Staining of a Conventional and a Nanofilled Composite Resin Exposed in vitro to Liquid Ingested by Children

Effects of Different Anti-Epileptic Drug Groups and Brushing on the Color Stability of Restorative Materials Used in Pedodontics: An In Vitro Evaluation

OBJECTIVES

This study will evaluate the effects of anti-epileptic drugs and brushing used in children on the color change of three restorative materials by creating an in vitro study model.

METHODS

Forty samples of polyacid-modified composite resin (compomer), glass ionomer cement (GIC), and composite resin (CR) were prepared. Samples were split into four groups (n = 10) and soaked in three anti-epileptic drugs (Tegretol, Depakine, Keppra) and distilled water. For each group (n = 5), two subgroups (brushing and non-brushing) were created. Discolorations [CIEDE2000 (ΔE00)] were determined initially and on days 7 and 14. The data were analyzed with a four-factor repeated measures ANOVA analysis, and a post hoc analysis Bonferroni test was used.

RESULTS

After the second week, the highest ΔE00 value was seen in the non-brushed compomer material in the Tegretol drug group (8.59 ± 0.43). In contrast, the lowest value was seen in GIC filling material-brushing-Depakine drug (3.45 ± 2.14). ΔE00 values in the brushing groups were statistically significantly lower than those in the no brushing groups (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

It has been determined that the color stability of aesthetic restorative dental materials used in pediatric dentistry is affected by antiepileptic drugs. In addition, it has been determined that tooth brushing positively affects the color stability of restorative materials. Therefore, pediatric dentists should advise their patients and their relatives about this issue and take precautions.

Evaluating the color stability of 3D-printed resins against various solutions

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different solutions on the optical behavior of two types of 3D-printed resin (Detax and Asiga). The samples were randomly divided into 4 groups of cola, orange juice, tea and artificial saliva (control group) in the form of 14 x 10 mm blocks with a thickness of 1.5 ± 0.3 mm (10 samples in each group). By spectrophotometric device, the color of the examined samples was recorded in the CIE system and in three parameters *L (brightness), a* (red-green) and b* (blue-yellow) as the initial record. The color difference of the samples was recorded on 7 and 30 days after immersion as a secondary record. After that, using the formula, the color difference (ΔE) were calculated. T-test also was used to analyze the data. There was no significant difference between the amount of ΔE on 7th and 30th days after exposure to artificial saliva and cola and on 7th days after exposure to orange juice and tea. But on the 30th day, a significant difference was found in orange juice and tea drinks (p<0.05), so that the value of ΔE in Asiga printer was lower than Detax. ΔE changes in orange juice solution were more than other drinks. On the 30th day of immersion in tea drinks and orange juice, Asiga printer had significantly less color difference than Detax printer.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Effect of Different Beverages on Colour Stability and Surface Micromorphology of Nanocomposite Restorative Material

AIM

This investigation was carried out to evaluate the color stability of a nanocomposite restorative material and the erosive potential of carbonated soft drinks (Coca-Cola; The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, Georgia, United States) and packaged orange juice (Real Fruit Power Orange; Dabur Ltd, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India) on its surface micromorphology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty discs (2mm thick and 10mm diameter) of nanocomposite material (Herculite Précis; KaVo Kerr, Brea, California, United States) were prepared using a silicon cylindrical mold. Initially, all the specimens were stored in artificial saliva in five Petri dishes; 12 specimens in each dish. In the Petri dishes, the specimens were immersed in the respective beverages once or twice a day. Before and after each immersion, the specimens were stored in artificial saliva at room temperature. Artificial saliva was changed each day, i.e., every 24 hours. The whole procedure was carried out for three months and then evaluated for color stability using a spectrophotometer and surface micromorphology using a scanning electron microscope. Now, the exposure of specimens to aerated drinks (Coca-Cola) and packaged orange juice (Real Orange) was put to a halt, and specimens were kept continuously in artificial saliva. This procedure was carried out for one month and then evaluated for color stability. The information was analyzed using PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0 (Released 2009; SPSS Inc., Chicago, United States). A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

The p-value after three months, which is < 0.001 (p<0.05) indicates that the mean color difference values for groups I, II, III, IV, and V show a statistically significant change between the five groups, and similarly, the p-value after one month, which is < 0.001 (p<0.05) indicates that the mean color difference values for groups I, II, III, IV, and V show a statistically significant change between the five groups. Specimens immersed in the carbonated drink twice a day showed clinically more color change than packaged orange juice and artificial saliva on the composite restorative material. Coca-Cola, an aerated drink, was shown to have a higher erosive potential on the composite restorative material than Real Fruit Power Orange and fake saliva.

CONCLUSION

The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that repeated exposure to carbonated beverages (such as Coca-Cola and packaged juice) degrades the surface qualities of dental restorations.

Comparative Evaluation of Colour Stability and Surface Roughness of Nanohybrid Composite Resins in Mouth Rinse and Colouring Beverages

Objectives An ideal restorative material should be capable of supplanting the biological, functional, and aesthetic qualities of a healthy tooth structure. There has always been a search for optimal and aesthetically pleasing restorative materials. This study aims to evaluate the surface roughness and colour stability of three nanohybrid composite resins post-exposure to mouth rinse and colouring beverages. Methods One hundred and twenty specimens of dimension 10 mm x 8 mm x 1 mm were randomly allocated into three equal-sized groups and fabricated using three different nanohybrid composites (Group A: Filtek Z250 XT, Group B: Tetric N-Ceram, and Group C: Solare Sculpt). Sixty samples, comprising 20 from each group, were examined for colour stability and 60 for surface roughness after exposure to chlorhexidine and coffee. Baseline and post-exposure readings of the surface roughness and colour absorbance of the specimens were obtained by atomic force microscopy and spectrophotometer, respectively. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by a post hoc Tukey's test and an independent t-test were used for data analysis, considering a p-value<0.05 as significant. Results Irrespective of the composite, the surface roughness and colour change were substantially higher in the samples exposed to coffee (p-value<0.01). Filtek Z 250XT showed significantly minor changes in colour and surface roughness, followed by Solare Sculpt and Tetric N-Ceram (p-value<0.05). Conclusion Coffee caused more surface roughness and colour changes compared to chlorhexidine. Filtek 250 XT showed minor changes in colour and surface roughness on exposure to both solutions.

Color stability of resin-based composites: Staining procedures with liquids-A narrative review

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to review the experimental staining procedures performed in in-vitro studies for evaluating color stability of resin-based composites used for direct restorations.

OVERVIEW

A review was performed with the purpose to identify in vitro procedures carried out to establish staining and color stability of resin-based composites used for direct restorations. A literature search was performed on four online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science) for articles published from January 1st 2001 till March 20th 2021, using a combination of free words and Medical Subject Headings (MESH) terms: "Composite Resins" AND "Color Stability" OR "Staining." Two reviewers screened titles and/or abstracts of 1728 unique studies. In total, 208 studies were selected for full-text reading, from which 178 were included in the review. The assessed variables were specimen dimensions, shape, and surface finishing; time before immersion; staining media type, dwell time, temperature and renewal interval; type of composite; color and translucency assessment parameters and measuring system. One hundred and seventy-eight articles analyzed color stability with staining liquids. Coffee was the most used staining medium (n = 102), followed by tea (n = 61), and red wine (n = 55). A disc-shaped specimen was used in most studies (n = 170) with a 2 mm thickness (n = 116). Spectrophotometers were the most used color assessment devices (n = 154), followed by colorimeters (n = 17). Color differences were quantified with ΔE (n = 154), ΔE00 (n = 23). Acceptability and or perceptibility thresholds were also taken into consideration (n = 126).

CONCLUSIONS

The large variety of staining procedure suggests the need for standardization.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Aesthetic failure due to discoloration is a relevant clinical problem. Evaluating benefits and drawbacks of resin based composites artificial staining procedures will improve to predict materials clinical performances.

Effect of Two Whitening Toothpastes on Composite Resin Restorations Discolored by 0.2% Chlorhexidine Mouthwash

Objectives: This study compared the effect of two whitening toothpastes on composite specimens discolored with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four composite specimens were fabricated from Charisma Diamond composite resin. The initial color of specimens was measured according to the CIE L*a*b* color system using a spectrophotometer. The specimens were immersed in 0.2% CHX twice a day for 1 minute each time, for 2 weeks. The color of specimens was measured again, and the specimens were assigned to three groups (n=8). The control group specimens were immersed in distilled water. The two test group specimens were brushed twice daily for 21 days with Oral B toothbrush and Signal White Now and Crest 3D White whitening toothpastes each time for 30 seconds. The color of specimens was measured again. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and t-test. Results: CHX increased the a, b, and L color parameters in all groups. There were no significant differences in ΔL (P=0.10), Δa (P=0.24), and Δb (P=0.07) among the study groups. The a, b, and L parameters decreased after brushing the specimens discolored with 0.2% CHX with the whitening toothpastes. There were significant differences in ΔL (P=0.03), Δa (P=0.02), and Δb (P=0.01) among the three study groups after using the whitening toothpastes. The highest ΔL, Δa, Δb, and ΔE values were recorded in Crest 3D White group, followed by Signal White Now group. Conclusion: Crest 3D White whitening toothpaste had higher efficacy to resume the original color of composite specimens discolored with 0.2% CHX.

An experimental study on the effect of four pediatric drug types on color stability in different tooth-colored restorative materials

Background

One of the drawbacks of tooth-colored dental restorations is their discoloration over time. The present study aimed to determine the effect of four categories of pediatric medications, including analgesics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and multivitamins, on two types of tooth-colored dental materials, namely, composite resins and glass ionomer cements.

Materials and Methods

In this in vitro study, a total of 40 specimens with disc shapes (with a diameter of 5 mm and thickness of 2 mm) were prepared from each material and immersed in eight different drugs for 2 min three times a day for 1 week. The values of the baseline color were calculated based on the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) L*a*b* system. After 7 days, ΔE values were calculated. Two-way analysis of variance was employed for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was defined at 0.05.

Results

Statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between ΔE and different restorative materials as well as ΔE and drug types (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

According to the results of this in vitro study, all the four types of drugs caused the discoloration in all the restorative materials, and the color change values were affected by the type of used drug and restorative material.

Color Stability and Micro-Hardness of Bulk-Fill Composite Materials after Exposure to Common Beverages

Objectives: To assess the color stability and surface microhardness of Bulk-Fill composite materials available in the Saudi Arabia market. Methods: Five composite materials (Filtek Z350, Filtek Bulk-Fill, Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill, Sonic Fill 2, and SDR) were investigated. Samples (n = 20; 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness) were fabricated using a stainless-steel mold and were immersed in tea, coffee, berry juice, and distilled water (control). Baseline (T₀) shades of specimens were recorded using a spectrophotometer and after 10 (T₁), 30 (T₂), 60 (T₃), and 90 days (T₄) of immersion. Measurements were obtained against a black background and CIE L*a*b* data was used to calculate ΔE for each group. Vickers microhardness values were obtained at T₀ and T₄. Data was analyzed using mixed model repeated measure ANOVA at 0.05 significance level. Results: Time, material, and solution effects have statistically significant effect on ΔE. Tea was the most staining solution. Z350 was associated with the highest ΔE values while SDR showed the lowest values. No other materials showed significant difference between each other. Solutions were statistically different from each other. All materials were different from each other regarding microhardness. Conclusion: Bulk-Fill materials showed more color stability but lower microhardness values compared to universal resin control.

Color stability of Lucirin-photo-activated resin composite after immersion in different staining solutions: a spectrophotometric study

INTRODUCTION

Exceptional optical properties characterize teeth. As such, an esthetic restorative material should enable the dental professional to imitate the optical properties of natural teeth accurately. IPS Empress Direct was introduced to the market with the claim that it can mimic optically dental tissues with superior clinical performance.

AIM

To evaluate the ability of IPS Empress Direct to mimic tooth appearance and color and resist staining.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Three disc specimens were prepared for each shade of enamel and dentin of Lucirin-based composite, IPS Empress Direct (Ivoclar Vivadent) (A1, A2, A3, B1, and B2) (total of 60). The specimens were submitted to colorimetric evaluation in comparison after immersion in 10 different solutions (coffee, coffee with sugar, coffee with milk, red tea, red tea with sugar, red tea with milk, tomato juice, pomegranate juice, coke, and distilled water as a control group) for 4 weeks using spectrophotometric analysis.

RESULTS

After plotting the data and conducting linear regression analyses, IPS Empress showed high potential in mimicking the optical properties of natural tooth color according to the CIE color space. Three solutions showed a change in color higher than 3, coffee, coffee with sugar, and red tea. All other solution showed changes in color that are acceptable clinically.

CONCLUSION

IPS Empress Direct can satisfactory mimic teeth appearance and color while manifesting high stability of color resisting staining upon clinical aging.

Resin Nanoceramic CAD/CAM Restoration of the Primary Molar: 3-Year Follow-Up Study

This case report presents the clinical use of a resin nanoceramic CAD/CAM restoration of a primary second molar without successor in the form of a permanent second premolar tooth in a patient. Three-year follow-up of the case revealed that resin nanoceramic CAD/CAM restoration of the primary molar without successor achieved both aesthetics and function. Despite the high cost of treatment, this type of restoration should be considered if the retained tooth is expected to maintain functionality over the long term.

Effects of Different Pediatric Drugs on the Color Stability of Various Restorative Materials Applicable in Pediatric Dentistry

Background. The chronic recommendation of pediatric drugs could exhibit erosive and cariogenic problems. Objective. To evaluate the effects of different pediatric drugs on the color stability of various restorative materials. Methods. Five specimens (1 mm × 3 mm) were prepared and immersed in ten different pediatric drugs and agitated every 8 hours daily for 2 min up to 1 week. Between immersion periods, the samples were stored in artificial saliva. After 1-week period, ΔE^⁎ values were calculated. Two-way ANOVA and Fisher's LSD test were used for statistical analysis at a level of p < 0.05. Results. ΔE^⁎ values were only significantly influenced by restorative material factor (p < 0.001) and varied in the range of 2.08 and 6.55 units for all drugs/restorative materials. The highest ΔE^⁎ was found in Ferrosanol B-composite (6.55 ± 1.38) and the lowest one was found in Dolven-glass ionomer (2.08 ± 0.40) pairwise. The most prominent ΔE^⁎ value elevations were obtained in composite material compared to the compomer and/or glass ionomers in Macrol, Ferrosanol B, and Ventolin (p < 0.001; for all) and also for other drugs (p < 0.05). Dolven exhibited significantly higher values compared to Augmentin (p = 0.021), Macrol (p = 0.018), and Ventolin (p = 0.013) in compomer group. Conclusion. The clinically perceptible color changes for tested composite/pediatric drug pairwise can be more problematic than compomer and glass ionomers in pediatric dentistry.

Color Stability Assessment of Two Different Composite Resins with Variable Immersion Time Using Various Beverages: An In vitro Study

Purpose of the Study:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the difference in the color of microhybrid (MH) and nanofilled (NF) composite resins after 24 and 48 h in beverages such as red wine (RW), Coca-Cola, and distilled water. The specific objective of this study was to investigate the cumulative effect of the colorant solutions on the dental composites.

Materials and Methods:

MH and NF composite resins (A2 shade) were used in this current study. Sixty disk-shaped material specimens (10 mm in diameter × 2 mm in thickness) were prepared using a fiber mold (ring), with the desired dimensions. The specimen surfaces were polished using super-snap polishing system. Sixty specimens were divided into two groups of 30 each (Group I: MH resin composite; Group II: NF resin composite). Both the groups divided into six subgroups (Subgroup I: RW for 24 h [RW-24]; Subgroup II: RW for 48 h; Subgroup III: Coca-Cola for 24 h [CC-24]; Subgroup IV: Coca-Cola for 48 h [CC-48]; Subgroup V: Distilled water for 24 h [DW-24]; Subgroup VI: Distilled water for 48 h [DW-48]). All the samples were immersed in respective drinks for a period of 24 h, and color differences were measured using ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Once again, all the samples were immersed for another 24 h in the same drinks. After 48 h, the color change of the samples was measured. Measurements were made according to the CIE L × a × b × color space relative to the CIE standard illuminant D65. The color changes of the specimens were evaluated using the following formula: Statistical analysis was performed. The data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and t-test at a significance level of 0.05.

Conclusion:

Color stability of MH composite resin was found to be inferior than the NF resin composite irrespective of immersion medium and time. In RW, the color change observed was maximum for both composite resins followed by Coca-Cola. Immersing the resin composites in distilled water for 24 and 48 h had negligible color change. A 48-h immersion of both composite resins in all three immersion mediums showed greater color change than 24 h immersion.

Effect of Ingested Liquids on Color Change of Composite Resins

OBJECTIVES

Color change of composite restorations is well known to dentists. However, the effect of commonly consumed drinks on discoloration of composite resins has yet to be determined. This study sought to assess the color change of a nanofilled (Premise) and a flowable composite resin (Premise flowable) following simulated consumption of tea, cola, iron drops and multivitamin syrup.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty disk-shaped specimens (7 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick) were fabricated from each composite resin. The baseline color values were measured according to the CIE L*a*b* system using digital imaging. The specimens of each restorative material were randomly divided into five groups (eight each) according to the storage media namely tea, cola, iron drops, multivitamin syrup or distilled water (control). The specimens were immersed in staining solutions for three hours daily over a 40-day test period. Following this, the color change values (ΔE*) were calculated. For statistical analyses, the color differences were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (P< 0.05).

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in ΔE* values between the two types of composite resins (P>0.05). In both composite materials, the difference among the solutions was not significant (P>0.05).

CONCLUSION

Under the tested experimental conditions, both restorative materials were susceptible to discoloration by all four staining solutions. The color change values were not related to the solution or the type of material used.

Evaluation of the shear bond strength of nanocomposite on carious and sound deciduous dentin

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength of conventional composites with nanocomposites in carious and sound deciduous dentin with the use of self-etching adhesive.

Methodology: Human primary molars were ground to obtain flat dentin surfaces and divided into two groups: Carious dentin and sound dentin group. The carious teeth specimens were prepared by removing infected dentin and area with affected dentin was used for bonding composite. Teeth with carious and sound dentin were subdivided in two groups (n = 15) based on the type of the composite into conventional composite group and nanocomposite group. The composite was bonded to the teeth with self-etching adhesive. All the bonded specimens were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C before shear bond testing. Independent t-test and analysis of variance were applied to the results.

Results: The results indicated that the nanocomposite offered significantly higher bond strength compared to conventional composite. In addition presence of affected dentin significantly reduced the bond strength of both the composite types.

How to cite this article: Deshmukh S, Nandlal B. Evaluation of the Shear Bond Strength of Nanocomposite on Carious and Sound Deciduous Dentin. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012;5(1): 25-28.