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Silva BS, Amorim-Neto DP, Pia AKR, Campagnollo FB, Furtado MM, Carvalho ACBR, Oteiza JM, Sant'Ana AS. The fate of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in the pulp of eight native Brazilian and exotic fruits. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 420:110783. [PMID: 38851046 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite the wide variety of native and exotic fruits in Brazil, there is limited understanding of their ability to support pathogens during storage. This study aimed to evaluate the behavior of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated into the pulp of eight fruits native and exotic to Brazil: Jenipapo (Genipa americana L.), Umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda), Maná (Solanum sessiliflorum), Cajá-manga (Spondias dulcis), Physalis (Physalis angulata L.), Feijoa (Acca sellowiana), Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) (average pH < 3.3) and in a low acidy fruit: Abiu (Pouteria caimito) (pH 6.11). The pathogens were inoculated into the different fruits and stored at 10, 20, 30 and 37 °C for up to 12 h and 6 days, respectively. Among the fruits evaluated, Abiu was the only one that allowed Salmonella growth, showing higher δ-values at 20 and 30 °C (5.6 log CFU/g for both temperatures). For Physalis and Feijoa, there was a small reduction in the pathogen concentration (<1 log-cycle), mainly at 10 and 20 °C, indicating its ability to remain in the matrices. For the other fruits, notable negative δ-values were obtained, indicating a tendency towards microbial inactivation. The survival potential was significantly affected by temperature in Abiu, Maná, Cupuaçu, and Cajá-manga (p < 0.05). The same phenomena regarding δ-value were observed for L. monocytogenes population, with the greatest survival potential observed at 20 °C in Abiu (3.3 log CFU/g). Regarding the exponential growth rates in Abiu, the highest values were observed at 30 and 37 °C, both for Salmonella (4.6 and 4.9 log (CFU/g)/day, respectively) and for L. monocytogenes (2.8 and 2.7 log (CFU/g)/day, respectively), with no significant difference between both temperatures. Regarding microbial inactivation, L. monocytogenes showed greater resistance than Salmonella in practically all matrices. Jenipapo and Umbu were the pulps that, in general, had the greatest effect on reducing the population of pathogens. Furthermore, the increase in storage temperature seems to favor the increase on inactivation rates. In conclusion, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes can grow only in Abiu pulp, although they can survive in some acidic tropical fruits kept at refrigeration and abusive temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz S Silva
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Dionisio P Amorim-Neto
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur K R Pia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda B Campagnollo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marianna M Furtado
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina B R Carvalho
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juan M Oteiza
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica a la Industria (CIATI AC), Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Torchelsen FKVDS, Mazzeti AL, Mosqueira VCF. Drugs in preclinical and early clinical development for the treatment of Chagas´s disease: the current status. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:575-590. [PMID: 38686546 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2349289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chagas disease is spreading faster than expected in different countries, and little progress has been reported in the discovery of new drugs to combat Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans. Recent clinical trials have ended with small hope. The pathophysiology of this neglected disease and the genetic diversity of parasites are exceptionally complex. The only two drugs available to treat patients are far from being safe, and their efficacy in the chronic phase is still unsatisfactory. AREAS COVERED This review offers a comprehensive examination and critical review of data reported in the last 10 years, and it is focused on findings of clinical trials and data acquired in vivo in preclinical studies. EXPERT OPINION The in vivo investigations classically in mice and dog models are also challenging and time-consuming to attest cure for infection. Poorly standardized protocols, availability of diagnosis methods and disease progression markers, the use of different T. cruzi strains with variable benznidazole sensitivities, and animals in different acute and chronic phases of infection contribute to it. More synchronized efforts between research groups in this field are required to put in evidence new promising substances, drug combinations, repurposing strategies, and new pharmaceutical formulations to impact the therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Karoline Vieira da Silva Torchelsen
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Lia Mazzeti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Health, Academic Unit of Passos, University of Minas Gerais State, Passos, Brazil
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Torres V, Contreras V, Gutiérrez B, San Francisco J, Catalán A, Vega JL, Moon KM, Foster LJ, de Almeida RF, Kalergis AM, González J. Oral infectivity through carnivorism in murine model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1297099. [PMID: 38495650 PMCID: PMC10941204 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1297099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral transmission of T. cruzi is probably the most frequent transmission mechanism in wild animals. This observation led to the hypothesis that consuming raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with T. cruzi may be responsible for transmitting the infection. Therefore, the general objective of this study was to investigate host-pathogen interactions between the parasite and gastric mucosa and the role of meat consumption from infected animals in the oral transmission of T. cruzi. Methods Cell infectivity assays were performed on AGS cells in the presence or absence of mucin, and the roles of pepsin and acidic pH were determined. Moreover, groups of five female Balb/c mice were fed with muscle tissue obtained from mice in the acute phase of infection by the clone H510 C8C3hvir of T. cruzi, and the infection of the fed mice was monitored by a parasitemia curve. Similarly, we assessed the infective capacity of T. cruzi trypomastigotes and amastigotes by infecting groups of five mice Balb/c females, which were infected orally using a nasogastric probe, and the infection was monitored by a parasitemia curve. Finally, different trypomastigote and amastigote inoculums were used to determine their infective capacities. Adhesion assays of T. cruzi proteins to AGS stomach cells were performed, and the adhered proteins were detected by western blotting using monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies and by LC-MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis. Results Trypomastigote migration in the presence of mucin was reduced by approximately 30%, whereas in the presence of mucin and pepsin at pH 3.5, only a small proportion of parasites were able to migrate (∼6%). Similarly, the ability of TCTs to infect AGS cells in the presence of mucin is reduced by approximately 20%. In all cases, 60-100% of the animals were fed meat from mice infected in the acute phase or infected with trypomastigotes or amastigotes developed high parasitemia, and 80% died around day 40 post-infection. The adhesion assay showed that cruzipain is a molecule of trypomastigotes and amastigotes that binds to AGS cells. LC-MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis, also confirmed that transialidase, cysteine proteinases, and gp63 may be involved in TCTs attachment or invasion of human stomach cells because they can potentially interact with different proteins in the human stomach mucosa. In addition, several human gastric mucins have cysteine protease cleavage sites. Discussion Then, under our experimental conditions, consuming meat from infected animals in the acute phase allows the T. cruzi infection. Similarly, trypomastigotes and amastigotes could infect mice when administered orally, whereas cysteinyl proteinases and trans-sialidase appear to be relevant molecules in this infective process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Torres
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Bessy Gutiérrez
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Juan San Francisco
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alejandro Catalán
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - José Luis Vega
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leonard J. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rafael F. de Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistêmica de Tripanossomatídeos (Labtryp), Instituto Carlos Chagas Fiocruz (ICC-Fiocruz), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge González
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Research Center in Immunology and Biomedical Biotechnology of Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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Loshouarn H, Guarneri AA. The interplay between temperature, Trypanosoma cruzi parasite load, and nutrition: Their effects on the development and life-cycle of the Chagas disease vector Rhodnius prolixus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011937. [PMID: 38306403 PMCID: PMC10866482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi transmitted by blood-sucking insects of the subfamily Triatominae, is a major neglected tropical disease affecting 6 to 7 million of people worldwide. Rhodnius prolixus, one of the most important vectors of Chagas disease in Latin America, is known to be highly sensitive to environmental factors, including temperature. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different temperatures on R. prolixus development and life-cycle, its relationship with T. cruzi, and to gather information about the nutritional habits and energy consumption of R. prolixus. We exposed uninfected and infected R. prolixus to four different temperatures ranging from 24°C to 30°C, and monitored their survival, developmental rate, body and blood meal masses, urine production, and the temporal dynamics of parasite concentration in the excreted urine of the triatomines over the course of their development. Our results demonstrate that temperature significantly impacts R. prolixus development, life-cycle and their relationship with T. cruzi, as R. prolixus exposed to higher temperatures had a shorter developmental time and a higher mortality rate compared to those exposed to lower temperatures, as well as a lower ability to retain weight between blood meals. Infection also decreased the capacity of the triatomines to retain weight gained by blood-feeding to the next developmental stage, and this effect was proportional to parasite concentration in excreted urine. We also showed that T. cruzi multiplication varied depending on temperature, with the lowest temperature having the lowest parasite load. Our findings provide important insights into the potential impact of climate change on the epidemiology of Chagas disease, and can contribute to efforts to model the future distribution of this disease. Our study also raises new questions, highlighting the need for further research in order to understand the complex interactions between temperature, vector biology, and parasite transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Loshouarn
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A. Guarneri
- Vector Behavior and Pathogen Interaction Group, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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de Sousa AS, Vermeij D, Ramos AN, Luquetti AO. Chagas disease. Lancet 2024; 403:203-218. [PMID: 38071985 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Chagas disease persists as a global public health problem due to the high morbidity and mortality burden. Despite the possibility of a cure and advances in transmission control, epidemiological transformations, such as urbanisation and globalisation, and the emerging importance of oral and vertical transmission mean that Chagas disease should be considered an emerging disease, with new cases occurring worldwide. Important barriers to diagnosis, treatment, and care remain, resulting in repressed numbers of reported cases, which in turn leads to inadequate public policies. The validation of new diagnostic tools and treatment options is needed, as existing tools pose serious limitations to access to health care. Integrated models of surveillance, with community and intersectional participation, embedded in the concept of One Health, are essential for control. In addition, mitigation strategies for the main social determinants of health, including difficulties imposed by migration, are important to improve access to comprehensive health care in a globalised scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Silvestre de Sousa
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Debbie Vermeij
- Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Novaes Ramos
- Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alejandro O Luquetti
- Center of Studies for Chagas Disease, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Daghero H, Pagotto R, Quiroga C, Medeiros A, Comini MA, Bollati-Fogolín M. Murine colon organoids as a novel model to study Trypanosoma cruzi infection and interactions with the intestinal epithelium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1082524. [PMID: 36968103 PMCID: PMC10033869 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1082524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a life-threatening illness caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi). With around seven million people infected worldwide and over 50,000 deaths per year, CD is a major public health issue in Latin America. The main route of transmission to humans is through a triatomine bug (vector-borne), but congenital and oral transmission have also been reported. The acute phase of CD presents mild symptoms but may develop into a long-lasting chronic illness, characterized by severely impaired cardiac, digestive, and neurological functions. The intestinal tissue appears to have a key role during oral transmission and chronic infection of CD. In this immune-privileged reservoir, dormant/quiescent parasites have been suggested to contribute to disease persistence, infection relapse, and treatment failure. However, the interaction between the intestinal epithelium and T. cruzi has not been examined in depth, in part, due to the lack of in vitro models that approximate to the biological and structural complexity of this tissue. Therefore, to understand the role played by the intestinal tissue during transmission and chronic infection, physiological models resembling the organ complexity are needed. Here we addressed this issue by establishing and characterizing adult stem cell-derived colonoid infection models that are clinically relevant for CD. 3D and 2D systems of murine intestinal organoids infected with T. cruzi Dm28c (a highly virulent strain associated with oral outbreaks) were analyzed at different time points by confocal microscopy. T. cruzi was able to invade and replicate in intestinal epithelial primary cells grown as intact organoids (3D) and monolayers (2D). The permissiveness to pathogen infection differed markedly between organoids and cell lines (primate and intestinal human cell lines). So far, this represents the first evidence of the potential that these cellular systems offer for the study of host-pathogen interactions and the discovery of effective anti-chagasic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Daghero
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Romina Pagotto
- Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cristina Quiroga
- Redox Biology of Trypanosomes Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Medeiros
- Redox Biology of Trypanosomes Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Republic, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marcelo A Comini
- Redox Biology of Trypanosomes Lab, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Macaluso G, Grippi F, Di Bella S, Blanda V, Gucciardi F, Torina A, Guercio A, Cannella V. A Review on the Immunological Response against Trypanosoma cruzi. Pathogens 2023; 12:282. [PMID: 36839554 PMCID: PMC9964664 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a chronic systemic infection transmitted by Trypanosoma cruzi. Its life cycle consists of different stages in vector insects and host mammals. Trypanosoma cruzi strains cause different clinical manifestations of Chagas disease alongside geographic differences in morbidity and mortality. Natural killer cells provide the cytokine interferon-gamma in the initial phases of T. cruzi infection. Phagocytes secrete cytokines that promote inflammation and activation of other cells involved in defence. Dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages modulate the adaptive immune response, and B lymphocytes activate an effective humoral immune response to T. cruzi. This review focuses on the main immune mechanisms acting during T. cruzi infection, on the strategies activated by the pathogen against the host cells, on the processes involved in inflammasome and virulence factors and on the new strategies for preventing, controlling and treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Santina Di Bella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Blanda
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy
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Dehesa-Rodríguez G, Martínez I, Bastida-Jaime C, Espinoza B. Trypanosoma cruzi blood trypomastigotes induce intense skeletal and cardiac muscle damage and Th1/ Th2 immune response in the acute phase of mice infected by the oral route. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106605. [PMID: 35820470 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Oral acquisition of Trypanosoma cruzi is a foodborne transmission by juices and fruits contaminated with metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) or by the ingestion of wild reservoirs infected with blood trypomastigotes (BT). In Mexico, hunting and food consumption of wild animals are current practices, which could represent a risk factor for oral infection in the rural population. In this work, Balb/c mice were inoculated by oral route with BT of a highly virulent T. cruzi Mexican strain (DTU I) to evaluate the establishment of the infection, and the humoral and cellular immune response in the acute phase of the infection. We show that BT induces blood and tissue parasitism producing an inflammatory process in the heart and skeletal muscle and low parasitism and inflammation in the digestive tract of orally infected mice. Besides, in the acute phase, the BT promotes splenomegaly, intense damage in skeletal and cardiac muscles, a humoral response dominated by the IgG isotype, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Génesis Dehesa-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis Americana, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (Ciudad de México) C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Martínez
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis Americana, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (Ciudad de México) C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Cristina Bastida-Jaime
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis Americana, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (Ciudad de México) C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Bertha Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Estudios sobre Tripanosomiasis Americana, Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico (Ciudad de México) C.P. 04510, Mexico.
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da Costa KM, Marques da Fonseca L, dos Reis JS, Santos MARDC, Previato JO, Mendonça-Previato L, Freire-de-Lima L. Trypanosoma cruzi trans-Sialidase as a Potential Vaccine Target Against Chagas Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:768450. [PMID: 34765570 PMCID: PMC8576188 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.768450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas' disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, described in the early 20th century by the Brazilian physician Dr. Carlos Chagas. There was a great amount of research devoted to diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease. One of the most important discoveries made since then, impacting the understanding of how the parasite interacts with the host's immune system, was the description of trans-sialidase. It is an unique enzyme, capable of masking the parasite's presence from the host, while at the same time dampening the activation of CD8+ T cells, the most important components of the immune response. Since the description of Chagas' disease in 1909, extensive research has identified important events in the disease in order to understand the biochemical mechanism that modulates T. cruzi-host cell interactions and the ability of the parasite to ensure its survival. The importance of the trans-sialidase enzyme brought life to many studies for the design of diagnostic tests, drugs and vaccines. While many groups have been prolific, such efforts have encountered problems, among them: the fact that while T. cruzi have many genes that are unique to the parasite, it relies on multiple copies of them and the difficulty in providing epitopes that result in effective and robust immune responses. In this review, we aim to convey the importance of trans-sialidase as well as to provide a history, including the initial failures and the most promising successes in the chasing of a working vaccine for a disease that is endemic in many tropical countries, including Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli Monteiro da Costa
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lucia Mendonça-Previato
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Freire-de-Lima
- Laboratório de Glicobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Austen JM, Barbosa AD. Diversity and Epidemiology of Bat Trypanosomes: A One Health Perspective. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091148. [PMID: 34578180 PMCID: PMC8465530 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats (order Chiroptera) have been increasingly recognised as important reservoir hosts for human and animal pathogens worldwide. In this context, molecular and microscopy-based investigations to date have revealed remarkably high diversity of Trypanosoma spp. harboured by bats, including species of recognised medical and veterinary importance such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi (aetiological agents of Chagas disease and Surra, respectively). This review synthesises current knowledge on the diversity, taxonomy, evolution and epidemiology of bat trypanosomes based on both molecular studies and morphological records. In addition, we use a One Health approach to discuss the significance of bats as reservoirs (and putative vectors) of T. cruzi, with a focus on the complex associations between intra-specific genetic diversity and eco-epidemiology of T. cruzi in sylvatic and domestic ecosystems. This article also highlights current knowledge gaps on the biological implications of trypanosome co-infections in a single host, as well as the prevalence, vectors, life-cycle, host-range and clinical impact of most bat trypanosomes recorded to date. Continuous research efforts involving molecular surveillance of bat trypanosomes are required for improved disease prevention and control, mitigation of biosecurity risks and potential spill-over events, ultimately ensuring the health of humans, domestic animals and wildlife globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M. Austen
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Amanda D. Barbosa
- Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia 70040-020, DF, Brazil
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.); (A.D.B.)
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Probst CM, Melo MDFAD, Pavoni DP, Toledo MJDO, Galdino TS, Brandão AA, Britto C, Krieger MA. A new Trypanosoma cruzi genotyping method enables high resolution evolutionary analyses. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200538. [PMID: 34468503 PMCID: PMC8405150 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi is an important human pathogen in Latin America with nearly seven million people infected. It has a large degree of genetic diversity, classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs), which probably influences its physiological behavior and clinical manifestations. Several genotyping methods are available, with distinct performance on easiness, cost, resolution and applicability; no method excels in all parameters. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS To devise a molecular method for T. cruzi genotyping, based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a single target with multiple copies in the nuclear genome by large scale sequencing. We have applied this method to 29 T. cruzi isolates, comprising all described DTUs. FINDINGS We were able to classify all samples into sub DTU level with high robustness. Evolutionary relationship between DTUs were ascertained, suggesting that TcIII and TcIV DTUs are non-hybrid, and DTU IV is more similar to the common ancestral. CONCLUSION As the TS-LSS method is based on a single PCR reaction, comprising several copies of the target, it is probably useful for clinical samples, when the amount of DNA is a limiting factor. As large scale sequencing systems become more common, the TS-LSS method can be increasingly applied for T. cruzi genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Macagnan Probst
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica Funcional, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Daniela Parada Pavoni
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica Funcional, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Max Jean de Ornelas Toledo
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Laboratório de Doença de Chagas, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Tainah Silva Galdino
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Adeilton Alves Brandão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Constança Britto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marco Aurelio Krieger
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica Funcional, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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Risk of Trypanosoma cruzi infection among travellers visiting friends and relatives to continental Latin America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009528. [PMID: 34214087 PMCID: PMC8281994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease (CD) is regarded as a possible risk for travellers to endemic areas of continental Latin America (LA). The aim of the study is to determine the risk of Trypanosoma cruzi (TC) infection among travellers to CD endemic areas and to identify risk factors for acquiring TC infection. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDING We designed a multicenter cross-sectional study among travellers in Spain (Badalona, Barcelona and Madrid). All available adults with laboratory confirmed proof of absence of TC infection from January 2012 to December 2015 were contacted. Participants referring a trip to LA after the negative TC screening were offered to participate. We performed a standardized questionnaire of travel related factors and measurement of TC antibodies in serum. A total of 971 participants with baseline negative TC serology were selected from the microbiology records. After excluding participants not meeting inclusion criteria, eighty participants were selected. Sixty three (78.8%) were female, and the median age was 38 (IQR 34-47) years. The reason to travel was visiting friends and relatives in 98.8% of the participants. The median duration of travel was 40 (IQR 30-60) days, with 4911 participants-day of exposure. Seventy seven cases (96.25%) participants had two negative TC serology tests after the travel, two cases (2.5%) had discordant serology results (considered false positive results) and one case was infected before travelling to LA. According to our data, the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval of the incidence rate of TC acquisition in travellers is 0.8 per 1000 participant-days. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Among 79 non-CD travellers to TC endemic areas, we found no cases of newly acquired TC infection. The incidence rate of TC acquisition in travellers to endemic countries is less than or equal to 0.8 per 1000 traveller-days.
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Intrinsic and Chemotherapeutic Stressors Modulate ABCC-Like Transport in Trypanosoma cruzi. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123510. [PMID: 34207619 PMCID: PMC8227891 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent for Chagas disease, which affects 6-7 million people worldwide. The biological diversity of the parasite reflects on inefficiency of benznidazole, which is a first choice chemotherapy, on chronic patients. ABC transporters that extrude xenobiotics, metabolites, and mediators are overexpressed in resistant cells and contribute to chemotherapy failure. An ABCC-like transport was identified in the Y strain and extrudes thiol-conjugated compounds. As thiols represent a line of defense towards reactive species, we aimed to verify whether ABCC-like transport could participate in the regulation of responses to stressor stimuli. In order to achieve this, ABCC-like activity was measured by flow cytometry using fluorescent substrates. The present study reveals the participation of glutathione and ceramides on ABCC-like transport, which are both implicated in stress. Hemin modulated the ABCC-like efflux which suggests that this protein might be involved in cellular detoxification. Additionally, all strains evaluated exhibited ABCC-like activity, while no ABCB1-like activity was detected. Results suggest that ABCC-like efflux is not associated with natural resistance to benznidazole, since sensitive strains showed higher activity than the resistant ones. Although benznidazole is not a direct substrate, ABCC-like efflux increased after prolonged drug exposure and this indicates that the ABCC-like efflux mediated protection against cell stress depends on the glutathione biosynthesis pathway.
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Mazzeti AL, Capelari-Oliveira P, Bahia MT, Mosqueira VCF. Review on Experimental Treatment Strategies Against Trypanosoma cruzi. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:409-432. [PMID: 33833592 PMCID: PMC8020333 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s267378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Currently, only nitroheterocyclic nifurtimox (NFX) and benznidazole (BNZ) are available for the treatment of Chagas disease, with limitations such as variable efficacy, long treatment regimens and toxicity. Different strategies have been used to discover new active molecules for the treatment of Chagas disease. Target-based and phenotypic screening led to thousands of compounds with anti-T. cruzi activity, notably the nitroheterocyclic compounds, fexinidazole and its metabolites. In addition, drug repurposing, drug combinations, re-dosing regimens and the development of new formulations have been evaluated. The CYP51 antifungal azoles, as posaconazole, ravuconazole and its prodrug fosravuconazole presented promising results in experimental Chagas disease. Drug combinations of nitroheterocyclic and azoles were able to induce cure in murine infection. New treatment schemes using BNZ showed efficacy in the experimental chronic stage, including against dormant forms of T. cruzi. And finally, sesquiterpene lactone formulated in nanocarriers displayed outstanding efficacy against different strains of T. cruzi, susceptible or resistant to BNZ, the reference drug. These pre-clinical results are encouraging and provide interesting evidence to improve the treatment of patients with Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lia Mazzeti
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico e Nanotecnologia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil.,Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-360, Brazil.,Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Escola de Medicina & Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Patricia Capelari-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico e Nanotecnologia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Terezinha Bahia
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Escola de Medicina & Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carla Furtado Mosqueira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento Galênico e Nanotecnologia, Escola de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, 35400-000, Brazil
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Finamore-Araujo P, Faier-Pereira A, Ramon do Nascimento Brito C, Gomes Peres E, Kazumy de Lima Yamaguchi K, Trotta Barroso Ferreira R, Moreira OC. Validation of a novel multiplex real-time PCR assay for Trypanosoma cruzi detection and quantification in açai pulp. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246435. [PMID: 33529258 PMCID: PMC7853518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil, orally acquired T. cruzi infection has become the most relevant transmission mechanisms from public health perspective. Around 70% of new Chagas disease cases have been associated with consumption of contaminated food or beverages. Açai (Euterpe oleracea and Euterpe precatoria) is currently one of the most commercialized Amazonian fruits in the Brazilian and international markets. Therefore, it has become important to incorporate in the production process some procedures to measure out effective hygiene and product quality control required by global market. Molecular methods have been developed for rapid detection and quantification of T. cruzi DNA in several biological samples, including food matrices, for epidemiological investigation of Chagas disease and food quality control. However, a high-performance molecular methodology since DNA extraction until detection and quantification of T. cruzi DNA in açai berry pulp is still needed. Herein, a simple DNA extraction methodology was standardized from the supernatant of açai berry pulp stabilized in a 6M Guanidine-HCl/0.2M EDTA buffer. In addition, a multiplex real time qPCR assay, targeting T. cruzi DNA and an Exogenous Internal Positive Control was developed and validated, using reference from all T. cruzi DTUs and commercial samples of açai pulp, from an endemic municipality with previous history of oral Chagas disease outbreak. Thus, a high-sensitivity qPCR assay, that could detect up to 0.01 parasite equivalents/mL in açai, was reached. As of the 45 commercial samples analyzed, 9 (20%) were positive for T. cruzi. This high-sensitive, fast, and easy-to-use molecular assay is compatible with most of the laboratories involved in the investigations of oral Chagas disease outbreaks, representing an important tool to the epidemiology, control, and surveillance of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Finamore-Araujo
- Plataforma Fiocruz de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A –Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Faier-Pereira
- Plataforma Fiocruz de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A –Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ramon do Nascimento Brito
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Otacilio Cruz Moreira
- Plataforma Fiocruz de PCR em Tempo Real RPT09A –Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Acute Chagas disease in Brazil from 2001 to 2018: A nationwide spatiotemporal analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008445. [PMID: 32745113 PMCID: PMC7425982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Brazil, acute Chagas disease (ACD) surveillance involves mandatory notification, which allows for population-based epidemiological studies. We conducted a nationwide population-based ecological analysis of the spatiotemporal patterns of ACD notifications in Brazil using secondary surveillance data obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) maintained by Brazilian Ministry of Health. Methodology/Principal findings In this nationwide population-based ecological all cases of ACD reported in Brazil between 2001 and 2018 were included. Epidemiological characteristics and time trends were analyzed through joinpoint regression models and spatial distribution using microregions as the unit of analysis. A total of 5,184 cases of ACD were recorded during the period under study. The annual incidence rate in Brazil was 0.16 per 100,000 inhabitants/year. Three statistically significant changes in time trends were identified: a rapid increase prior to 2005 (Period 1), a stable drop from 2005 to 2009 (Period 2), followed by another increasing trend after 2009 (Period 3). Higher frequencies were noted in males and females in the North (all three periods) and in females in Northeast (Periods 1 and 2) macroregions, as well as in individuals aged between 20–64 years in the Northeast, and children, adolescents and the elderly in the North macroregion. Vectorial transmission was the main route reported during Period 1, while oral transmission was found to increase significantly in the North during the other periods. Spatiotemporal distribution was heterogeneous in Brazil over time. Despite regional differences, over time cases of ACD decreased significantly nationwide. An increasing trend was noted in the North (especially after 2007), and significant decreases occurred after 2008 among all microregions other than those in the North, especially those in the Northeast and Central-West macroregions. Conclusions/Significance In light of the newly identified epidemiological profile of CD transmission in Brazil, we emphasize the need for strategically integrated entomological and health surveillance actions. Chagas disease (CD) infection is a debilitating and neglected disease that occurs in 21 Latin America countries. CD has two distinct phases: acute and chronic. The generally asymptomatic acute phase begins shortly after infection and can last up to four months. When symptoms do appear, they are typically mild and unspecific. Following this phase, infected individuals evolve to a long-lasting chronic phase, which can be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. In Brazil, only acute cases are mandatorily notifiable in the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System (Brazilian Ministry of Health). Most chronic cases are unknown and untreated. Considering that epidemiological data related to ACD is publicly available, we have analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution of notified cases of ACD and evaluated relevant epidemiological indicators throughout Brazil from 2001 to 2018. The data present here may contribute to surveillance actions designed at preventing new CD cases. We observed 5,184 cases of ACD during the period under study. The annual incidence rate in Brazil was 0.16 per 100,000 inhabitants/year. Three distinct epidemiological periods were identified: a rapid increase prior to 2005 (Period 1), a stable drop from 2005 to 2009 (Period 2), followed by another increasing trend after 2009 (Period 3). Vectorial transmission was the main route reported during Period 1, while oral transmission was found to increase significantly in the North during the other periods. Despite regional differences, over time cases of ACD decreased significantly nationwide. An increasing trend was noted in the North (especially after 2007). In light of the newly identified epidemiological profile of CD transmission in Brazil, we emphasize the need for strategically integrated entomological and health surveillance actions.
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Velásquez-Ortiz N, Ramírez JD. Understanding the oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi as a veterinary and medical foodborne zoonosis. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:448-461. [PMID: 32781335 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease transmitted by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi that lately has been highlighted because several outbreaks attributed to oral transmission of the parasite have occurred. These outbreaks are characterized by high mortality rates and massive infections that cannot be related to other types of transmission such as the vectorial route. Oral transmission of Chagas disease has been reported in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and French Guiana, most of them are massive oral outbreaks caused by the ingestion of beverages and food contaminated with triatomine feces or parasites' reservoirs secretions and considered since 2012 as a foodborne disease. In this review, we present the current status and all available data regarding oral transmission of Chagas disease, highlighting its relevance as a veterinary and medical foodborne zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Velásquez-Ortiz
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas-UR (GIMUR), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Abstract
In general, foodborne diseases present themselves with gastrointestinal symptoms caused by bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens well established to be foodborne. These pathogens are also associated with extraintestinal clinical manifestations. Recent studies have suggested that Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which both cause common extraintestinal infections such as urinary tract and bloodstream infections, may also be foodborne. The resolution and separation of these organisms into pathotypes versus commensals by modern genotyping methods have led to the identification of key lineages of these organisms causing outbreaks of extraintestinal infections. These epidemiologic observations suggested common- or point-source exposures, such as contaminated food. Here, we describe the spectrum of extraintestinal illnesses caused by recognized enteric pathogens and then review studies that demonstrate the potential role of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) and K. pneumoniae as foodborne pathogens. The impact of global food production and distribution systems on the possible foodborne spread of these pathogens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W. Riley
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Franco-Paredes C, Villamil-Gómez WE, Schultz J, Henao-Martínez AF, Parra-Henao G, Rassi A, Rodríguez-Morales AJ, Suarez JA. A deadly feast: Elucidating the burden of orally acquired acute Chagas disease in Latin America - Public health and travel medicine importance. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020; 36:101565. [PMID: 32004732 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, several countries in Latin American, particularly Brazil, Venezuela, and Colombia, have experienced multiple outbreaks of oral Chagas disease. Transmission occurs secondary to contamination of food or beverages by triatomine (kissing bug) feces containing infective Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes. Orally transmitted infections are acute and potentially fatal. Oral Chagas transmission carries important clinical implications from management to public health policies compared to vector-borne transmission. This review aims to discuss the contemporary situation of orally acquired Chagas disease, and its eco-epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical management. We also propose preventive public health interventions to reduce the burden of disease and provide important perspectives for travel medicine. Travel health advisors need to counsel intending travellers to South America on avoidance of "deadly feasts" - risky beverages such as fruit juices including guava juice, bacaba, babaçu and palm wine (vino de palma), açai pulp, sugar cane juice and foodstuffs such as wild animal meats that may be contaminated with T. cruzi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA; Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico; Committe on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API), Panama City, Panama
| | - Wilmer E Villamil-Gómez
- Committe on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API), Panama City, Panama; Committe on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN), Bogota, Colombia; Infectious Diseases and Infection Control Research Group, Hospital Universitario de Sincelejo, Sincelejo, Sucre, Colombia; Programa del Doctorado de Medicina Tropical, SUE Caribe, Universidad del Atlántico, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jonathan Schultz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrés F Henao-Martínez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gabriel Parra-Henao
- National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia; Centro de Investigación en Salud para el Trópico (CIST), Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Anis Rassi
- Division of Cardiology, Anis Rassi Heart Hospital, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales
- Committe on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API), Panama City, Panama; Committe on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses and Travel Medicine, Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN), Bogota, Colombia; Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia; Universidad Franz Tamayo/UNIFRANZ, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
| | - José Antonio Suarez
- Committe on Travel Medicine, Pan-American Association of Infectious Diseases (API), Panama City, Panama; Investigador SNI Senacyt Panamá, Clinical Research Deparment, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá City, Panama
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Koovits PJ, Dessoy MA, Matheeussen A, Maes L, Caljon G, Mowbray CE, Kratz JM, Dias LC. Structure-activity relationship of 4-azaindole-2-piperidine derivatives as agents against Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 30:126779. [PMID: 31706667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The structure-activity relationship of a 4-Azaindole-2-piperidine compound selected from GlaxoSmithKline's recently disclosed open-resource "Chagas box" and possessing moderate activity against Trypanosoma cruzi, the parasite responsible for Chagas disease, is presented. Despite considerable medicinal chemistry efforts, a suitably potent and metabolically stable compound could not be identified to advance the series into in vivo studies. This research should be of interest to those in the area of neglected diseases and in particular anti-kinetoplastid drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Koovits
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Josué de Castro, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-861, Brazil
| | - Marco A Dessoy
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Josué de Castro, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-861, Brazil
| | - An Matheeussen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Charles E Mowbray
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), 15 Chemin Louis-Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jadel M Kratz
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), 15 Chemin Louis-Dunant, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luiz C Dias
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Josué de Castro, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP 13083-861, Brazil.
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Cláudia Freitas Lidani K, Andrade FA, Kozlowski RK, Luz PR, Messias-Reason IJ. Case Report: High Mannose-Binding Lectin Serum Determined by MBL2 Genotype and Risk for Clinical Progression to Chagasic Cardiomyopathy: A Case Report of Three Patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:93-96. [PMID: 30526728 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by infection with the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, leads to severe cardiomyopathy in 20-30% of patients, whereas the remainder may stay asymptomatic and never develop cardiomyopathy or other clinical manifestations. The underlying cause for this variable outcome is not fully characterized, although previous studies have found high levels of circulating mannose-binding lectin (MBL) to be associated with cardiac failure echocardiographic changes. We report three indeterminate (asymptomatic) chronic Chagas patients who were followed up for 10 years. Two of these patients developed chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) during this follow-up period and, when genotyped, were found to be carriers of the high MBL producer HYPA/HYPA genotype, suggesting that genetically determined high MBL serum might be associated with the risk of CCC development. These results suggest the use of MBL quantification and MBL2 genotyping as tools for clinical assessment in patients with chronic CD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Antunes Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Paola Rosa Luz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Iara J Messias-Reason
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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De Fuentes-Vicente JA, Vidal-López DG, Flores-Villegas AL, Moreno-Rodríguez A, De Alba-Alvarado MC, Salazar-Schettino PM, Rodríguez-López MH, Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE. Trypanosoma cruzi: A review of biological and methodological factors in Mexican strains. Acta Trop 2019; 195:51-57. [PMID: 31022383 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, responsible for Chagas disease, is a serious public health problem in Latin America with eight million people infected in the world. Clinical manifestations observed in humans due to T. cruzi infection are largely associated with the wide biological and genetic heterogeneity of the parasite. This review presents an overview of the parasitological aspects of various strains of T. cruzi isolated mainly in Mexico, as well as an analysis of the methodological processes used to determine their virulence that could be influencing their biological characterization. We emphasize the importance of using uniform protocols to study T. cruzi virulence, taking into account factors related to: strain (i.e. developmental stage, lineage, biological origin, genetic variability), animal model used (i.e. role of hormones, host immune response, age) and methodology (i.e. inoculum size, inoculation route, and laboratory conditions used during strain maintenance). These uniform protocols will then allow proposing elements for understanding clinical evolution and management of the disease, for providing adequate treatment, and for developing tools for future vaccines against Chagas disease.
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Antunes D, Marins-Dos-Santos A, Ramos MT, Mascarenhas BAS, Moreira CJDC, Farias-de-Oliveira DA, Savino W, Monteiro RQ, de Meis J. Oral Route Driven Acute Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Unravels an IL-6 Dependent Hemostatic Derangement. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1073. [PMID: 31139194 PMCID: PMC6527737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is presently the most important route of infection in Brazilian Amazon. Other South American countries have also reported outbreaks of acute Chagas disease associated with food consumption. A conspicuous feature of this route of transmission is presenting symptoms such as facial and lower limbs edema, in some cases bleeding manifestations and risk of thromboembolism are evident. Notwithstanding, studies that address this route of infection are largely lacking regarding its pathogenesis and, more specifically, the crosstalk between immune and hemostatic systems. Here, BALB/c mice were orally infected with metacyclic trypomastigotes of T. cruzi Tulahuén strain and used to evaluate the cytokine response, primary and secondary hemostasis during acute T. cruzi infection. When compared with control uninfected animals, orally infected mice presented higher pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6) serum levels. The highest concentrations were obtained concomitantly to the increase of parasitemia, between 14 and 28 days post-infection (dpi). Blood counts in the oral infected group revealed concomitant leukocytosis and thrombocytopenia, the latter resulting in increased bleeding at 21 dpi. Hematological changes paralleled with prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, Factor VIII consumption and increased D-dimer levels, suggest that oral T. cruzi infection relies on disseminated intravascular coagulation. Remarkably, blockade of the IL-6 receptor blunted hematological abnormalities, revealing a critical role of IL-6 in the course of oral infection. These results unravel that acute T. cruzi oral infection results in significant alterations in the hemostatic system and indicates the relevance of the crosstalk between inflammation and hemostasis in this parasitic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Antunes
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Marins-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Tavares Ramos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Barbara Angelica S Mascarenhas
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Désio Aurélio Farias-de-Oliveira
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Q Monteiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Meis
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Labello Barbosa R, Dias VL, Lorosa ES, de Góes Costa E, Pereira KS, Gilioli R, Guaraldo AMA, Passos LAC. Virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi from vector and reservoir in in natura açaí pulp resulting in food-borne acute Chagas disease at Pará State, Brazil. Exp Parasitol 2019; 197:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Ortiz JV, Pereira BVM, Couceiro KDN, Silva MRHDSE, Doria SS, Silva PRLD, Lira EDFD, Guerra MDGVB, Guerra JADO, Ferreira JMBB. Cardiac Evaluation in the Acute Phase of Chagas' Disease with Post-Treatment Evolution in Patients Attended in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol 2019; 112:240-246. [PMID: 30916205 PMCID: PMC6424035 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20190007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past two decades, a new epidemiological profile of Chagas' disease
(CD) has been registered in the Brazilian Amazon where oral transmission has
been indicated as responsible for the increase of acute cases. In the
Amazonas state, five outbreaks of acute CD have been registered since 2004.
The cardiac manifestations in these cases may be characterized by diffuse
myocarditis, with alteration in the electrocardiogram (ECG) and
transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). Objective To perform a cardiac evaluation in autochthonous patients in the acute phase
and at least one year after submitted to treatment for acute CD and evaluate
the demographic variables associated with the presence of cardiac
alterations. Methods We evaluated patients diagnosed with acute CD through direct parasitological
or serological (IgM) methods from 2007 to 2015. These patients were treated
with benznidazole and underwent ECG and TTE before and after treatment. We
assumed a confidence interval of 95% (CI 95%, p < 0.05) for all variables
analyzed. Results We observed 63 cases of an acute CD in which oral transmission corresponded
to 75%. Cardiac alterations were found in 33% of the cases, with a greater
frequency of ventricular repolarization alteration (13%), followed by
pericardial effusion (10%) and right bundle branch block and left anterior
fascicular block (2%). The follow-up occurred in 48 patients with ECG and 25
with TTE for a mean period of 15.5 ± 4.1 months after treatment. Of
these, 8% presented normalization of the cardiac alterations in ECG, 62.5%
remained with the normal exams. All of the patients presented normal results
in TTE in the post-treatment period. As for the demographic variables,
isolated cases presented more cardiac alterations than outbreaks (p = 0.044)
as well as cases from Central Amazonas mesoregion (p = 0.020). Conclusions Although cardiac alterations have not been frequent in most of the studied
population, a continuous evaluation of the clinical-epidemiological dynamics
of the disease in the region is necessary in order to establish preventive
measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Vanina Ortiz
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM - Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brazil
| | | | - Katia do Nascimento Couceiro
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM - Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brazil
| | | | - Susan Smith Doria
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM - Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Augusto de Oliveira Guerra
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM - Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brazil
| | - João Marcos Bemfica Barbosa Ferreira
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM - Brazil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM - Brazil.,Hospital Universitário Francisca Mendes, Manaus, AM - Brazil
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26
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Ferreira RTB, Cabral ML, Martins RS, Araujo PF, da Silva SA, Britto C, Branquinho MR, Cardarelli-Leite P, Moreira OC. Detection and genotyping of Trypanosoma cruzi from açai products commercialized in Rio de Janeiro and Pará, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:233. [PMID: 29636097 PMCID: PMC5894193 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several cases of food-borne acute Chagas disease (ACD) have been reported in the Brazilian Amazon so far. Up to 2004, the occurrence of ACD by oral transmission, associated with food consumption, was rare. Recent cases of ACD in Brazil have been attributed to the consumption of juice from the açai palm containing reservoir animals or insect vectors waste, infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. This study aimed to determine the T. cruzi contamination rate and to genotype the parasite in food samples prepared from açai, which are commercialized in Rio de Janeiro and the Pará States in Brazil. METHODS The amplificability of DNA extracted from açai samples, and T. cruzi and Triatominae detection were performed by conventional PCR. Molecular characterization was done by multilocus PCR analysis, to determine the parasite discrete type units (DTUs) based on the size of PCR products in agarose gels, using the intergenic region of the spliced leader (SL), 24 Sα rDNA and nuclear fragment A10 as targets. RESULTS From the 140 samples of açai-based products analyzed, T. cruzi DNA was detected in 14 samples (10%); triatomine DNA was detected in one of these 14 samples. The parasite genotyping demonstrated that food samples containing açai showed a mixture of T. cruzi DTUs with TcIII, TcV and TcI prevailing. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the molecular detection and identification of T. cruzi from açai-based manufactured food samples, was performed for the first time. Although parasite DNA is a marker of possible contamination during food manufacturing, our findings do not indicate that açai is a source of Chagas disease via oral transmission per se, as live parasites were not investigated. Nevertheless, a molecular approach could be a powerful tool in the epidemiological investigation of outbreaks, supporting previous evidence that açai-based food can be contaminated with T. cruzi. Furthermore, both food quality control and assessment of good manufacturing practices involving açai-based products can be improved, assuring the safety of açai products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Luiza Cabral
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronald Sodré Martins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Finamore Araujo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Alves da Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Constança Britto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Branquinho
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola Cardarelli-Leite
- Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Aysanoa E, Mayor P, Mendoza AP, Zariquiey CM, Morales EA, Pérez JG, Bowler M, Ventocilla JA, González C, Baldeviano GC, Lescano AG. Molecular Epidemiology of Trypanosomatids and Trypanosoma cruzi in Primates from Peru. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:732-742. [PMID: 29098492 PMCID: PMC5818207 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We determined the prevalence rate and risk of infection of Trypanosoma cruzi and other trypanosomatids in Peruvian non-human primates (NHPs) in the wild (n = 126) and in different captive conditions (n = 183). Blood samples were collected on filter paper, FTA cards, or EDTA tubes and tested using a nested PCR protocol targeting the 24Sα rRNA gene. Main risk factors associated with trypanosomatid and T. cruzi infection were genus and the human-animal context (wild vs captive animals). Wild NHPs had higher prevalence of both trypanosomatids (64.3 vs 27.9%, P < 0.001) and T. cruzi (8.7 vs 3.3%, P = 0.057), compared to captive NHPs, suggesting that parasite transmission in NHPs occurs more actively in the sylvatic cycle. In terms of primate family, Pitheciidae had the highest trypanosomatid prevalence (20/22, 90.9%) and Cebidae had the highest T. cruzi prevalence (15/117, 12.8%). T. cruzi and trypanosomatids are common in Peruvian NHPs and could pose a health risk to human and animals that has not been properly studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esar Aysanoa
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Venezuela Ave. Block 36 Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Pedro Mayor
- Departament de Sanitat i Antomia Animals, Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - E Angelo Morales
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Venezuela Ave. Block 36 Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | | | - Mark Bowler
- San Diego Zoo Global, Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Julio A Ventocilla
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Venezuela Ave. Block 36 Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Carlos González
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Servei d' Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Faculty of Veterinary, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Christian Baldeviano
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Venezuela Ave. Block 36 Bellavista, Callao, Peru
| | - Andrés G Lescano
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Venezuela Ave. Block 36 Bellavista, Callao, Peru.
- Emerge, Emerging Diseases and Climate Change Research Unit, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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Brandão E, Romero S, da Silva MAL, Santos FLN. Neglected tropical diseases in Brazilian children and adolescents: data analysis from 2009 to 2013. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:154. [PMID: 29096720 PMCID: PMC5668976 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) prevail in conditions of poverty and contribute to the maintenance of social inequality. Out of the NTDs prioritized by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, four parasitic infections require mandatory notification: acute Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, and schistosomiasis. Data on the behaviour of these NTDs in the young population are currently limited. This study seeks to analyse the epidemiological aspects of these parasitic infections in children and adolescents in Brazil. METHODS A retrospective exploratory ecological study was conducted. A spatial analysis of the cases reported between 2009 and 2013 in individuals aged between 0 and 19 years that were notified through the Health Notification Aggravation Information System (SINAN) was performed. RESULTS In total, 64,567 cases of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, malaria, schistosomiasis, and acute Chagas disease were recorded in the SINAN database, representing a rate of 20.15 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The average age of the cases was 12.2 years and 62.32% were male. Four hundred and three deaths related to these obligatorily reported parasites were recorded, indicating a case fatality rate of 0.62%. Visceral leishmaniasis and acute Chagas disease had the highest rates of lethality. A heterogeneous spatial distribution of the studied parasites was observed. CONCLUSIONS The number of cases and the lethality rate described in this study show that these diseases still represent a serious problem for public health in Brazil. This points to the need to encourage new research and the reformulation of social, economic, and public health policies aimed at ensuring better health and living conditions for all individuals, especially those among the populations considered vulnerable, as is the case of the young.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Brandão
- National Reference Service for Filariasis, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (Fiocruz-PE), Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Sebastián Romero
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe Argentina
| | - Maria Almerice Lopes da Silva
- Laboratory of Communicable Diseases, Parasitology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (Fiocruz-PE), Recife, Pernambuco Brazil
| | - Fred Luciano Neves Santos
- Laboratory of Pathology and Bio-Intervention, Gonçalo Moniz Institute (Fiocruz-BA), Salvador, Bahia Brazil
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29
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de Pádua RA, Kia AM, Costa-Filho AJ, Wilkinson SR, Nonato MC. Characterisation of the fumarate hydratase repertoire in Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Silva-dos-Santos D, Barreto-de-Albuquerque J, Guerra B, Moreira OC, Berbert LR, Ramos MT, Mascarenhas BAS, Britto C, Morrot A, Serra Villa-Verde DM, Garzoni LR, Savino W, Cotta-de-Almeida V, de Meis J. Unraveling Chagas disease transmission through the oral route: Gateways to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and target tissues. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005507. [PMID: 28379959 PMCID: PMC5397068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is the most important route of infection in Brazilian Amazon and Venezuela. Other South American countries have also reported outbreaks associated with food consumption. A recent study showed the importance of parasite contact with oral cavity to induce a highly severe acute disease in mice. However, it remains uncertain the primary site of parasite entry and multiplication due to an oral infection. Here, we evaluated the presence of T. cruzi Dm28c luciferase (Dm28c-luc) parasites in orally infected mice, by bioluminescence and quantitative real-time PCR. In vivo bioluminescent images indicated the nasomaxillary region as the site of parasite invasion in the host, becoming consistently infected throughout the acute phase. At later moments, 7 and 21 days post-infection (dpi), luminescent signal is denser in the thorax, abdomen and genital region, because of parasite dissemination in different tissues. Ex vivo analysis demonstrated that the nasomaxillary region, heart, mandibular lymph nodes, liver, spleen, brain, epididymal fat associated to male sex organs, salivary glands, cheek muscle, mesenteric fat and lymph nodes, stomach, esophagus, small and large intestine are target tissues at latter moments of infection. In the same line, amastigote nests of Dm28c GFP T. cruzi were detected in the nasal cavity of 6 dpi mice. Parasite quantification by real-time qPCR at 7 and 21 dpi showed predominant T. cruzi detection and expansion in mouse nasal cavity. Moreover, T. cruzi DNA was also observed in the mandibular lymph nodes, pituitary gland, heart, liver, small intestine and spleen at 7 dpi, and further, disseminated to other tissues, such as the brain, stomach, esophagus and large intestine at 21 dpi. Our results clearly demonstrated that oral cavity and adjacent compartments is the main target region in oral T. cruzi infection leading to parasite multiplication at the nasal cavity. Oral transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi associated with food/beverage consumption is presently an important route of infection in Brazil and Venezuela. Colombia, Bolivia, Argentina and Ecuador have also reported to have acute cases of Chagas disease transmission through the oral route. Significant studies about this form of T. cruzi infection are largely lacking. In addition to the classic cardiac involvement, orally-infected patient progress to a highly symptomatic disease and increased mortality rate (8–35%), surpassing the calculated mortality produced by the disease resulting from the biting of infected insect vectors (5–10%). Here, we explored by in vivo bioluminescent images, qPCR and fluorescence microscopy the primary site of parasite entry and multiplication in oral infection (OI). Our results clearly demonstrated that the oral cavity is the main T. cruzi target region in OI, leading to parasite multiplication at the nasal cavity and parasite dissemination to the brain and peripheral tissues. Interestingly, facial edema, paraesthesia of the tongue, gingivitis and dry cough were already described in affected patients. These findings might be associated to our present data, which describe for the first time the nasomaxillary region as the main target tissue following oral T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Silva-dos-Santos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bárbara Guerra
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bio-imaging—CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratory on Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Berbert
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Tavares Ramos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Constança Britto
- Laboratory on Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Morrot
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Déa M. Serra Villa-Verde
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ribeiro Garzoni
- Laboratory for Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Meis
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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31
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Berenger JM, Parola P. Arthropod Vectors of Medical Importance. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Klahr JI, Uribe AM, Roa N, González JM. Inmunidad celular en la patogénesis de la cardiopatía chagásica crónica. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rccar.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Barbosa RL, Pereira KS, Dias VL, Schmidt FL, Alves DP, Guaraldo AMA, Passos LAC. Virulence of Trypanosoma cruzi in Açai ( Euterpe oleraceae Martius) Pulp following Mild Heat Treatment. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1807-1812. [PMID: 28221851 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in northern Brazil can be caused by the ingestion of unprocessed açai pulp contaminated with Trypanosoma cruzi . The aim of this study was to determine the minimum thermal process required to inactivate T. cruzi in açai pulp. Trypomastigotes (100,000) of T. cruzi Y strain were added to 0.15 M NaCl or açai pulp and continuously mixed while being heat treated at 37 to 49°C for up to 1 h. When necessary, parasites were separated from açai pulp by forced sieving. Inocula were administrated intraperitoneally in inbred immunodeficient C.B-17-Prkdcscid/Pas Unib mice, and the recipients were monitored for parasitemia and mortality. Mice received prophylactic antibiotic therapy by using cephalexin to prevent bacterial infection from the açai pulp. T. cruzi retained its virulence in 0.15 M NaCl and açai pulp at 44 ± 0.1°C for 10 min and at 43 ± 0.1°C for 20 min, respectively, causing ACD and death in mice up to 24 days after infection. Incubation of açai pulp inoculum above 43°C for 20 min neutralized T. cruzi virulence, thereby preventing ACD and death in murine recipients. The heating of açai pulp above 43°C for 20 min is a practical and effective measure to prevent foodborne ACD caused by T. cruzi .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Labello Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karen Signori Pereira
- Departamento de Engenharia Bioquímica, Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviane Liotti Dias
- Divisão de Pesquisa, Centro Multidisciplinar para Investigação Biológica na Área da Ciência de Animais de Laboratório
| | - Flávio Luis Schmidt
- Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Delma Pegolo Alves
- Divisão de Pesquisa, Centro Multidisciplinar para Investigação Biológica na Área da Ciência de Animais de Laboratório
| | | | - Luiz Augusto Corrêa Passos
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Divisão de Pesquisa, Centro Multidisciplinar para Investigação Biológica na Área da Ciência de Animais de Laboratório
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Cunha F, Tintino SR, Figueredo F, Barros L, Duarte AE, Vega Gomez MC, Coronel CC, Rolón M, Leite N, Sobral-Souza CE, Brito SV, Waczuc EP, Boligon AA, Athayde M, Kamdem JP, Coutinho HDM, Franco J. HPLC-DAD phenolic profile, cytotoxic and anti-kinetoplastidae activity of Melissa officinalis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1664-1670. [PMID: 26864563 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1120320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Melissa officinalis subsp. inodora Bornm. (Lamiaceae) has been used since ancient times in folk medicine against various diseases, but it has not been investigated against protozoa. Objective To evaluate the activities of M. officinalis against Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania infantum and Trypanosoma cruzi as well as its cytotoxicity in fibroblast cell line. Materials and methods The fresh leaves were chopped into 1 cm(2) pieces, washed and macerated with 99.9% of ethanol for 72 h at room temperature. Antiparasitic activity of M. officinalis was accessed by direct counting of cells after serial dilution, while the cytotoxicity of M. officinalis was evaluated in fibroblast cell line (NCTC929) by measuring the reduction of resazurin. The test duration was 24 h. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to characterise the extract. Results The extract at concentrations of 250 and 125 μg/mL inhibited 80.39 and 54.27% of promastigote (LC50 value = 105.78 μg/mL) form of L. infantum, 80.59 and 68.61% of L. brasiliensis (LC50 value = 110.69 μg/mL) and against epimastigote (LC50 value = 245.23 μg/mL) forms of T. cruzi with an inhibition of 54.45 and 22.26%, respectively, was observed. The maximum toxicity was noted at 500 μg/mL with 95.41% (LC50 value = 141.01 μg/mL). The HPLC analysis identified caffeic acid and rutin as the major compounds. Discussion The inhibition of the parasites is considered clinically relevant (< 500 μg/mL). Rutin and caffeic acids may be responsible for the antiprotozoal effect of the extract. Conclusion The ethanol extract of M. officinalis can be considered a potential alternative source of natural products with antileishmania and antitrypanosoma activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cunha
- a Departamento De Química Biológica , Laboratório De Microbiologia E Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional Do Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
- b Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal De Santa Maria - UFSM , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Saulo R Tintino
- a Departamento De Química Biológica , Laboratório De Microbiologia E Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional Do Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
| | - Fernando Figueredo
- a Departamento De Química Biológica , Laboratório De Microbiologia E Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional Do Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
| | - Luiz Barros
- a Departamento De Química Biológica , Laboratório De Microbiologia E Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional Do Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
- b Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal De Santa Maria - UFSM , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Antonia E Duarte
- a Departamento De Química Biológica , Laboratório De Microbiologia E Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional Do Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
- b Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal De Santa Maria - UFSM , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Maria Celeste Vega Gomez
- c Centro Para El Desarrollo De La Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni/Laboratorios Díaz Gill , Asunción , Paraguay
| | - Cathia Cecilia Coronel
- c Centro Para El Desarrollo De La Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni/Laboratorios Díaz Gill , Asunción , Paraguay
| | - Mírian Rolón
- c Centro Para El Desarrollo De La Investigación Científica (CEDIC), Fundación Moisés Bertoni/Laboratorios Díaz Gill , Asunción , Paraguay
| | - Nadghia Leite
- a Departamento De Química Biológica , Laboratório De Microbiologia E Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional Do Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
| | - Celestina E Sobral-Souza
- a Departamento De Química Biológica , Laboratório De Microbiologia E Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional Do Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
| | - S V Brito
- a Departamento De Química Biológica , Laboratório De Microbiologia E Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional Do Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
| | - Emily Pansera Waczuc
- e Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Bioquímica Toxicológica , Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 , Brazil
| | | | | | - Jean Paul Kamdem
- e Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Bioquímica Toxicológica , Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900 , Brazil
- f Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básica da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Porto Alegre , RS CEP 90035-003 , Brazil
| | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- a Departamento De Química Biológica , Laboratório De Microbiologia E Biologia Molecular, Universidade Regional Do Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
| | - Jéferson Franco
- b Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal De Santa Maria - UFSM , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
- d Universidade Federal Dos Pampas , São Gabriel , RS , Brazil
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Cooper C, Clode PL, Peacock C, Thompson RCA. Host-Parasite Relationships and Life Histories of Trypanosomes in Australia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 97:47-109. [PMID: 28325373 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomes constitute a group of flagellate protozoan parasites responsible for a number of important, yet neglected, diseases in both humans and livestock. The most significantly studied include the causative agents of African sleeping sickness (Trypanosoma brucei) and Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi) in humans. Much of our knowledge about trypanosome host-parasite relationships and life histories has come from these two human pathogens. Recent investigations into the diversity and life histories of wildlife trypanosomes in Australia highlight that there exists a great degree of biological and behavioural variation within and between trypanosomes. In addition, the genetic relationships between some Australian trypanosomes show that they are unexpectedly more closely related to species outside Australia than within it. These findings have led to a growing focus on the importance of understanding parasites occurring naturally in wildlife to (1) better document parasite biodiversity, (2) determine evolutionary relationships and degree of host specificity, (3) understand host-parasite interactions and the role of parasites in the natural ecosystem and (4) identify biosecurity issues of emerging disease in both wildlife and human populations. Here we review what is known about the diversity, life histories, host-parasite interactions and evolutionary relationships of trypanosomes in Australian wildlife. In this context, we focus upon the genetic proximity of key Australian species to the pathogenic T. cruzi and discuss similarities in their biology and behaviour that present a potential risk of human disease transmission by Australian vectors and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cooper
- The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - P L Clode
- The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - C Peacock
- The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Subiaco, WA, Australia
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Robertson LJ, Devleesschauwer B, Alarcón de Noya B, Noya González O, Torgerson PR. Trypanosoma cruzi: Time for International Recognition as a Foodborne Parasite. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004656. [PMID: 27253136 PMCID: PMC4890754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J. Robertson
- Parasitology Lab, Section for Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Adamstuen-Campus, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Emerging Pathogens Institute and Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Belkisyolé Alarcón de Noya
- Immunology Section, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Oscar Noya González
- Biohelmintiasis Section, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
- Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria, Instituto de Altos Estudios “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón”, Instituto Nacional de Higiene, MPPS, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Ferreira RTB, Melandre AM, Cabral ML, Branquinho MR, Cardarelli-Leite P. Extraction of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA from food: a contribution to the elucidation of acute Chagas disease outbreaks. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 49:190-5. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0414-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Torgerson PR, Devleesschauwer B, Praet N, Speybroeck N, Willingham AL, Kasuga F, Rokni MB, Zhou XN, Fèvre EM, Sripa B, Gargouri N, Fürst T, Budke CM, Carabin H, Kirk MD, Angulo FJ, Havelaar A, de Silva N. World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 11 Foodborne Parasitic Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001920. [PMID: 26633705 PMCID: PMC4668834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne diseases are globally important, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality. Parasitic diseases often result in high burdens of disease in low and middle income countries and are frequently transmitted to humans via contaminated food. This study presents the first estimates of the global and regional human disease burden of 10 helminth diseases and toxoplasmosis that may be attributed to contaminated food. METHODS AND FINDINGS Data were abstracted from 16 systematic reviews or similar studies published between 2010 and 2015; from 5 disease data bases accessed in 2015; and from 79 reports, 73 of which have been published since 2000, 4 published between 1995 and 2000 and 2 published in 1986 and 1981. These included reports from national surveillance systems, journal articles, and national estimates of foodborne diseases. These data were used to estimate the number of infections, sequelae, deaths, and Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), by age and region for 2010. These parasitic diseases, resulted in 48.4 million cases (95% Uncertainty intervals [UI] of 43.4-79.0 million) and 59,724 (95% UI 48,017-83,616) deaths annually resulting in 8.78 million (95% UI 7.62-12.51 million) DALYs. We estimated that 48% (95% UI 38%-56%) of cases of these parasitic diseases were foodborne, resulting in 76% (95% UI 65%-81%) of the DALYs attributable to these diseases. Overall, foodborne parasitic disease, excluding enteric protozoa, caused an estimated 23.2 million (95% UI 18.2-38.1 million) cases and 45,927 (95% UI 34,763-59,933) deaths annually resulting in an estimated 6.64 million (95% UI 5.61-8.41 million) DALYs. Foodborne Ascaris infection (12.3 million cases, 95% UI 8.29-22.0 million) and foodborne toxoplasmosis (10.3 million cases, 95% UI 7.40-14.9 million) were the most common foodborne parasitic diseases. Human cysticercosis with 2.78 million DALYs (95% UI 2.14-3.61 million), foodborne trematodosis with 2.02 million DALYs (95% UI 1.65-2.48 million) and foodborne toxoplasmosis with 825,000 DALYs (95% UI 561,000-1.26 million) resulted in the highest burdens in terms of DALYs, mainly due to years lived with disability. Foodborne enteric protozoa, reported elsewhere, resulted in an additional 67.2 million illnesses or 492,000 DALYs. Major limitations of our study include often substantial data gaps that had to be filled by imputation and suffer from the uncertainties that surround such models. Due to resource limitations it was also not possible to consider all potentially foodborne parasites (for example Trypanosoma cruzi). CONCLUSIONS Parasites are frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food. These estimates represent an important step forward in understanding the impact of foodborne diseases globally and regionally. The disease burden due to most foodborne parasites is highly focal and results in significant morbidity and mortality among vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Christine M Budke
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hélène Carabin
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Martyn D Kirk
- The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Frederick J Angulo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Arie Havelaar
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,University of Florida, Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Multi-epitope proteins for improved serological detection of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and Chagas Disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 84:191-6. [PMID: 26658314 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that tandem repeat (TR) proteins from Trypanosoma cruzi could serve as targets of the antibody response and be useful as diagnostic indicators. To optimize reagents for detecting T. cruzi infection we evaluated individual TR proteins and identified several that were recognized by the majority of Chagas patient's sera collected from individuals form Brazil. We then produced novel, recombinant fusion proteins to combine the reactive TR proteins into a single diagnostic product. Direct comparison of the antibody response of serum samples that were readily detected by the established fusion antigen used in commercial detection of Chagas disease, TcF, revealed strong responses to TcF43 and TcF26 proteins. While the TcF43 and TcF26 antigens enhanced detection and strength of signal, they did not compromise the specificity of detection compared to that obtained with TcF. Finally, it was apparent by testing against a panel of 84 serum samples assembled on the basis of moderate or weak reactivity against TcF (mostly signal:noise <5) that TcF43 and TcF26 could more strongly detected by many of the sera that had low TcF antibody levels. Taken together, these data indicate that TcF43 and TcF26 could be used to enhance the detection of T. cruzi infection as well as supporting a diagnosis of Chagas disease.
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Thompson CK, Thompson RA. Trypanosomes of Australian Mammals: Knowledge Gaps Regarding Transmission and Biosecurity. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:553-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Jansen AM, Xavier SC, Roque ALR. The multiple and complex and changeable scenarios of the Trypanosoma cruzi transmission cycle in the sylvatic environment. Acta Trop 2015. [PMID: 26200785 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report and discuss the results generated from over 20 years of studies of the Trypanosoma cruzi sylvatic transmission cycle. Our results have uncovered new aspects and reviewed old concepts on issues including reservoirs, true generalist species, association of mammalian species with distinct discrete typing units - DTUs, distribution of T. cruzi genotypes in the wild, mixed infections, and T. cruzi transmission ecology. Using parasitological and serological tests, we examined T. cruzi infection in 7,285 mammalian specimens from nine mammalian orders dispersed all over the Brazilian biomes. The obtained T. cruzi isolates were characterized by mini-exon gene sequence polymorphism and PCR RFLP to identify DTUs. Infection by T. cruzi was detected by serological methods in 20% of the examined animals and isolated from 41% of those infected, corresponding to 8% of all the examined mammals. Each mammal taxon responded uniquely to T. cruzi infection. Didelphis spp. are able to maintain high and long-lasting parasitemias (positive hemocultures) caused by TcI but maintain and rapidly control parasitemias caused by TcII to almost undetectable levels. In contrast, the tamarin species Leontopithecus rosalia and L. chrysomelas maintain long-lasting and high parasitemias caused by TcII similarly to Philander sp. The coati Nasua nasua maintains high parasitemias by both parental T. cruzi DTUs TcI or TcII and by TcII/TcIV (formerly Z3) at detectable levels. Wild and domestic canidae seem to display only a short period of reservoir competence. T. cruzi infection was demonstrated in the wild canid species Cerdocyon thous and Chrysocyon brachyurus, and positive hemoculture was obtained in one hyper carnivore species (Leopardus pardalis), demonstrating that T. cruzi transmission is deeply immersed in the trophic net. T. cruzi DTU distribution in nature did not exhibit any association with a particular biome or habitat. TcI predominates throughout (58% of the T. cruzi isolates); however, in spite of being significantly less frequent (17%), TcII is also widely distributed. Concomitant DTU infection occurred in 16% of infected mammals of all biomes and included arboreal and terrestrial species, as well as bats. TcI/TcII concomitant infection was the most common and widely dispersed, with mixed TcI/TcII infections especially common in coatis and in Didelphimorphia. The second most common pattern of concomitant infection was TcI/TcIV, observed in Chiroptera, Didelphimorphia and Primates. Taken together, our results demonstrate the complexity of T. cruzi reservoir system and its transmission strategies, indicating that there is considerably more to be learned regarding ecology of T. cruzi.
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of quinones derived from natural product komaroviquinone as anti-Trypanosoma cruzi agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2967-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Barreto-de-Albuquerque J, Silva-dos-Santos D, Pérez AR, Berbert LR, de Santana-van-Vliet E, Farias-de-Oliveira DA, Moreira OC, Roggero E, de Carvalho-Pinto CE, Jurberg J, Cotta-de-Almeida V, Bottasso O, Savino W, de Meis J. Trypanosoma cruzi Infection through the Oral Route Promotes a Severe Infection in Mice: New Disease Form from an Old Infection? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003849. [PMID: 26090667 PMCID: PMC4474863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral transmission of Chagas disease has been documented in Latin American countries. Nevertheless, significant studies on the pathophysiology of this form of infection are largely lacking. The few studies investigating oral route infection disregard that inoculation in the oral cavity (Oral infection, OI) or by gavage (Gastrointestinal infection, GI) represent different infection routes, yet both show clear-cut parasitemia and heart parasitism during the acute infection. Herein, BALB/c mice were subjected to acute OI or GI infection using 5x104 culture-derived Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. OI mice displayed higher parasitemia and mortality rates than their GI counterparts. Heart histopathology showed larger areas of infiltration in the GI mice, whereas liver lesions were more severe in the OI animals, accompanied by higher Alanine Transaminase and Aspartate Transaminase serum contents. A differential cytokine pattern was also observed because OI mice presented higher pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF) serum levels than GI animals. Real-time PCR confirmed a higher TNF, IFN-γ, as well as IL-10 expression in the cardiac tissue from the OI group compared with GI. Conversely, TGF-β and IL-17 serum levels were greater in the GI animals. Immunolabeling revealed macrophages as the main tissue source of TNF in infected mice. The high mortality rate observed in the OI mice paralleled the TNF serum rise, with its inhibition by an anti-TNF treatment. Moreover, differences in susceptibility between GIversusOI mice were more clearly related to the host response than to the effect of gastric pH on parasites, since infection in magnesium hydroxide-treated mice showed similar results. Overall, the present study provides conclusive evidence that the initial site of parasite entrance critically affects host immune response and disease outcome. In light of the occurrence of oral Chagas disease outbreaks, our results raise important implications in terms of the current view of the natural disease course and host-parasite relationship. Chagas disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is endemic in Latin America and a neglected tropical disease, which affects 6–7 million people worldwide. Currently, oral transmission is the most frequent pathway of infection in Brazil but also occurs in other endemic countries. This important infection route is underestimated and understudied. Here, we demonstrate that the site of parasite entrance, in the oral cavity (OI), as observed in natural infection, or directly to the gastrointestinal tract (GI), differentially affects the host-immune response and mortality. OI promotes a severe acute disease, elevated parasitemia and TNF mediated mortality. OI showed intense hepatitis and mild heart damage. Interestingly, GI mice presented mild disease, along with less circulating TNF and higher TGF-β and IL-17 serum contents. GI animals showed mild liver damage and intense heart inflammation. Our study is a pioneer work that analyzes the features of two distinct routes of oral infection. In addition, it provides new clues for Chagas pathology and stimulates background for the elucidation of disease features in orally exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Silva-dos-Santos
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Rosa Pérez
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Luiz Ricardo Berbert
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Otacilio C. Moreira
- Laboratory on Molecular Biology and Endemic Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Roggero
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - José Jurberg
- National and International Laboratory on Triatomine Taxonomy, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Cotta-de-Almeida
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Oscar Bottasso
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Wilson Savino
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Meis
- Laboratory on Thymus Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Ramírez-Toloza G, Aguilar-Guzmán L, Valck C, Abello P, Ferreira A. Is it all That Bad When Living with an Intracellular Protozoan? The Role of Trypanosoma cruzi Calreticulin in Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth. Front Oncol 2015; 4:382. [PMID: 25629005 PMCID: PMC4292450 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system protects against disease, but may aberrantly silence immunity against "altered self," with consequent development of malignancies. Among the components of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), important in immunity, is calreticulin (CRT) that, in spite of its residence in the ER, can be translocated to the exterior. Trypanosoma cruzi is the agent of Chagas disease, one of the most important global neglected infections, affecting several hundred thousand people. The syndrome, mainly digestive and circulatory, affects only one-third of those infected. The anti-tumor effects of the infection are known for several decades, but advances in the identification of responsible T. cruzi molecules are scarce. We have shown that T. cruzi CRT (TcCRT) better executes the antiangiogenic and anti-tumor effects of mammal CRT and its N-terminus vasostatin. In this regard, recombinant TcCRT (rTcCRT) and/or its N-terminus inhibit angiogenesis in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. TcCRT also inhibits the growth of murine adenocarcinomas and melanomas. Finally, rTcCRT fully reproduces the anti-tumor effect of T. cruzi infection in mice. Thus, we hypothesize that, the long reported anti-tumor effect of T. cruzi infection is mediated at least in part by TcCRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galia Ramírez-Toloza
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Lorena Aguilar-Guzmán
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Livestock Sciences, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carolina Valck
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Paula Abello
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Arturo Ferreira
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Sangenis LHC, Saraiva RM, Georg I, de Castro L, dos Santos Lima V, Roque ALR, Xavier SCDC, Santos LC, Fernandes FA, Sarquis O, Lima MM, Carvalho-Costa FA, Bóia MN. Autochthonous transmission of Chagas disease in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil: a clinical and eco-epidemiological study. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:4. [PMID: 25566786 PMCID: PMC4297387 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the control of the main modes of Chagas disease (CD) transmission in most endemic countries, it is important to identify the participation of native sylvatic vectors in CD transmission. Although CD is not considered endemic in Rio de Janeiro State (RJ), Brazil, we identified patients with CD born in RJ and investigated the possible autochthonous transmission in the state. METHODS Patients born in RJ and followed in our institution between 1986 and 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. The cases identified as autochthonous transmission were submitted to epidemiological, clinical, serological, parasitological and molecular studies. Sectional field study with serological survey, research of sylvatic reservoirs and vectors was conducted in rural areas where patients were born. RESULTS Among 1963 patients, 69 (3.5%) were born in RJ. From these, 15 (21.7%) were considered to have acquired the infection by autochthonous transmission. Cardiac form was the commonest form of presentation (60%). In rural areas in RJ northern region, sylvatic cycles of Trypanosoma cruzi and domestic invasion by Triatoma vitticeps were identified, and CD prevalence among inhabitants was 0.74%.TcI genotype was identified in sylvatic reservoirs and vectors. The genotype (mixed infection TcI/TcVI) could be identified in one of the autochthonous cases. CONCLUSIONS The autochthonous vectorial transmission of CD occurs in RJ, probably due to wild cycles of T. cruzi and sylvatic vectors, such as T. vitticeps. Therefore, the health authorities should evaluate if RJ should be included in the original endemic area of CD and CD should be included in the diagnostic work out of cardiomyopathy of patients born in RJ. Moreover, control and educational measures should be put into place in the risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Henrique Conde Sangenis
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Roberto Magalhães Saraiva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doença de Chagas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ingebourg Georg
- Laboratório de Imunodiagnóstico, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Liane de Castro
- Laboratório de Farmacocinética, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Valdirene dos Santos Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - André Luiz R Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanossomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Laura Cristina Santos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Fabiano A Fernandes
- Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Otília Sarquis
- Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Marli Maria Lima
- Laboratório de Ecoepidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | - Márcio Neves Bóia
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Desoti VC, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Sudatti DB, Pereira RC, Ueda-Nakamura T, Nakamura CV, de Oliveira Silva S. Additional evidence of the trypanocidal action of (-)-elatol on amastigote forms through the involvement of reactive oxygen species. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4973-83. [PMID: 25257785 PMCID: PMC4178491 DOI: 10.3390/md12094973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas’ disease, a vector-transmitted infectious disease, is caused by the protozoa parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Drugs that are currently available for the treatment of this disease are unsatisfactory, making the search for new chemotherapeutic agents a priority. We recently described the trypanocidal action of (−)-elatol, extracted from the macroalga Laurencia dendroidea. However, nothing has been described about the mechanism of action of this compound on amastigotes that are involved in the chronic phase of Chagas’ disease. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effect of (−)-elatol on the formation of superoxide anions (O2•−), DNA fragmentation, and autophagy in amastigotes of T. cruzi to elucidate the possible mechanism of the trypanocidal action of (−)-elatol. Treatment of the amastigotes with (−)-elatol increased the formation of O2•− at all concentrations of (−)-elatol assayed compared with untreated parasites. Increased fluorescence was observed in parasites treated with (−)-elatol, indicating DNA fragmentation and the formation of autophagic compartments. The results suggest that the trypanocidal action of (−)-elatol might involve the induction of the autophagic and apoptotic death pathways triggered by an imbalance of the parasite’s redox metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Cristina Desoti
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringa, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Danielle Lazarin-Bidóia
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringa, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Daniela Bueno Sudatti
- Department of Marine Biology, Federal Fluminense University, P.O. Box 100644, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24001-970, Brazil.
| | - Renato Crespo Pereira
- Department of Marine Biology, Federal Fluminense University, P.O. Box 100644, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro CEP 24001-970, Brazil.
| | - Tania Ueda-Nakamura
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringa, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringa, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
| | - Sueli de Oliveira Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringa, Colombo Avenue 5790, Maringa, Parana CEP 87020-900, Brazil.
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Aneja KR, Dhiman R, Aggarwal NK, Aneja A. Emerging preservation techniques for controlling spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in fruit juices. Int J Microbiol 2014; 2014:758942. [PMID: 25332721 PMCID: PMC4190135 DOI: 10.1155/2014/758942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit juices are important commodities in the global market providing vast possibilities for new value added products to meet consumer demand for convenience, nutrition, and health. Fruit juices are spoiled primarily due to proliferation of acid tolerant and osmophilic microflora. There is also risk of food borne microbial infections which is associated with the consumption of fruit juices. In order to reduce the incidence of outbreaks, fruit juices are preserved by various techniques. Thermal pasteurization is used commercially by fruit juice industries for the preservation of fruit juices but results in losses of essential nutrients and changes in physicochemical and organoleptic properties. Nonthermal pasteurization methods such as high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric field, and ultrasound and irradiations have also been employed in fruit juices to overcome the negative effects of thermal pasteurization. Some of these techniques have already been commercialized. Some are still in research or pilot scale. Apart from these emerging techniques, preservatives from natural sources have also shown considerable promise for use in some food products. In this review article, spoilage, pathogenic microflora, and food borne outbreaks associated with fruit juices of last two decades are given in one section. In other sections various prevention methods to control the growth of spoilage and pathogenic microflora to increase the shelf life of fruit juices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Rai Aneja
- Vaidyanath Research, Training and Diagnostic Centre, Kurukshetra 136118, India
| | - Romika Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | | | - Ashish Aneja
- University Health Centre, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
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Abstract
American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, is the result of infection by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite. Endemic in Latin America where it is the major cause of death from cardiomyopathy, the impact of the disease is reaching global proportions through migrating populations. New drugs that are safe, efficacious, low cost, and adapted to the field are critically needed. Over the past five years, there has been increased interest in the disease and a surge in activities within various organizations. However, recent clinical trials with azoles, specifically posaconazole and the ravuconazole prodrug E1224, were disappointing, with treatment failure in Chagas patients reaching 70% to 90%, as opposed to 6% to 30% failure for benznidazole-treated patients. The lack of translation from in vitro and in vivo models to the clinic observed for the azoles raises several questions. There is a scientific requirement to review and challenge whether we are indeed using the right tools and decision-making processes to progress compounds forward for the treatment of this disease. New developments in the Chagas field, including new technologies and tools now available, will be discussed, and a redesign of the current screening strategy during the discovery process is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chatelain
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland
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Dias FBS, Quartier M, Diotaiuti L, Mejía G, Harry M, Lima ACL, Davidson R, Mertens F, Lucotte M, Romaña CA. Ecology of Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927 (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) in Attalea palm trees of the Tapajós River Region (Pará State, Brazilian Amazon). Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:154. [PMID: 24690302 PMCID: PMC3974420 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rising number of acute cases of Chagas disease in the State of Pará, reported in the past two decades, has been associated, in part, with the ingestion of juice of local palm tree fruits, mainly açaí berry and bacaba. Near the study area, in Santarém, Pará State, an outbreak of Chagas disease has been notified and investigations suggest the consumption of bacaba juice as the main source of infection with T. cruzi. The purpose of this study is to assess the aspects associated to the ecology of Rhodnius robustus in palm trees of three communities of the Tapajós region, in the State of Pará, Brazil. METHODS Palm trees were cut down and dissected to search for triatomines. DNA from triatomines was extracted to investigate natural infection by Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli. For statistical analyzes, data from infestation of palm trees, as well as the rates of natural infection by T. cruzi and T. rangeli were compared by Chi-square test. Triatomine density values were analyzed by the nonparametric Kruskal Wallis test and then comparisons between each pair of variables were made by the Mann-Whitney test assuming a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS We dissected 136 palm trees, 60 at the end of the rainy period and 76 at the end of the dry period. Seventy-three of them (53.7%) were infested with triatomines and three species were found, namely: Rhodnius robustus, Rhodnius pictipes and Panstrongylus lignarius. We collected 743 triatomines, and R. robustus was predominant (n = 739). The identification of natural infection of the insects by trypanosomatids revealed that 125 triatomines were infected by T. cruzi, 69 by T. rangeli and 14 presented both parasites, indicating the presence of mixed infection in the same vector. CONCLUSION The results suggest that São Tomé is the community with greater density of triatomines and infestation of palm trees; also, it demonstrates the existence of an intense sylvatic cycle in the region, which demands intensive surveillance to prevent human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Braga Stehling Dias
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Av Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30190-002, Brazil
- LEGS, Laboratoire Evolution Génome et Spéciation UPR 9034, DEEIT - Diversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Insectes Tropicaux, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bâtiment 13, Boîte Postale, 191198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marion Quartier
- LEGS, Laboratoire Evolution Génome et Spéciation UPR 9034, DEEIT - Diversité, Ecologie et Evolution des Insectes Tropicaux, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, Bâtiment 13, Boîte Postale, 191198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Evolution des Parasites, Institut de Biologie, Université de Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Liléia Diotaiuti
- Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Centro de Pesquisa René Rachou, Av Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Guy Mejía
- Centro de Investigaciones Médicas - CIBM, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Carrera 59 No. 59-92, A.A. 50595, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Myriam Harry
- LEGS, UPR9034 CNRS-IRD-Paris Sud, Av de la Terasse, BP1, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette/Université Paris Sud, UFR de Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Anna Carolina Lustosa Lima
- Centro de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia, Rua Juramento, 1464, Unidade Antônio Mourão, 3º andar Saudade, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 30.285-000, Brazil
| | - Robert Davidson
- GÉOTOP & Institut des Sciences de l’Environnement, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, succ. Centre-Ville, H3C 3P8 Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Biodôme de Montréal, Canada, 4777, Avenue Pierre-De Coubertin, Montréal H1V 1B3, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Mertens
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro - L3 Norte / Gleba A, Bloco C, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Marc Lucotte
- Biodôme de Montréal, Canada, 4777, Avenue Pierre-De Coubertin, Montréal H1V 1B3, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine A Romaña
- Université Paris Descartes/PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité. 19 rue de Dantzig, Paris 75015, France
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50
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Oliveira I, Torrico F, Muñoz J, Gascon J. Congenital transmission of Chagas disease: a clinical approach. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 8:945-56. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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