A case of tumor lysis syndrome and acute renal failure associated with elotuzumab treatment in multiple myeloma

Tumor lysis syndrome associated with bortezomib: A post-hoc analysis after signal detection using the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a cancer chemotherapy-associated oncologic emergency. Although there have recently been substantial developments in cancer chemotherapy, these may increase the risk of TLS. In this study, we aimed to identify anticancer agents that increase TLS risk, as classified by a TLS panel consensus, using the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database. TLS reports were retrieved from the FAERS database, and reporting odds ratios (RORs) were used to estimate associations between TLS and old and new anticancer agents or their combinations. We identified 1615 TLS cases among 4 330 807 case reports covering the period from the first quarter of 2004 through to the first quarter of 2014. Using RORs, we detected significant risk signals for 56 of 64 anticancer agents (37 and 19 cytotoxic and molecular-targeted drugs, respectively). Bortezomib in particular was found to be associated with a high ROR and numerous TLS events relative to those of other molecular-targeted drugs (161 TLS events, ROR = 28.89, 95% confidence interval: 24.53-34.02). The main indication of bortezomib is multiple myeloma, a low-risk disease for TLS occurrence. We conducted a detailed analysis focusing on regimens containing bortezomib, lenalidomide, and thalidomide. Bortezomib-containing treatment regimens were more frequently associated with TLS events than were other multiple myeloma treatment regimens (cytotoxic chemotherapy, lenalidomide, and thalidomide). Although the risk of TLS in patients with multiple myeloma is generally considered low, a cautious evaluation of TLS risk is recommended for patients receiving bortezomib-containing therapy.

Ixazomib-associated tumor lysis syndrome in multiple myeloma: A case report

RATIONALE

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncologic emergency, but its incidence in MM is rare. To our knowledge, ixazomib has not been associated with TLS in MM.

PATIENT CONCERNS

The patient developed TLS after 10 days of treatment with ixazomib, accompanied by renal failure of hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, and hyperphosphatemia.

DIAGNOSES

MM (type IgG λ) was diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria established by the International Myeloma Working Group and classified stage IIA by the International Staging System. TLS was diagnosed after the patient met all three criteria of the Cairo-Bishop TLS scoring system.

INTERVENTIONS

From April 8, 2017, the patient was treated with 3 courses of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone chemotherapy. From August 18, she received five courses of bortezomib combined with DCEP chemotherapy. On May 21, 2018 treatment was switched to lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for four courses. Ixazomib was started on October 10, 2018 with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone. On October 19, 2018 vigorous intravenous hydration with sodium bicarbonate was initiated and peroral febuxostat was administered.

OUTCOMES

On October 19, changes in hematological indicators raised concern for TLS worsening kidney function and decreasing urine output. She refused renal replacement treatment for TLS-induced acute kidney injury. On October 26th, the patient died of respiratory failure.

LESSONS

This case highlights the need to vigilant for the occurrence of TLS in patients undergoing MM treatment with ixazomib. Higher baseline uric acid or creatinine, rapidly progressive anemia, and raised lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and β2-microglobulin may be surrogate markers of TLS.

The Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer consensus statement on immunotherapy for the treatment of multiple myeloma

Outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM) have improved dramatically in the last two decades with the advent of novel therapies including immunomodulatory agents (IMiDs), proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. In recent years, immunotherapy for the treatment of MM has advanced rapidly, with the approval of new targeted agents and monoclonal antibodies directed against myeloma cell-surface antigens, as well as maturing data from late stage trials of chimeric antigen receptor CAR T cells. Therapies that engage the immune system to treat myeloma offer significant clinical benefits with durable responses and manageable toxicity profiles, however, the appropriate use of these immunotherapy agents can present unique challenges for practicing physicians. Therefore, the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer convened an expert panel, which met to consider the current role of approved and emerging immunotherapy agents in MM and provide guidance to the oncology community by developing consensus recommendations. As immunotherapy evolves as a therapeutic option for the treatment of MM, these guidelines will be updated.