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Wang Z, Wu L, Dong P, Wang Q, Sun X, Liu L, Guo Y, Sun Y, Shu T. Meta-Analysis of the Association Between 5-Hydroxytryptamine Transporter Gene-Linked Polymorphic Region and Functional Dyspepsia and its Subtypes. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2023; 27:100-108. [PMID: 36989523 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2022.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Association studies of variations in the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and functional dyspepsia (FD) have yielded contradictory results. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to clarify inconsistencies between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with FD and it subtypes. Methods: We performed a literature search in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and CNKI, including articles published until March 2022. We calculated and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in Stata 15.0. Data extraction was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Results: The meta-analysis included six studies, comprising 488 cases and 1513 healthy controls. We did not observe a significant association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and FD in the overall population. In subgroup analyses, the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was significantly associated with FD-subtype epigastric pain syndrome (EPS) (SS vs. LL+LS, OR = 0.620, 95% CI: 0.414-0.930; SS vs. LS, OR = 0.640, 95% CI: 0.417-0.980; S vs. L, OR = 0.655, 95% CI: 0.471-0.911). However, no association was observed with the other subtype, postprandial distress syndrome (PDS). Conclusion: While the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism had no relationship with FD overall, splitting the disease into its subtypes revealed a clear association with EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Wang
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Liping Wu
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiwen Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Sun
- School of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Medical Research Center, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Second Chengdu Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanbiao Guo
- Medical Research Center, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Second Chengdu Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yueshan Sun
- Medical Research Center, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Second Chengdu Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, the Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
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Xiao QY, Fang XC, Li XQ, Fei GJ. Ethnic differences in genetic polymorphism associated with irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2049-2063. [PMID: 32536774 PMCID: PMC7267697 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i17.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphism is associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in terms of susceptibility and clinical manifestations. Previous studies have shown that genetic polymorphism might play a key role in the onset and progression of IBS by modulating components of its pathogenesis such as the gut-brain axis, gastrointestinal motility, inflammatory activity, and immune status. Although underlying pathophysiological mechanisms have not been fully clarified, the potential ethnic differences that are present in worldwide genetic studies of IBS deserve attention. This review surveyed numerous studies focusing on IBS-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms, and investigated the ethnic disparities revealed by them. The results demonstrate the need for more attention on ethnic factors in IBS-related genetic studies. Taking ethnic backgrounds into accounts and placing emphasis on disparities potentially ascribed to ethnicity could help lay a solid and generalized foundation for transcultural, multi-ethnic, or secondary analyses in IBS, for example, a meta-analysis. Broader genetic studies considering ethnic factors are greatly needed to obtain a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of IBS and to improve the prevention, intervention, and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yun Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiu-Cai Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Gui-Jun Fei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Jiang D, Huang D, Cai W, Li T, Wang Y, Chen H, Guan T, Ma X. G protein beta 3( GNβ3) C825T polymorphism and irritable bowel syndrome susceptibility: an updated meta-analysis based on eleven case-control studies. Oncotarget 2017; 9:2770-2781. [PMID: 29416810 PMCID: PMC5788678 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported an association between GNβ3 C825T polymorphism and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the results remain inconclusive and controversial, particularly for the data derived from different ethnicities and IBS subtypes. Therefore, we performed an updated meta-analysis to evaluate this association. All eligible case-control studies that met the search criteria were retrieved from multiple databases, and eleven case-control studies were included for detailed evaluation. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated to assess the strengths of the association between GNβ3 C825T polymorphism and susceptibility to IBS and its subtypes. Our meta-analysis found no significantly associations of GNβ3 C825T polymorphism with IBS risk in all populations. Whereas the C allele was demonstrated to be a decreased risk factor for constipation predominant IBS (IBS-C) in allele model. Additionally, the CC genotype was found to be associated with increased diarrhea predominant IBS (IBS-D) risk in recessive model. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity revealed that these associations held true for the Asian subpopulation. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests the C allele of GNβ3 C825T might be associated with a decreased risk of IBS-C, and the CC genotype of GNβ3 might be associated with increased IBS-D risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524001, China
| | - Dong Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524001, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524001, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524001, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524001, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524001, China
| | - Huayan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524001, China
| | - Tangming Guan
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524001, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524001, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524001, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524001, China
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Triantafyllou K, Kourikou A, Gazouli M, Karamanolis GP, Dimitriadis GD. Functional dyspepsia susceptibility is related to CD14, GNB3, MIF, and TRPV1 gene polymorphisms in the Greek population. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29. [PMID: 27430937 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD) susceptibility might be influenced by polymorphisms of genes related to inflammation (CD14, macrophage migration inhibitory factor [MIF]), motor (GNB3), and sensory dysfunction (GNB3, TRPV1). We examined the association between CD14 rs2569190, GNB3 rs5443, MIF rs222747, and TRPV1 rs755622 gene polymorphisms with FD (Rome III criteria) in the Greek population. METHODS We genotyped 174 dyspeptics (115 with epigastric pain syndrome; 41% Helicobacter pylori positive) and 181 controls using polymerase chain reaction-based methods and we measured disease symptoms' burden with a modified Gastrointestinal Symptoms Related Scale. KEY RESULTS Homozygous for the TT genotype and the T allele of the CD14 gene were significantly associated (OR [95% CI]) with FD (2.65 [1.42-4.94] and 1.67 [1.23-2.26], respectively). The CT, TT genotypes, and T allele frequencies of GNB3 showed also significant association with FD (2.18 [1.35-3.54], 3.46 [1.30-9.23], and 2.18 [1.48-3.19]). While heterozygous GC MIF genotype was more common in dyspeptics (1.67 [1.07-2.60]), homozygous CC genotype and the C allele of TRPV1 gene were more prevalent in controls (0.47 [0.25-0.87] and 0.69 [0.51-0.92], respectively). None of the gene polymorphism was related either to dyspepsia clinical syndrome type or to the H. pylori infection. Among dyspeptics, CD14 TT genotype was related to lower epigastric pain burden score (p<.011); CD14 CT genotype was related to higher epigastric burning and nausea burden scores (p<.04) while belching score was lower (p=.027) in MIF CG dyspeptics. CONCLUSION & INFERENCES Functional dyspepsia susceptibility is related to CD14, GNB3, MIF, and TRPV1 gene polymorphisms, while CD14 and MIF gene variants are also associated with dyspepsia symptoms burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Research institute and Diabetes Center, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - A Kourikou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Research institute and Diabetes Center, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - M Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - G P Karamanolis
- Academic Department of Gastroenterology, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
| | - G D Dimitriadis
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Research institute and Diabetes Center, Attikon University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University, Athens, Greece
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Singh R, Mittal B, Ghoshal UC. Functional dyspepsia is associated with GNβ3 C825T and CCK-AR T/C polymorphism. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 28:226-32. [PMID: 26551933 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A polymorphism (C825T) in G-protein β polypeptide-3 (GNβ3) gene alters intracellular signal transduction, which may cause motor or sensory abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract. Cholecystokinin-A receptor (CCK-AR) gene T/C polymorphism is associated with a defective splicing of the primary transcript of CCK-AR mRNA, which may modulate satiety signal and delay gastric emptying. Therefore, we evaluated the role of these polymorphisms in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) as compared with healthy controls (HC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 237 consecutive patients with FD (Rome III) and 250 HC were genotyped for GNβ3 C825T and CCK-AR T/C polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS Patients with FD [173 (73%) men, age: 38 ± 12 years] were comparable with HC [195 (78%) men, age: 37 ± 12 years] with respect to age and sex. Out of 237 patients, 26 (11%) had epigastric pain syndrome (EPS), 55 (23.2%) had postprandial distress syndrome (PDS), and 156 (65.8%) had EPS-PDS overlap. Among 237 patients with FD, TT genotype (associated with increased intracellular signal transduction) of GNβ3 C825T polymorphism was more common among patients than among HC [26 (11%) vs. 12 (4.8%), P=0.014; odds ratio (OR): 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-5.1]. CC (variant) genotype of CCK-AR T/C polymorphism was infrequent among patients than among HC [19 (8%) vs. 46 (18.4%), P=0.001; OR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.19-0.66]. However, these polymorphisms were comparable among patients with different subtypes of FD (P=0.80 and 0.44). CONCLUSION TT genotype of GNβ3 C825T is more common among patients with FD than among HC, suggesting that increased signal transduction associated with this genotype may be important in its pathophysiology. However, CCK-AR polymorphism is protective against FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Singh
- Departments of aGastroenterology bGenetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Martinucci I, Blandizzi C, de Bortoli N, Bellini M, Antonioli L, Tuccori M, Fornai M, Marchi S, Colucci R. Genetics and pharmacogenetics of aminergic transmitter pathways in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 16:523-39. [PMID: 25916523 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are highly prevalent syndromes, without evident underlying organic causes. Their pathogenesis is multifactorial in nature, with a combination of environmental and genetic factors contributing to their clinical manifestations, for which most of current treatments are not satisfactory. It is acknowledged that amine mediators (noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin) play pivotal regulatory actions on gut functions and visceral sensation. In addition, drugs of therapeutic interest for FGIDs act on these transmitter pathways. The present article reviews current knowledge on the impact of genetics and pharmacogenetics of aminergic pathways on FGID pathophysiology, clinical presentations, symptom severity and medical management, in an attempt of highlighting the most relevant evidence and point out issues that should be addressed in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martinucci
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research & New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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Song YZ, You HY, Zhu ZH, Wen ZD, Xu HY, Chen BC, Chen ZJ, Huang QK. The C825T Polymorphism of the G-Protein β3 Gene as a Risk Factor for Functional Dyspepsia: A Meta-Analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2016:5037254. [PMID: 27057160 PMCID: PMC4736015 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5037254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a functional upper gastrointestinal disorder with significant morbidity and medical costs. Previous studies investigated the association of G-protein β3 (GNB3) genetic polymorphisms with FD but with inconsistent results. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to derive a precise estimation of the relationship between GNB3 polymorphisms and FD. Methods. We searched different databases including PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, and the Ovid Library to gather eligible studies on GNB3 polymorphisms and FD. The association was assessed by the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results. We identified 12 studies with 1109 cases and 2853 controls for the analysis. We found no associations of GNB3 C825T polymorphism with FD in the overall population (T versus C, OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.96-1.18, P = 0.26; TT versus CC + CT, OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.97-1.39, P = 0.11; TT + CT versus CC, OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.77-1.31, P = 0.96; TT versus CC, OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.93-1.44, P = 0.20). Subgroup analyses by genotyping method indicated that the magnitude of association was strengthened for additive model (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.07-2.24, P = 0.02). Sensitivity analysis did not reveal significant associations under all models. Conclusions. This meta-analysis demonstrates that GNB3 C825T polymorphism may not be a risk factor for FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zuo Song
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - He-Yi You
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Zhe-Hui Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Zheng-De Wen
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Hui-Ying Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Bi-Cheng Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Zong-Jing Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Top Key Discipline in Surgery, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Qing-Ke Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
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Kourikou A, Karamanolis GP, Dimitriadis GD, Triantafyllou K. Gene polymorphisms associated with functional dyspepsia. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:7672-7682. [PMID: 26167069 PMCID: PMC4491956 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a constellation of functional upper abdominal complaints with poorly elucidated pathophysiology. However, there is increasing evidence that susceptibility to FD is influenced by hereditary factors. Genetic association studies in FD have examined genotypes related to gastrointestinal motility or sensation, as well as those related to inflammation or immune response. G-protein b3 subunit gene polymorphisms were first reported as being associated with FD. Thereafter, several gene polymorphisms including serotonin transporter promoter, interlukin-17F, migration inhibitory factor, cholecystocynine-1 intron 1, cyclooxygenase-1, catechol-o-methyltransferase, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor, regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted, p22PHOX, Toll like receptor 2, SCN10A, CD14 and adrenoreceptors have been investigated in relation to FD; however, the results are contradictory. Several limitations underscore the value of current studies. Among others, inconsistencies in the definitions of FD and controls, subject composition differences regarding FD subtypes, inadequate samples, geographical and ethnical differences, as well as unadjusted environmental factors. Further well-designed studies are necessary to determine how targeted genes polymorphisms, influence the clinical manifestations and potentially the therapeutic response in FD.
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Park JK, Huh KC, Shin CM, Lee H, Yoon YH, Song KH, Min BH, Choi KD. [Current issues in functional dyspepsia]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2014; 64:133-41. [PMID: 25252861 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2014.64.3.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders encountered in clinical practice. Functional dyspepsia is currently defined by Rome III criteria as the chronic dyspeptic symptoms (postprandial fullness, early satiety, epigastric pain or burning) in the absence of underling structural or metabolic disease that readily explain the symptoms. According to the Rome III consensus, functional dyspepsia can be subdivided into postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) and epigastric pain syndrome (EPS). Although the Rome III criteria have been published more than 8 years ago, not much effort has been put into validating these criteria and direct scientific evidence supporting the validity of the subdividing functional dyspepsia into PDS and EPS are lacking. This article is intended to review the validity of the Rome III criteria on the subdivisions of functional dyspepsia, i.e. PDS and EPS. The impact of sleep disorder, Helicobacter pylori-associated dyspepsia, and the emerging drug therapies in functional dyspepsia will also be discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Kyu Park
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Chan Huh
- Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Cheol Min Shin
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hyuk Lee
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Kyung Ho Song
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Hoon Min
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee Don Choi
- Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Huang Y, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Bo P. Relationship between IL-10 promoter gene polymorphisms and plasma level and susceptibility to overlap syndrome of diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:3580-3586. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i24.3580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter gene polymorphisms and plasma levels and susceptibility to overlap syndrome of diarrhea irritable bowel syndrome (D-IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD).
METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 164 patients and 200 healthy controls and genomic DNA was extracted. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to determine the genotypes in the -592A/C site, and amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reactions (ARMS-PCR) and DNA sequencing were performed to detect the polymorphism of the -1082G/A site. IL-10 plasma levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
RESULTS: The -592A/C site in the IL-10 gene showed no significant differences in genotypes or allele frequency between the D-IBS-FD overlap syndrome group and control group, but the frequency of -592 CC genotype was significantly decreased in the D-IBS-FD overlap syndrome group. Compared with the CC genotype, the AA genotype and the AA+AC genotypes increased the risk of D-IBS-FD overlap syndrome 1.989 and 1.808 times, respectively. There were no significant differences in the distribution or the allele frequency of -1082 genotypes, the genotypes of the combination of -592 and -1082, and the distribution of the genotypes of different IL-10 levels between the D-IBS-FD overlap syndrome and healthy control groups. The average plasma IL-10 levels were significantly lower in patients with D-IBS-FD overlap syndrome than in healthy controls (14.60 pg/mL ± 7.14 pg/mL vs 22.86 pg/mL ± 10.62 pg/mL, P < 0.001). Among patients with D-IBS-FD overlap syndrome, the average plasma IL-10 levels in patients with -592 AA, -592 AC, -592 CC, and -592 AA+AC genotypes were 14.50 pg/mL ± 6.37 pg/mL, 14.85 pg/mL ± 7.75 pg/mL, 13.92 pg/mL ± 7.63 pg/mL, 14.68 pg/mL ± 7.10 pg/mL, respectively, which showed no significant differences. Plasma IL-10 levels showed no significant difference between the carriers of A allele and non-carriers.
CONCLUSION: The -592A site in IL-10 gene promoter and lower IL-10 plasma level may be associated with susceptibility to overlap syndrome of D-IBS and FD, but there is no association between them.
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Dai F, Liu Y, Shi H, Ge S, Song J, Dong L, Yang J. Association of genetic variants in GNβ3 with functional dyspepsia: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:1823-30. [PMID: 24557575 PMCID: PMC4119519 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a functional upper gastrointestinal disorder. The etiology and pathogenesis of FD remain unclear, with genetic factors playing an important role. Previous studies investigated the association of C825T in GNβ3 with FD, with conflicting results reported. AIMS The aim of this meta-analysis is to assess the association of genetic variants in GNβ3 with FD. METHODS We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge, and conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association of C825T in GNβ3 with FD. For sensitivity analysis, we analyzed the association between C825T and subtypes of FD. We also performed meta-analyses separately for individual ethnic groups/countries of origin. RESULTS A total of eight studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in our analyses. Our meta-analysis finds no association between 825CC and FD (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.84-1.67, p = 0.328). However, the association is significant under an additive model (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.38-0.92, p = 0.018). Sensitivity analysis indicated a significant association of C825T with FD in participants from Korea but not in those from Japan, Europe, or the United States. We also detected a significant association of this SNP with dysmotility. CONCLUSIONS The genetic variant C825T in GNβ3 is significantly associated with FD under an additive model and the association is race-specific. Further studies with larger samples sizes are needed to validate our findings and to explore the potential mechanism underlying the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Dai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Shuqiong Ge
- Division of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Jun Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China
| | - Lei Dong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center & Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Ghoshal UC, Singh R. Pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome: is it really in the gene? J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 20:284-6. [PMID: 24953715 PMCID: PMC4102161 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Uday C Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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Wang Y, Wu Z, Qiao H, Zhang Y. A genetic association study of single nucleotide polymorphisms in GNβ3 and COMT in elderly patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1246-54. [PMID: 25037115 PMCID: PMC4113520 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several polymorphisms have been reported to be associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), including C825T, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), responsible for a truncated G protein β3 subunit (GNβ3), and the Vall158Met substitution in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). We investigated the association between these mutations and the prevalence of IBS in 66 elderly Chinese patients. Material/Methods Sixty-six patients (over age 60 years) were diagnosed with IBS according to the Rome III criteria, and divided into 3 groups based on symptom presentation. The groups consisted of 7 patients with constipation, 46 patients with diarrhea, and 13 patients with both or neither symptoms. We enrolled 115 age-matched individuals without IBS as the control group. All patients were evaluated by using the Geriatric Depression Scale, disease progression was recorded, and GNβ3 and COMT were genotyped by PCR. Results There was no significant difference in GNβ3 C825T genotype distribution and allele frequency between the 2 groups. In contrast, compared with control subjects, COMT 158Met was significantly more prevalent in the IBS group (P=0.040) and significantly more prevalent in patients with diarrhea (P=0.029). 158Met was also more prevalent in those patients who had experienced symptoms for over 5 years (P=0.022). Conclusions In elderly Chinese patients, the 158Met SNP in COMT is associated with IBS pathogenesis, but the GNβ3-C825T SNP is not associated with IBS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhi Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Huashan Hospital, Affliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Zhengyu Wu
- Department of Gerontology, Huashan Hospital, Affliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Qiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, Huashan Hospital, Affliated Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Pan ZG, Xiao C, Su DX. No association of G-protein beta polypeptide 3 polymorphism with irritable bowel syndrome: Evidence from a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6345-6352. [PMID: 24876757 PMCID: PMC4033474 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To clarify the associations between G-protein beta polypeptide 3 (GNB3) C825T polymorphism and risk of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by a meta-analysis.
METHODS: We searched relevant studies in PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, Google Scholar, Ovid and Cochrane library prior to October 2013. The strengths of the associations between GNB3 C825T polymorphism and IBS risk were estimated by odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CIs).
RESULTS: We identified seven case-control studies with 1085 IBS cases and 1695 controls for the analysis. We found no significantly associations of GNB3 C825T polymorphism with IBS risk in the overall population (CC vs TT, OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 0.86-1.45; CC + CT vs TT, OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 0.92-1.49; TT + CT vs CC, OR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.80-1.08; C vs T, OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 0.97-1.21). Subgroup analysis did not reveal significant associations either in Asian population or Caucasian population. The pooled results of four studies fail to show associations of GNB3 C825T polymorphism with subtypes of IBS (constipation-dominant type, diarrhea-dominant type and mixed type).
CONCLUSION: The present study suggests no associations of GNB3 C825T polymorphism with IBS risk.
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Abstract
Dyspepsia refers to group of commonly occurring upper gastrointestinal symptoms. The majority of patients with dyspepsia suffer from functional (nonulcer) dyspepsia. Although there is a lack of epidemiological data from population-based or patient cohort studies in Korea, the current understanding of this condition has been updated using data from various recent research studies, which have facilitated the development of clinical guidelines for functional dyspepsia. According to a survey using the Rome III criteria, more than 40% of respondents who visited primary clinics and tertiary hospitals were defined as having functional dyspepsia, most of who were within a subgroup of patients with postprandial distress syndrome. In addition, a population-based cross-sectional survey revealed considerable overlap between functional dyspepsia and other functional gastrointestinal disorders, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (especially nonerosive reflux disease) and irritable bowel syndrome. In contrast to the results of Western trials, there is insufficient evidence to recommend a Helicobacter pylori test-and-treat strategy as an initial management approach to functional dyspepsia in Korea, suggesting the need for early endoscopic evaluation. Additional studies are necessary to adjust the cutoff age for implementation of immediate endoscopic evaluation of patients without alarm symptoms. Considering the prevalence of H. pylori infection and the limited efficacy of symptomatic relief after its eradication, further well-qualified studies in Korea are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Chan Huh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
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Zhang ZF, Duan ZJ, Wang LX, Yang D, Zhao G, Zhang L. The serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis of 25 studies. BMC Gastroenterol 2014; 14:23. [PMID: 24512255 PMCID: PMC3926682 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-14-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The results of previous studies assessing the association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of serotonin transporter gene and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to clarify the association between the 5-HTTLPR mutation and the presence of IBS and its subtypes with a meta-analysis of 25 studies. Methods A thorough search for case–control studies evaluating the association between the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of serotonin transporter gene and the presence of IBS was carried out in four electronic databases. A meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for systemic reviews. Results A total of 25 articles with 3443 IBS cases and 3359 controls were included into our meta-analysis. No significant association was found between this polymorphism and IBS in all populations. Whereas the LL genotype was demonstrated to be a risk factor for constipation predominant IBS (IBS-C) development in the overall population (LL vs SS: OR = 1.570, 95% CI = 1.147-2.148, P = 0.005, Bon = 0.030; LL vs LS: OR = 1.658, 95% CI = 1.180-2.331, P = 0.004, Bon = 0.024; LL vs LS/SS: OR = 1.545, 95% CI = 1.187-2.012, P = 0.001, Bon = 0.006). In the analysis of different ethnicities, L allele and LL genotype were significantly associated with increased IBS-C risk in the East Asian population (L vs S: OR = 1.487, 95% CI = 1.139-1.941, P = 0.003, Bon = 0.018; LL vs SS: OR = 2.575, 95% CI = 1.741-3.808, P = 0.000, Bon = 0.000; LL vs LS: OR = 3.084, 95% CI = 2.017-4.715, P = 0.000, Bon = 0.000; LL vs LS/SS: OR = 2.759, 95% CI = 1.933-3.938, P = 0.000, Bon = 0.000), but not in the Caucasian population. Conclusions Different from the conclusions of the earlier meta-analyses, the 5-HTTLPR mutation affects IBS-C but not IBS-D and IBS-M development and this effect only exists in the East Asian population but not other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhi-Jun Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116000 Dalian, Liaoning province, China.
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Wendelbo I, Mazzawi T, El-Salhy M. Increased serotonin transporter immunoreactivity intensity in the ileum of patients with irritable bowel disease. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:180-4. [PMID: 24213511 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic gastrointestinal disorder, which represents an economic burden to society and considerably reduces the quality of life of patients. In a previous study, the density of serotonin cells in the ileum of IBS patients was lower compared with control subjects. The present study aimed to further investigate the immunoreactivity intensity of serotonin and serotonin‑selective reuptake transporter (SERT) in the ileum of IBS patients. A total of 98 patients (77 females and 21 males; mean age, 35 years; range, 18‑66 years), which fulfilled Rome III Criteria for IBS, were included in the study. This cohort included 35 patients with diarrhoea‑predominant (IBS‑D), 31 patients with mixed diarrhoea and constipation (M‑IBS) and 32 patients with constipation‑predominant (IBS‑C) symptoms. A total of 27 subjects were included as controls (16 females and 11 males; mean age, 52 years; range, 20‑69 years). Ileal biopsy specimens were immunostained using the avidin‑biotin (ABC) complex method for serotonin and SERT. The immunoreactivity intensity was quantified by computerised image analysis using Olympus cellSens imaging software. No statistical difference of serotonin immunoreactivity intensity was identified in multiple comparisons between controls, IBS‑total, IBS‑D, IBS‑M and IBS‑C. The SERT immunoreactivity intensity was significantly increased in IBS patients as compared with controls, regardless of the subtype. It was concluded that the increase in ileal epithelial content of SERT increases the intracellular uptake of serotonin and its degradation in the gut epithelial cells and consequently decreases the availability of serotonin within the gut mucosa. The low availability of serotonin at its receptors occurred in all IBS subtypes. This may indicate that this abnormality is associated with a common symptom in all IBS subtypes, namely abdominal pain/discomfort. Serotonin acts upon sensory neurons in the submucosal and myenteric ganglia, as well as in the spinal cord, which is in agreement with this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Wendelbo
- Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Helse‑Fonna Hospital, Stord 5416, Norway
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Galligan JJ, Patel BA, Schneider SP, Wang H, Zhao H, Novotny M, Bian X, Kabeer R, Fried D, Swain GM. Visceral hypersensitivity in female but not in male serotonin transporter knockout rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e373-81. [PMID: 23594365 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral hypersensitivity occurs in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), particularly in women. Serotonin signaling, including reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) expression, may be disrupted in IBS patients. We studied SERT gene knockout (KO) rats to determine if they exhibited sex-related alterations in visceral sensitivity. METHODS We measured serotonin in the colonic mucosa using HPLC and amperometric microelectrode techniques. Visceral sensitivity was assessed using the electromyographic visceromotor response (VMR) in response to colorectal balloon distention (CRD). We studied the electrophysiologic properties of colon projecting sensory neurons in vitro using whole-cell recordings. KEY RESULTS Mucosal serotonin levels were not different among male and female WT and SERT KO rats. Serotonin oxidation currents in vitro were larger (P < 0.05) in tissues from male and female SERT KO compared with WT rats. Oxidation currents in male and female WT, but not SERT KO, rats were increased (P < 0.05) by the SERT inhibitor fluoxetine (1 μmol L(-1) ). The VMR to CRD was increased in female but not in male SERT KO rats (P < 0.05); this response varied with the estrous cycle. Colon projecting sensory neurons from female SERT KO rats fired more action potentials compared with neurons from female WT rats. There were no differences in action potential firing in neurons from male WT and SERT KO rats. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Increased colonic extracellular serotonin in female SERT KO rats is associated with visceral hypersensitivity and hyperexcitability of colon projecting sensory neurons. The SERT KO rat is a model for studying interactions between serotonin, sex and visceral sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Witte AB, D’Amato M, Poulsen SS, Laurent A, Knuhtsen S, Bindslev N, Hansen MB, Schmidt PT. Duodenal epithelial transport in functional dyspepsia: Role of serotonin. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2013; 4:28-36. [PMID: 23755368 PMCID: PMC3676537 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v4.i2.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate functional duodenal abnormalities in functional dyspepsia (FD) and the role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in mucosal ion transport and signalling.
METHODS: Duodenal mucosal biopsies were obtained from 15 patients with FD and 18 healthy controls. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the number of 5-HT-containing cells and real-time polymerase chain reaction for expression of 5-HT receptors 1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 4 and 7, as well as expression of the serotonin re-uptake transporter (SERT) gene SLC6A4 and tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1). Biopsies were mounted in Ussing chambers for evaluation of basal and 5-HT-stimulated short-circuit current (SCC).
RESULTS: Conductance was lower in FD [42.4 ± 4.7 mS/cm2 (n = 15) vs 62.5 ± 4.5 mS/cm2 (n = 18), P = 0.005]. 5-HT induced a dose dependent rise in SCC in both FD (n = 8) and controls (n = 9), the rise was lower in FD (P < 0.001). Mean number of 5-HT stained cells per high power field was the same [34.4 ± 8.4 in FD (n = 15) and 30.4 ± 3.7 in controls (n = 18), P = 0.647]. The following genes were highly expressed: 5-HT receptor HTR3E, HTR4, HTR7, SERT gene (SLC6A4) and TPH1. Differences in expression levels were observed for HTR3E (higher expression in FD, P = 0.008), HTR7 (lower expression in FD, P = 0.027), SLC6A4 (higher expression in FD, P = 0.033) and TPH1 (lower expression in FD, P = 0.031).
CONCLUSION: Duodenal ion transport in response to exogenous 5-HT is abnormal in FD patients and associated with high expression of the HTR3E receptor and the serotonin transporter.
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Dai C, Zheng CQ, Jiang M. Letter: serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:657-8. [PMID: 23406411 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Lee KJ. Is There Enough Evidence for the Association of GNβ3 C825T Polymorphism With Functional Dyspepsia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome?: Author's Reply. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 18:350-1. [PMID: 22837890 PMCID: PMC3400830 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2012.18.3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Jae Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Park MI. Is There Enough Evidence for the Association of GNβ3 C825T Polymorphism With Functional Dyspepsia and Irritable Bowel Syndrome? J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012; 18:348-9. [PMID: 22837889 PMCID: PMC3400829 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2012.18.3.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Moo In Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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