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Amino Derivatives of Diaryl Pyrimidines and Azolopyrimidines as Protective Agents against LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020741. [PMID: 36677799 PMCID: PMC9863002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The problem of lung damage originating from excessive inflammation and cytokine release during various types of infections remains relevant and stimulates the search for highly effective and safe drugs. The biological activity of the latter may be associated with the regulation of hyperactivation of certain immune cells and enzymes. Here, we propose the design and synthesis of amino derivatives of 4,6- and 5,7-diaryl substituted pyrimidines and [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as promising double-acting pharmacophores inhibiting IL-6 and NO. The anti-inflammatory activity of 14 target compounds was studied on isolated primary murine macrophages after LPS stimulation. Seven compounds were identified to inhibit the synthesis of nitric oxide and interleukin 6 at a concentration of 100 µM. The most active compounds are micromolar inhibitors of IL-6 secretion and NO synthesis, showing a minimal impact on innate immunity, unlike the reference drug dexamethasone, along with acceptable cytotoxicity. Evaluation in an animal model of acute lung injury proved the protective activity of compound 6e, which was supported by biochemical, cytological and morphological markers.
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Yıldırım SÖ, Akkurt M, Çetin G, Şimşek R, Butcher RJ, Bhattarai A. Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of a hexa-hydro-quinoline derivative: tert-butyl 4-([1,1'-biphen-yl]-4-yl)-2,6,6-trimethyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexa-hydro-quinoline-3-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2022; 78:798-803. [PMID: 35974826 PMCID: PMC9361379 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022007022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C29H33NO3, crystallizes with three mol-ecules (A, B and C) in the asymmetric unit. They differ in the twist of the phenyl and benzene rings of the 1,1'-biphenyl ring with respect to the plane of the 1,4-di-hydro-pyridine ring. In all three mol-ecules, the 1,4-di-hydro-pyridine ring adopts a distorted boat conformation. The cyclo-hexene ring has an envelope conformation in mol-ecules A and B, while it exhibits a distorted half-chair conformation for both the major and minor components in the disordered mol-ecule C. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (100) defining R 1 4(6) and C(7) graph-set motifs. Additional C-H⋯π inter-actions consolidate the layered structure. Between the layers, van der Waals inter-actions stabilize the packing, as revealed by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The greatest contributions to the crystal packing are from H⋯H (69.6% in A, 69.9% in B, 70.1% in C), C⋯H/H⋯C (20.3% in A, 20.6% in B, 20.3% in C) and O⋯H/H⋯O (8.6% in A, 8.6% in B, 8.4% in C) inter-actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sema Öztürk Yıldırım
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Technical University, Yunus Emre Campus 26470 Eskisehir, Turkey
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akkurt
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gökalp Çetin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Sıhhiye-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rahime Şimşek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Sıhhiye-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ray J. Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington DC 20059, USA
| | - Ajaya Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry, M.M.A.M.C (Tribhuvan University), Biratnagar, Nepal
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Discovery of Nitro-azolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines with Anti-Inflammatory and Protective Activity against LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050537. [PMID: 35631365 PMCID: PMC9146423 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury remains a challenging clinical condition, necessitating the development of novel, safe and efficient treatments. The prevention of macrophage M1-polarization is a viable venue to tackle excessive inflammation. We performed a phenotypic screening campaign to identify azolopyrimidine compounds that effectively inhibit LPS-induced NO synthesis and interleukin 6 (IL-6) secretion. We identified lead compound 9g that inhibits IL-6 secretion with IC50 of 3.72 µM without apparent cytotoxicity and with minimal suppression of macrophage phagocytosis in contrast to dexamethasone. In a mouse model of LPS-induced acute lung injury, 30 mg/kg i.p. 9g ameliorated anxiety-like behavior, inhibited IL-6 release, and limited neutrophil infiltration and pulmonary edema. A histological study confirmed the protective activity of 9g. Treatment with compound 9g prevented the migration of CD68+ macrophages and the incidence of hemorrhage. Hence, we have identified a promising pharmacological approach for the treatment of acute lung injury that may hold promise for the development of novel drugs against cytokine-mediated complications of bacterial and viral infections.
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Liu S, Ge D, Long Z, Chi C, Lv Z, Liu H. Molecular features of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-b and a in Mytilus coruscus, regulating their function by infection of aquatic pathogens and the expression of their serine/threonine protein kinase functional domains. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:469-479. [PMID: 32389741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAKs) play important roles in the innate immune system of TLR (Toll-like receptor) signaling pathway. In this paper, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-b (designated as McIRAK-b) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-a (named as McIRAK-a) were obtained based on the transcriptome data, the full length of McIRAK-b was 1815 bp and McIRAK-a was 3168bp, encoding 532 and 978 amino acids, respectively. BLASTp analysis and phylogenetic relationship strongly suggested that the deduced amino acid sequence of McIRAK-b had high homology with IRAK-4 and McIRAK-a was similar to IRAK-1 of other mollusks, especially at their function domains. The expressions of McIRAK-b and McIRAK-a were detected in six tissues including adductor muscle, hemocyte, gills, gonad and hepatopancreas, and the highest expressions appeared both in gills. The expressions of McIRAK-b and McIRAK-a in gills were observed with time-dependent manners after bacterial infections. After being challenged with Vibrio alginolyticus, McIRAK-b expressed significantly and got the peak at 8 h (9.47 times compared with the control group), but the peak appeared at 4 h by being infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus (12.02 times compared with the control group). The highest point of McIRAK-a mRNA appeared at 12 h (5.16 times) after being challenged with V.alginolyticus and 8 h (4.21 times) for V.parahaemolyticus challenge. The results suggested that IRAK-b and IRAK-a might be important in immune signaling pathway of mussels. The kinase functional domain sequences (S_TKc) of McIRAK-b and McIRAK-a expressed in BL21(DE3) and purified by Ni-NAT Superflow resin conforming to the expected molecular weight with many active sites for their conferring protein-protein interaction functions. This study may provide some further understandings of the regulatory mechanisms in the bivalve innate immune system for IRAKs family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Delong Ge
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Zaihao Long
- Ningbo International Travel Health Care Center, Ningbo, 315012, PR China
| | - Changfeng Chi
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Zhenming Lv
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China
| | - Huihui Liu
- National and Provincial Joint Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Marine Aquatic Genetic Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316022, PR China.
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Zhang Y, Li X, Wang C, Zhang M, Yang H, Lv K. lncRNA AK085865 Promotes Macrophage M2 Polarization in CVB3-Induced VM by Regulating ILF2-ILF3 Complex-Mediated miRNA-192 Biogenesis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 21:441-451. [PMID: 32668391 PMCID: PMC7358220 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that macrophage polarization plays a crucial role in coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced viral myocarditis (VM). Our previous study demonstrated that long noncoding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA) AK085865 ablation confers susceptibility to VM by regulating macrophage polarization. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms by which AK085865 regulates macrophage polarization remain to be explored. In this study, we found that AK085865 specifically interacts with interleukin enhancer-binding factor 2 (ILF2) and facilitates M2 macrophage polarization by functioning as a negative regulator in the ILF2-ILF3 complex-mediated microRNA (miRNA or miR) processing pathway. miR-192 was downregulated, whereas the levels of pri-miR-192 were significantly increased in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from AK085865-/- mice compared with the BMDMs from wild-type (WT) mice. Conversely, knockdown of ILF2 resulted in elevated levels of mature miR-192 and decreased expression of pri-miR-192 in BMDMs from AK085865-/- mice. Moreover, miR-192 overexpression promoted macrophage M2 polarization in vitro, and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) was identified as a direct target. miR-192 overexpression effectively rescued mice from lethal myocarditis caused by CVB3 infection and switched myocardial-infiltrating macrophages to a predominant M2 phenotype. Collectively, our findings uncover a critical mechanism of AK085865 in the regulation of macrophage polarization in vitro and in vivo and provide a potential, clinically significant therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wuhu 241001, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wuhu 241001, China; Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wuhu 241001, China; Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wuhu 241001, China; Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China
| | - Kun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Wuhu 241001, China; Department of Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu 241001, China.
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Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Effects of luteolin-7- O-glucuronide in LPS-Stimulated Murine Macrophages through TAK1 Inhibition and Nrf2 Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062007. [PMID: 32187984 PMCID: PMC7139836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various herbal extracts containing luteolin-7-O-glucuronide (L7Gn) have been traditionally used to treat inflammatory diseases. However, systemic studies aimed at elucidating the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative mechanisms of L7Gn in macrophages are insufficient. Herein, the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of L7Gn and their underlying mechanisms of action in macrophages were explored. L7Gn inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by transcriptional regulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in a dose-dependent manner. The mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators, including cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), was inhibited by L7Gn treatment. This suppression was mediated through transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) inhibition that leads to reduced activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). L7Gn also enhanced the radical scavenging effect and increased the expression of anti-oxidative regulators, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), by nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. These results indicate that L7Gn exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages, suggesting that L7Gn may be a suitable candidate to treat severe inflammation and oxidative stress.
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IRAK family in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kwon MY, Park J, Kim SM, Lee J, Cho H, Park JH, Han IO. An alpha-lipoic acid-decursinol hybrid compound attenuates lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation in BV2 and RAW264.7 cells. BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 31383251 PMCID: PMC6726214 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.8.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of α-lipoic acid (LA) and decursinol (Dec) hybrid compound LA-Dec were evaluated and compared with its prodrugs, LA and Dec. LA-Dec dose-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) generation in BV2 mouse microglial cells. On the other hand, no or mild inhibitory effect was shown by the Dec and LA, respectively. LA-Dec demonstrated dose-dependent protection from activation-induced cell death in BV2 cells. LA-Dec, but not LA or Dec individually, inhibited LPS-induced increased expressions of induced NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) proteins in a dose-dependent manner in both BV2 and mouse macrophage, RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, LA-Dec inhibited LPS-induced expressions of iNOS, COX-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β mRNA in BV2 cells, whereas the same concentration of LA or Dec was ineffective. Signaling studies demonstrated that LA-Dec inhibited LPS-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and protein kinase B activation, but not nuclear factor-kappa B or mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. The data implicate LA-Dec hybrid compound as a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Youn Kwon
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
| | - Sang-Min Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
| | - Jooweon Lee
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
| | - Hyeongjin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Park
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea
| | - Inn-Oc Han
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Korea
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