (p = 0.017). The results showed no correlation between temperature, salinity, and bacteria (p > 0.05). The comparison between bacterial concentration in treated and untreated oyster samples, showed that only Aeromonas was higher in untreated oyster samples (p = 0.039). This study contributes toward creating a more global understanding of food-borne bacterial pathogens. The presence and concentration of viable bacterial hazards in oysters and water surrounding areas was determined for the first time on the south coast of São Paulo and it helps to define better the true microbial hazard in the aquatic environment and oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane A Ristori
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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47
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Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C, Prieto M. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovars and genovars from chicken carcasses in slaughterhouses in Spain. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:1366-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hahn D, Gaertner J, Forstner MRJ, Rose FL. High-resolution analysis of salmonellae from turtles within a headwater spring ecosystem. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007; 60:148-55. [PMID: 17250751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sediments and water from the pristine headwaters of the San Marcos River, Texas, USA, as well as swabs from biofilms on the carapace and from the cloacae of 17 musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus) and one snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) caught at the same site, were analysed for salmonellae by culture and molecular techniques. Whereas enrichment cultures from sediment and water samples were negative for salmonellae in PCR- and in situ hybridization-based analyses, both techniques detected salmonellae after enrichments from both carapace and cloacae of nine (i.e. of 53%) musk turtles. Further characterization of 10 isolates obtained from the enrichment cultures of four selected individuals and confirmed as salmonellae by PCR analysis was achieved by fingerprinting techniques (rep-PCR). The results show differences between individuals and, in one case, variation among isolates from a single individual. All isolates from two individuals displayed identical profiles. These profiles were different from those obtained from the isolates of the third individual, which were, themselves, also identical for all isolates. Salmonellae were much more diverse in samples from the carapace of the last individual with five different rep-PCR profiles retrieved. Serotyping of seven isolates representative for each rep-PCR profile identified all isolates as representing Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Rubislaw, which demonstrates the presence of different strains of potentially human pathogenic salmonellae naturally occurring on turtles even within pristine environments. The frequent detection of these organisms in biofilms on the carapace opens the door for speculations on the role of this habitat as a reservoir for salmonellae, and on potential implications for turtles acting as a dispersal vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dittmar Hahn
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.
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Fernandes SA, Tavechio AT, Ghilardi ACR, Dias AMG, Almeida IAZCD, Melo LCVD. Salmonella serovars isolated from humans in São Paulo State, Brazil, 1996-2003. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006; 48:179-84. [PMID: 17119671 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652006000400001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis remains an important cause of diarrheal illness in humans in São Paulo State, Brazil. In this study were identified 3554 Salmonella isolates from human infections, during the period 1996-2003. Among 68 different serovars determined, S. Enteritidis was the most frequent one in gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal infections accounting for 67.4% of all isolates. S. Typhimurium and S. enterica subsp. enterica (4,5,12:i:-) were most frequently isolated from children aged < 1-4 year-old, in contrast, people with S. Enteritidis infections were most likely to be 20-50 year-old. In our geographic area the continued laboratorial surveillance of salmonellosis, including serotyping, has showed the trends in Salmonella serovars causing infections in humans throughout the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sueli A Fernandes
- Seção de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Mrema N, Mpuchane S, Gashe BA. Prevalence of Salmonella in raw minced meat, raw fresh sausages and raw burger patties from retail outlets in Gaborone, Botswana. Food Control 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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