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Dohi O, Seya M, Iwai N, Ochiai T, Yumoto J, Mukai H, Yamauchi K, Kobayashi R, Hirose R, Inoue K, Yoshida N, Konishi H, Itoh Y. Endoscopic detection and diagnosis of gastric cancer using image-enhanced endoscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. DEN OPEN 2025; 5:e418. [PMID: 39144408 PMCID: PMC11322228 DOI: 10.1002/deo2.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the value of image-enhanced endoscopy including blue laser imaging (BLI), linked color imaging, narrow-band imaging (NBI), and texture and color enhancement imaging to detect and diagnose gastric cancer (GC) compared to that of white-light imaging (WLI). Methods Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified through PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Japan Medical Abstracts Society databases searches. The pooled risk ratio for dichotomous variables was calculated using the random-effects model to assess the GC detection between WLI and image-enhanced endoscopy. A random-effects model was used to calculate the overall diagnostic performance of WLI and magnifying image-enhanced endoscopy for GC. Results Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The detection rate of GC was significantly improved in linked color imaging compared with that in WLI (risk ratio, 2.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-3.25; p < 0.01) with mild heterogeneity. Magnifying endoscopy with NBI (ME-NBI) obtained a pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the summary receiver operating curve of 0.84 (95 % CI, 0.80-0.88), 0.96 (95 % CI, 0.94-0.97), and 0.92, respectively. Similarly, ME-BLI showed a pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of 0.81 (95 % CI, 0.77-0.85), 0.85 (95 % CI, 0.82-0.88), and 0.95, respectively. The diagnostic efficacy of ME-NBI/BLI for GC was evidently high compared to that of WLI, However, significant heterogeneity among the NBI studies still existed. Conclusions Our meta-analysis showed a high detection rate for linked color imaging and a high diagnostic performance of ME-NBI/BLI for GC compared to that with WLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Dohi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Mayuko Seya
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Naoto Iwai
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Tomoko Ochiai
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Junki Yumoto
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Hiroki Mukai
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Katsuma Yamauchi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Reo Kobayashi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Ryohei Hirose
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
- Department of Infectious DiseasesGraduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Ken Inoue
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Naohisa Yoshida
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Hideyuki Konishi
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Molecular Gastroenterology and HepatologyGraduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
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Shaik MR, Canakis A, Shaik NA, Bomman S, Dahiya DS, Gorman E, Bilal M, Chandan S. Diagnostic performance of blue laser imaging for early detection of gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024:10.1007/s12664-023-01495-w. [PMID: 38416344 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-023-01495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is associated with a significant global health burden and high mortality rates when diagnosed at later stages. The diagnosis often occurs at advanced stages when treatment options are limited and less effective. Early detection strategies are crucial to improving survival rates and outcomes for patients. Blue laser imaging (BLI) is an image-enhanced endoscopy technique that utilizes white light and narrow-band light to detect pathological changes in the mucosal architecture. This study aims at investigating the diagnostic performance of BLI for the detection of GC. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted across multiple databases from inception until March 2023. Studies assessing the diagnostic efficacy of BLI for GC detection were included. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of BLI were calculated using pooled proportions and 95% confidence intervals (CI) with a random-effects model. Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. RESULTS Six studies were included in the pooled analysis. There were 708 patients with 380 GC lesions. Most of the lesions involved the lower two-thirds of the stomach. The pooled performance metrics of BLI for GC detection were as follows: sensitivity of 91.9% (95% CI 83.3-96.3%; I2 = 82.3%), specificity of 93.4% (95% CI 82.0-97.8%; I2 = 87.9%) and accuracy of 95.4% (95% CI 72.6-99.8%; I2 = 73.6%). CONCLUSION BLI demonstrates high diagnostic efficacy for the detection of GC. BLI can be a valuable tool in clinical practice. However, large-scale, randomized controlled studies are needed to further establish the role of BLI in routine clinical practice for GC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rifat Shaik
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, 827 Linden Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Andrew Canakis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nishat Anjum Shaik
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, 827 Linden Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Shivanand Bomman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Arizona School of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Dushyant Singh Dahiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA
| | - Emily Gorman
- Health Sciences and Human Services Library, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mohammad Bilal
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Saurabh Chandan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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Lu JH, Chen HH, Chen X, Zhang H, Fan J, Zhang W. Evaluation of the detection rate of high‑grade gastric intraepithelial neoplasia using linked color imaging and white light imaging. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:107. [PMID: 36778042 PMCID: PMC9909511 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As an endoscopic technology for the enhancement of images, linked color imaging (LCI) performs well when used for the early detection and diagnosis of gastrointestinal cancer. However, literature data are lacking for LCI in the detection of high-grade gastric intraepithelial neoplasia. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of LCI compared with traditional white light imaging (WLI) in the detection of high-grade gastric intraepithelial neoplasia via the comparison of detection rates between senior and junior endoscopists using both techniques. Overall, 84 lesions from 81 patients with high-grade gastric intraepithelial neoplasia diagnosed between January 2017 and December 2017 were considered. Following the exclusion of three patients with two lesions, 78 patients who had only one lesion were enrolled. The two types of endoscopy, WLI and LCI, were performed in the same patients under the same conditions. Four senior and four junior endoscopists retrospectively compared the images. The detection rate of high-grade gastric intraepithelial neoplasia was significantly higher with LCI than with WLI when performed by senior and junior endoscopists. With WLI, the detection rate obtained by senior endoscopists was significantly higher than that obtained by junior endoscopists. However, for LCI, the detection rates for junior and senior endoscopists were comparable. Interobserver agreement was good to satisfactory. These findings indicate that LCI is superior to WLI in the detection and identification of gastric cancer and provides highly accurate diagnostic results from endoscopic examinations, regardless of the experience of the endoscopist. LCI may be used to narrow the gap in the detection rate of high-grade gastric intraepithelial neoplasia between junior and senior endoscopists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Lu
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Hua Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Xing Chen, Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 85 Jie Fang South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Hezhao Zhang
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Fan
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Endoscopy Center, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030000, P.R. China
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TRIM50 Inhibits Proliferation and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer via Promoting β-Catenin Degradation. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:5936753. [PMID: 36046365 PMCID: PMC9423946 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5936753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is a common malignancy with a poor prognosis. Tripartite motif-containing 50 (TRIM50) belongs to the TRIM family and is reported to be related to numerous cancers. This study aimed to investigate the function of TRIM50 in GC. Methods Three microarray datasets (GSE13911, GSE79973, and GSE19826) containing GC and adjacent nontumor tissues were used for bioinformatics analysis to screen GC-related genes and assess the associations between GC development and TRIM50 expression. Then, TRIM50 expression in GC cells was detected at mRNA and protein levels. After TRIM50 was knockdown or overexpressed, the effect of TRIM50 on the proliferation and metastasis of GC cells was analyzed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), flow cytometry, scratch, and Transwell assays. The interaction between TRIM50 and β-catenin was analyzed. The expression of cell cycle-, migration-, invasion-, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins was detected by Western blot. Furthermore, we measured the role of TRIM50 overexpression on tumor growth as well as the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in vivo. In addition, XAV939 (a WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway inhibitor) was used to clarify the mechanism of TRIM50 on GC. Results Bioinformatics revealed that TRIM50 expression was decreased in GC samples and associated with GC development. In vitro study revealed that TRIM50 overexpression impeded the GC cell proliferation and metastasis, while TRIM50 knockdown presented the opposite results. In addition, TRIM50 interacted with β-catenin to induce the degradation of β-catenin. In in vivo assay, TRIM50 overexpression inhibited tumor growth and blocked the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In addition, TRIM50 knockdown-promoted cell proliferation and metastasis in GC cells were inverted by XAV939. Conclusion TRIM50 overexpression may inhibit cell proliferation and metastasis in GC via β-catenin degradation, indicating that TRIM50 could be a target for the treatment of GC.
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Abstract
This article explores advances in endoscopic neoplasia detection with supporting clinical evidence and future aims. The ability to detect early gastric neoplastic lesions amenable to curative endoscopic submucosal dissection provides the opportunity to decrease gastric cancer mortality rates. Newer imaging techniques offer enhanced views of mucosal and microvascular structures and show promise in differentiating benign from malignant lesions and improving targeted biopsies. Conventional chromoendoscopy is well studied and validated. Narrow band imaging demonstrates superiority over magnified white light. Autofluorescence imaging, i-scan, flexible spectral imaging color enhancement, and bright image enhanced endoscopy show promise but insufficient evidence to change current clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Canakis
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, 72 East Concord Street, Evans 124, Boston, MA 02118, USA. https://twitter.com/AndrewCanakis
| | - Raymond Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Maryland Medical Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Zhou J, Wu H, Fan C, Chen S, Liu A. Comparison of the diagnostic efficacy of blue laser imaging with narrow band imaging for gastric cancer and precancerous lesions: a meta-analysis. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2021; 112:649-658. [PMID: 32686455 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2020.6591/2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS novel endoscopic techniques including narrowband imaging (NBI) and blue laser imaging (BLI) have led to the improved detection of early stage gastric cancer and precancerous lesions. However, these techniques are not generally thought to be equivalent at present and BLI is generally considered as superior to NBI. Therefore, this comprehensive meta-analysis aimed to definitively compare the diagnostic efficacy of NBI and BLI for the diagnosis of gastric cancer and precancerous lesions. METHODS relevant articles were identified via searches of the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library databases from their inception until October 2019. In total, 28 relevant studies were identified and incorporated into the meta-analysis. RevMan5.3 was used to assess the relative diagnostic efficacy of these two imaging modalities in these studies. The threshold was assessed using Meta-DiSc 1.4 and STATA 14.0 for bivariate regression modeling of pooled studies. RESULTS the pooled sensitivity of BLI for gastric cancer was 0.89 (0.80, 0.95) and the specificity was 0.92 (0.76, 0.98). The pooled sensitivity of NBI for gastric cancer was 0.83 (0.75, 0.89) and the specificity was 0.95 (0.91, 0.97). The pooled sensitivity of BLI for precancerous lesions was 0.81 (0.71, 0.87) and the specificity was 0.90 (0.80, 0.96). The pooled sensitivity of NBI for precancerous lesions was 0.80 (0.75, 0.85) and the specificity was 0.88 (0.77, 0.94). CONCLUSIONS this study showed that both BLI and NBI have a very high diagnostic efficacy for the detection of gastric cancer and precancerous lesions, the sensitivity and specificity of these two approaches were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Zhou
- Endoscopy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,
| | - Huijie Wu
- Endoscopy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University,
| | - Chenglong Fan
- Endoscopy, Affiliated Tumor Hospitalof Guangxi Medical University, Nanning,
| | - Songda Chen
- Endoscopy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning.,
| | - Aiqun Liu
- Endoscopy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical Unive,
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Lazăr DC, Avram MF, Faur AC, Romoşan I, Goldiş A. The role of computer-assisted systems for upper-endoscopy quality monitoring and assessment of gastric lesions. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2021; 9:185-204. [PMID: 34316369 PMCID: PMC8309682 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article analyses the literature regarding the value of computer-assisted systems in esogastroduodenoscopy-quality monitoring and the assessment of gastric lesions. Current data show promising results in upper-endoscopy quality control and a satisfactory detection accuracy of gastric premalignant and malignant lesions, similar or even exceeding that of experienced endoscopists. Moreover, artificial systems enable the decision for the best treatment strategies in gastric-cancer patient care, namely endoscopic vs surgical resection according to tumor depth. In so doing, unnecessary surgical interventions would be avoided whilst providing a better quality of life and prognosis for these patients. All these performance data have been revealed by numerous studies using different artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in addition to white-light endoscopy or novel endoscopic techniques that are available in expert endoscopy centers. It is expected that ongoing clinical trials involving AI and the embedding of computer-assisted diagnosis systems into endoscopic devices will enable real-life implementation of AI endoscopic systems in the near future and at the same time will help to overcome the current limits of the computer-assisted systems leading to an improvement in performance. These benefits should lead to better diagnostic and treatment strategies for gastric-cancer patients. Furthermore, the incorporation of AI algorithms in endoscopic tools along with the development of large electronic databases containing endoscopic images might help in upper-endoscopy assistance and could be used for telemedicine purposes and second opinion for difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cornelia Lazăr
- Department V of Internal Medicine I, Discipline of Internal Medicine IV, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania,Timișoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Flavia Avram
- Department of Surgery X, 1st Surgery Discipline, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Corina Faur
- Department I, Discipline of Anatomy and Embriology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Timișoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Romoşan
- Department V of Internal Medicine I, Discipline of Internal Medicine IV, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania,Timișoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Goldiş
- Department VII of Internal Medicine II, Discipline of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timișoara, Romania, Timișoara, Romania
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Nishihara K, Hori K, Saito T, Omori T, Sunakawa H, Minamide T, Suyama M, Yamamoto Y, Yoda Y, Shinmura K, Ikematsu H, Yano T. A study of evaluating specific tissue oxygen saturation values of gastrointestinal tumors by removing adherent substances in oxygen saturation imaging. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243165. [PMID: 33411775 PMCID: PMC7790263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxygen saturation (OS) imaging is a new method of endoscopic imaging that has clinical applications in oncology which can directly measure tissue oxygen saturation (Sto2) of the surface of gastrointestinal tract without any additional drugs or devices. This imaging technology is expected to contribute to research into cancer biology which leads to clinical benefit such as prediction to efficacy of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. However, adherent substances on tumors such as blood and white coating, pose a challenge for accurate measurements of the StO2 values in tumors. The aim of this study was to develop algorithms for discriminating between the tumors and their adherent substances, and to investigate whether it is possible to evaluate the tumor specific StO2 values excluding adherent substances during OS imaging. METHODS We plotted areas of tumors and their adherent substances using white-light images of 50 upper digestive tumors: blood (68 plots); reddish tumor (83 plots); white coating (89 plots); and whitish tumor (79 plots). Scatter diagrams and discriminating algorithms using spectrum signal intensity values were constructed and verified using validation datasets. StO2 values were compared between the tumors and tumor adherent substances using OS images of gastrointestinal tumors. RESULTS The discriminating algorithms and their accuracy rates (AR) were as follows: blood vs. reddish tumor: Y> - 4.90X+7.13 (AR: 95.9%) and white coating vs. whitish tumor: Y< -0.52X+0.17 (AR: 96.0%). The StO2 values (median, [range]) were as follows: blood, 79.3% [37.8%-100.0%]; reddish tumor, 74.5% [62.0%-86.9%]; white coating, 73.8% [42.1%-100.0%]; and whitish tumor, 65.7% [53.0%-76.3%]. CONCLUSIONS OS imaging is strongly influenced by adherent substances for evaluating the specific StO2 value of tumors; therefore, it is important to eliminate the information of adherent substances for clinical application of OS imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichiro Nishihara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takaaki Saito
- Imaging Technology Center, FUJIFILM Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Omori
- Medical Systems Research & Development Center, Research & Development, Management Headquarters, FUJIFILM Corporation, Tokyo Japan
| | - Hironori Sunakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Minamide
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Suyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yoichi Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shinmura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikematsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Japan
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