1
|
Effect of Polymers and Permeation Enhancers in the Release of Quetiapine Fumarate Transdermal Patch through the Dialysis Membrane. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101984. [PMID: 35631867 PMCID: PMC9143260 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Quetiapine Fumarate is potent, and the daily therapeutic dose can be delivered easily across the skin with the help of permeation enhancers. Quetiapine Fumarate-loaded transdermal patches were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. Various formulation parameters, excipients, and their combinations were optimized to get thin, translucent, smooth, stable, and high permeable character patches. A total number of 10 formulations were prepared. All formulations were subjected to various physicochemical evaluations. Three different formulations were prepared and F1, F2, and F3. Various physicochemical studies were carried out and found no significant difference between the three batches. The in vitro release study showed 74.29%, 82.73%, and 77.27%, respectively, up to 24 h. From the results, F2 has been selected as an optimized formulation and evaluated for skin irritation test. The results revealed that there is no irritation produced. The stability study results showed that there is no significant change from its initial nature till the period of three months in both temperatures. Quetiapine Fumarate Transdermal Patch F2 has achieved the goal of extended-release, cost-effectiveness, lowering the dose and frequency of drug administration, and thus may improve patient compliance.
Collapse
|
2
|
Latif MS, Al-Harbi FF, Nawaz A, Rashid SA, Farid A, Mohaini MA, Alsalman AJ, Hawaj MAA, Alhashem YN. Formulation and Evaluation of Hydrophilic Polymer Based Methotrexate Patches: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071310. [PMID: 35406184 PMCID: PMC9002860 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study attempted to develop and evaluate controlled-release matrix-type transdermal patches with different ratios of hydrophilic polymers (sodium carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) for the local delivery of methotrexate. Transdermal patches were formulated by employing a solvent casting technique using blends of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) polymers as rate-controlling agents. The F1 formulated patch served as the control formulation with a 1:1 polymer concentration. The F9 formulation served as our optimized formulation due to suitable physicochemical properties yielded through the combination of CMC-Na and HPMC (5:1). Drug excipient compatibilities (ATR-FTIR) were performed as a preformulation study. The ATR-FTIR study depicted great compatibility between the drug and the polymers. Physicochemical parameters, kinetic modeling, in vitro drug release, ex vivo drug permeation, skin drug retention, and in vivo studies were also carried out for the formulated patches. The formulated patches exhibited a clear, smooth, elastic nature with good weight uniformity, % moisture uptake, drug content, and thickness. Physicochemical characterization revealed folding endurance ranging from 62 ± 2.21 to 78 ± 1.54, tensile strength from 9.42 ± 0.52 to 12.32 ± 0.72, % swelling index from 37.16 ± 0.17 to 76.24 ± 1.37, and % drug content from 93.57 ± 5.34 to 98.19 ± 1.56. An increase in the concentration of the CMC-Na polymer (F9) resulted in increased drug release from the formulated transdermal patches. Similarly, drug permeation and retention were found to be higher in the F9 formulation compared to the other formulations (F1–F8). A drug retention analysis revealed that the F9 formulation exhibited 13.43% drug retention in the deep layers of the skin compared to other formulations (F1–F8). The stability study indicated that, during the study period of 60 days, no significant changes in the drug content and physical characteristics were found. ATR-FTIR analysis of rabbit skin samples treated with the formulated transdermal patches revealed that hydrophilic polymers mainly affect the skin proteins (ceramide and keratins). A pharmacokinetic profile revealed Cmax was 1.77.38 ng/mL, Tmax was 12 h, and t1/2 was 17.3 ± 2.21. In vivo studies showed that the skin drug retention of F9 was higher compared to the drug solution. These findings reinforce that methotrexate-based patches can possibly be used for the management of psoriasis. This study can reasonably conclude that methotrexate transdermal matrix-type patches with CMC-Na and HPMC polymers at different concentrations effectively sustain drug release with prime permeation profiles and better bioavailability. Therefore, these formulated patches can be employed for the potential management of topical diseases, such as psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid Latif
- Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.S.L.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Fatemah F. Al-Harbi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Asif Nawaz
- Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.S.L.); (S.A.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sheikh Abdur Rashid
- Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.S.L.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan;
| | - Mohammad Al Mohaini
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkhaliq J. Alsalman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maitham A. Al Hawaj
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yousef N. Alhashem
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Samanta AP, Ali MS, Orasugh JT, Ghosh SK, Chattopadhyay D. Crosslinked nanocollagen-cellulose nanofibrils reinforced electrospun polyvinyl alcohol/methylcellulose/polyethylene glycol bionanocomposites: study of material properties and sustained release of ketorolac tromethamine. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
4
|
Tijani AO, Thakur D, Mishra D, Frempong D, Chukwunyere UI, Puri A. Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives. J Control Release 2021; 334:427-451. [PMID: 33964365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adequate evidence exists in the literature indicating a relatively positive shift with regards to the legal acceptance of cannabis and cannabis-derived products for medicinal purposes in some countries. Concomitantly, scientists are showing renewed interest in cannabis-related research work. Over the years, clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic significance of cannabinoids for diverse indications. Additionally, efforts are being made to develop cannabis-related products into acceptable prescription products. FDA authorization for the commercial use of four cannabinoid-derived products, available as oral dosage forms is a significant progress already. However, there are certain drawbacks associated with the conventional delivery forms of cannabinoids. These include low oral bioavailability due to hepatic degradation, gastric instability, poor water solubility, and the side effects experienced upon the use of high doses of psychotropic cannabinoids associated with heightened plasma concentrations of the drug. These are however, limitable with the aid of transcutaneous drug delivery. Emerging topical and transdermal strategies could be exploited for the successful development of highly effective delivery systems for cannabinoids. This review discusses the feasibility of delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin and provides a comprehensive account of the supporting research studies that have been reported in the literature till date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akeemat O Tijani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Divya Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Dhruv Mishra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA.
| | - Dorcas Frempong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Umeh I Chukwunyere
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| | - Ashana Puri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Orasugh JT, Saha NR, Sarkar G, Rana D, Mishra R, Mondal D, Ghosh SK, Chattopadhyay D. Synthesis of methylcellulose/cellulose nano-crystals nanocomposites: Material properties and study of sustained release of ketorolac tromethamine. Carbohydr Polym 2018. [PMID: 29525153 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Non-toxic nanocomposites based bio-films obtained from methylcellulose (MC) can reduce environmental problems associated with synthetic polymers. A new facile route for the isolation of cellulose nano-crystals (CNC) from jute waste is successfully utilized here. The fabrication of CNC reinforced MC nanocomposites by film casting technique and the studies of the effect of CNC on the properties of the MC based nanocomposites have been reported. The synthesized nanocomposites have shown improved UV resistance, mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties. FTIR results established the physicochemical compatibility between the drug, MC and CNC in nanocomposites. In vitro permeation studies performed by using Franz diffusion cell revealed diffusion mediated sustained drug release from the devices due to the presence of interaction between MC and CNC through H-bonding, electrostatic interaction between the hydrophilic polymer/CNC chains with the drug and the formation of tortuous path. The nanocomposites can be used for edible packaging and transdermal drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tersur Orasugh
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, WB, India; Department of Jute and Fiber Technology, Institute of Jute Technology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, WB, India; Center for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Sikhsha Prangan, University of Calcutta, JD-2, Sector-III, Saltlake City, Kolkata 700 098, WB, India.
| | - Nayan Ranjan Saha
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, WB, India.
| | - Gunjan Sarkar
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, WB, India.
| | - Dipak Rana
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Industrial Membrane Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur St., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Roshnara Mishra
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, WB, India.
| | - Dibyendu Mondal
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, WB, India.
| | - Swapan Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Jute and Fiber Technology, Institute of Jute Technology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, WB, India; Center for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Sikhsha Prangan, University of Calcutta, JD-2, Sector-III, Saltlake City, Kolkata 700 098, WB, India.
| | - Dipankar Chattopadhyay
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92 A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700 009, WB, India; Center for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Sikhsha Prangan, University of Calcutta, JD-2, Sector-III, Saltlake City, Kolkata 700 098, WB, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xie WJ, Zhang YP, Xu J, Sun XB, Yang FF. The Effect and Mechanism of Transdermal Penetration Enhancement of Fu's Cupping Therapy: New Physical Penetration Technology for Transdermal Administration with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Characteristics. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040525. [PMID: 28346390 PMCID: PMC6154618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: In this paper, a new type of physical penetration technology for transdermal administration with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) characteristics is presented. Fu’s cupping therapy (FCT), was established and studied using in vitro and in vivo experiments and the penetration effect and mechanism of FCT physical penetration technology was preliminarily discussed. Methods: With 1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methylindole-3-ylacetic acid (indomethacin, IM) as a model drug, the establishment of high, medium, and low references was completed for the chemical permeation system via in vitro transdermal tests. Furthermore, using chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs) and iontophoresis as references, the percutaneous penetration effect of FCT for IM patches was evaluated using seven species of in vitro diffusion kinetics models and in vitro drug distribution; the IM quantitative analysis method in vivo was established using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technology (UPLC-MS/MS), and pharmacokinetic parameters: area under the zero and first moment curves from 0 to last time t (AUC0–t, AUMC0–t), area under the zero and first moment curves from 0 to infinity (AUC0–∞, AUMC0–∞), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and mean residence time (MRT), were used as indicators to evaluate the percutaneous penetration effect of FCT in vivo. Additionally, we used the 3K factorial design to study the joint synergistic penetration effect on FCT and chemical penetration enhancers. Through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging, micro- and ultrastructural changes on the surface of the stratum corneum (SC) were observed to explore the FCT penetration mechanism. Results: In vitro and in vivo skin permeation experiments revealed that both the total cumulative percutaneous amount and in vivo percutaneous absorption amount of IM using FCT were greater than the amount using CPEs and iontophoresis. Firstly, compared with the control group, the indomethacin skin percutaneous rate of the FCT low-intensity group (FCTL) was 35.52%, and the enhancement ratio (ER) at 9 h was 1.76X, roughly equivalent to the penetration enhancing effect of the CPEs and iontophoresis. Secondly, the indomethacin percutaneous ratio of the FCT middle-intensity group (FCTM) and FCT high-intensity group (FCTH) were 47.36% and 54.58%, respectively, while the ERs at 9 h were 3.58X and 8.39X, respectively. Thirdly, pharmacokinetic data showed that in vivo indomethacin percutaneous absorption of the FCT was much higher than that of the control, that of the FCTM was slightly higher than that of the CPE, and that of the FCTM group was significantly higher than all others. Meanwhile, variance analysis indicated that the combination of the FCT penetration enhancement method and the CPE method had beneficial effects in enhancing skin penetration: the significance level of the CPE method was 0.0004, which was lower than 0.001, meaning the difference was markedly significant; the significance level of the FCT was also below 0.0001 and its difference markedly significant. The significance level of factor interaction A × B was lower than 0.0001, indicating that the difference in synergism was markedly significant. Moreover, SEM and TEM images showed that the SC surfaces of Sprague-Dawley rats treated with FCT were damaged, and it was difficult to observe the complete surface structure, with SC pores growing larger and its special “brick structure” becoming looser. This indicated that the barrier function of the skin was broken, thus revealing a potentially major route of skin penetration. Conclusion: FCT, as a new form of transdermal penetration technology, has significant penetration effects with TCM characteristics and is of high clinical value. It is worth promoting its development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 50 Shi Dong Road, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Yong-Ping Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 50 Shi Dong Road, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 50 Shi Dong Road, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Xiao-Bo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fang-Fang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 50 Shi Dong Road, Guiyang 550002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tuntiyasawasdikul S, Limpongsa E, Jaipakdee N, Sripanidkulchai B. A monolithic drug-in-adhesive patch of methoxyflavones from Kaempferia parviflora: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2015; 478:486-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Akhtar N, Arkvanshi S, Bhattacharya SS, Verma A, Pathak K. Preparation and evaluation of a buflomedil hydrochloride niosomal patch for transdermal delivery. J Liposome Res 2014; 25:191-201. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2014.974058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
9
|
Ahmed TA, El-Say KM. Development of alginate-reinforced chitosan nanoparticles utilizing W/O nanoemulsification/internal crosslinking technique for transdermal delivery of rabeprazole. Life Sci 2014; 110:35-43. [PMID: 24997393 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS First; to develop rabeprazole (RP)-alginate core coated chitosan nanoparticles (NP) utilizing water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsion technique. Second; formulation of transdermal patches loaded RP-NP that avoid drug peroral acid sensitivity and first pass effect. MAIN METHODS The influence of six factors on RP-NP formulation was investigated using Plackett-Burman (PB) design. The studied factors were considered for their effect on particle size (Y1) and loading efficiency (Y2). Formulation optimum desirability was identified; a proposed formulation was prepared and characterized. In vitro permeation of the prepared NP compared with RP was studied. Transdermal patches loaded drug or RP-NP were prepared and characterized. Patches ex vivo permeation through rat skin was studied, and kinetic analysis and permeation mechanism were investigated. KEY FINDING Chitosan, oil phase and surfactant to oil ratios had significant effects on Y1, while Y2 was significantly affected by the same variables affecting Y1 and span80-tween80 ratio. Scanning electron microscope imaging illustrated sphericity of the NP. The optimized RP-NP exhibited sustained release pattern. The prepared patches showed a minimal patch to patch variable. Patches loaded RP-NP exhibited substantial skin permeability and controlled drug release, and were in favor of Fickian diffusion. SIGNIFICANCE Transdermal patches loaded RP-NP is effective drug delivery and alternative to drug peroral route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Khalid M El-Say
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim MH, Park DH, Yang JH, Choy YB, Choy JH. Drug-inorganic-polymer nanohybrid for transdermal delivery. Int J Pharm 2013; 444:120-7. [PMID: 23357253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
For transdermal drug delivery, we prepared a drug-inorganic nanohybrid (FB-LDH) by intercalating a transdermal model drug, flurbiprofen (FB), into the layered double hydroxides (LDHs) via coprecipitation reaction. The X-ray diffraction patterns and FT-IR spectra of the FB-LDH indicated that the FB molecules were successfully intercalated via electrostatic interaction within the LDH lattices. The in vitro drug release revealed that the Eudragit(®) S-100 in release media could facilitate the drug out-diffusion by effectively replacing the intercalated drug and also enlarging the lattice spacing of the FB-LDH. In this work, a hydrophobic gel suspension of the FB-LDH was suggested as a transdermal controlled delivery formulation, where the suspensions were mixed with varying amounts of Eudragit(®) S-100 aqueous solution. The Frantz diffusion cell experiments using mouse full-skins showed that a lag time and steady-state flux of the drug could be controlled from 12.8h and 3.28μgcm(-2)h(-1) to less than 1h and 14.57μgcm(-2)h(-1), respectively, by increasing the mass fraction of Eudragit(®) S-100 solution in gel suspensions from 0% to 20% (w/w), respectively. Therefore, we conclude gel formulation of the FB-LDH have a potential for transdermal controlled drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hun Kim
- Center for Intelligent Nano-Bio Materials (CINBM), Department of Bioinspired Science and Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 120-750, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
|