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Attarabeen OF, Shoair OA, Alkhateeb F, Howitz A, Nord L, Broedel-Zaugg K. Predictors of Stress and Burnout Among Pharmacy Faculty in the United States. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100754. [PMID: 38972637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2024.100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stress and burnout may impact pharmacy faculty's well-being, quality of life, and productivity. This research study aimed to assess pharmacy faculty's overall burnout and stress levels in the United States and identify the characteristics associated with these 2 constructs while controlling for faculty characteristics. METHODS A total of 5245 faculty members were invited to participate in a survey between November 2021 and February 2022. Burnout was assessed using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory. Stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale. Bivariate analyses were used to identify potential predictors of pharmacy faculty-perceived burnout and stress. The relationships between time allocation across different academic responsibilities and faculty's perceived burnout and stress were assessed using linear regression analyses. RESULTS Out of 5139 delivered invitations, responses were collected from 774 pharmacy faculty members (response rate = 15.1%). Faculty exhibited moderate levels of burnout, with an average score of 40.1 on a scale from 16 to 64. Additionally, they displayed moderate perceived stress levels, with an average score of 18.2 on a scale from 0 to 40. Faculty displayed significantly more burnout and stress if they were unmarried, nontenured, younger, female, had lower academic rank, or worked in pharmacy practice departments. Higher stress and burnout were associated with spending more time on teaching, whereas lower burnout and stress were associated with spending more time on administration. CONCLUSION This study found that US pharmacy faculty experience moderate levels of stress and burnout. Some demographic factors and time allocation for teaching and administrative tasks influence these levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar F Attarabeen
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Princess Anne, MD, USA.
| | - Osama A Shoair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Health Outcomes, The University of Texas at Tyler, Fisch College of Pharmacy, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Fadi Alkhateeb
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, South College, School of Pharmacy, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Austin Howitz
- Retail Pharmacy Department, CVS Pharmacy Inc, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Nord
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Administration, and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Kimberly Broedel-Zaugg
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Administration, and Research, Marshall University School of Pharmacy, Huntington, WV, USA
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Harris SC, Gandavarapu S, Zeeman JM. Scoping Review of Programmatic Well-Being Interventions and Outcomes to Support Pharmacy Students. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100638. [PMID: 38141955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent literature highlights various well-being initiatives implemented across pharmacy programs; however, there is much heterogeneity in their implementation and limited studies assessing the impact and success of these initiatives on pharmacy students' well-being. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify the effectiveness of strategies implemented by pharmacy schools to improve the well-being of pharmacy students. FINDINGS In total, 23 studies were included, and well-being strategies were categorized into 3 groups: organizational wellness programs, curriculum design and educational course activities, and specific relaxation or meditation activities. Strategies included yoga meditation, structured mindfulness courses, and self-directed mindfulness with digital smartphone applications. The majority of studies assessed outcomes of stress, burnout, and mindfulness, though other well-being domains such as resilience and belonging emerged. Some also assessed perceptions and acceptability of the interventions through qualitative approaches. SUMMARY Despite the heterogeneity of interventions and outcome measures, this review provides a comprehensive scope of well-being domains, assessment tools, interventions, and approaches targeted at pharmacy students and highlights the strongest evidence for interventions on reducing stress. Pharmacy programs can benefit from approaches at both the organization level and those fostering individual accountability by exposing students to a variety of self-help well-being strategies that develop protective factors and motivate them to sustain well-being practices themselves as a shared approach. This scoping review addresses a critical gap by gaining an understanding of the current landscape of well-being initiatives and their effectiveness to better guide pharmacy programs on strategies that are most likely to improve student well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Harris
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, Office of Well-being and Resiliency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Sathvika Gandavarapu
- Bachelor of Science in Economics with minor in Chemistry and Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Trinity College of Arts and Science, Duke University, Durham, NC.
| | - Jacqueline M Zeeman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, Office of Organizational Effectiveness, Planning, and Assessment, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Cole JD, Ruble MJ, Jacoby JL, Smith AB, Duka S, Kincaid H, Quinn JF. Longitudinal Assessment of Empathy and Burnout Across a Single Pharmacy Class Cohort. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100604. [PMID: 37832651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This is a final analysis of longitudinal evaluation of burnout and empathy among a cohort of Doctor of Pharmacy students throughout their 4-year enrollment. METHODS The class of 2021 received sequential Qualtrics (Qualtrics, Provo, UT) surveys containing 2 validated survey instruments, the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Surveys were disseminated at the start of the program (PY1start) and the end of each academic year (PY1end, PY2, PY3, PY4). Linear mixed models accounting for repeated measures, Generalized Estimating Equation, and Cochran's Q statistic were used to evaluate longitudinal change in the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and Maslach Burnout Inventory survey scores, categorized subscales, and burnout. RESULTS Matched survey responses were included for 91 students (85.8% response rate). Across all years, a decrease in empathy and professional efficacy and an increase in exhaustion and cynicism was seen. High categorical levels of exhaustion and cynicism indicated evidence of burnout throughout the program. Year-to-year analysis indicated statistically significant increases in exhaustion and cynicism between PY1start and all subsequent assessments, a decrease in professional efficacy from PY1start to PY1end and PY2, and a decrease in empathy for PY1start to PY1end. CONCLUSION Students reported trends of decreasing empathy and professional efficacy, with a simultaneous increase in exhaustion and cynicism. Further evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 on these results, as well as additional methods to support overall student wellness, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn D Cole
- University of South Florida, Taneja College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Melissa J Ruble
- University of South Florida, Taneja College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Jeanne L Jacoby
- Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network/University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF-MCOM), Lehigh Valley Campus, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Amy B Smith
- Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network/University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF-MCOM), Lehigh Valley Campus, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Shae Duka
- Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network/University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF-MCOM), Lehigh Valley Campus, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Hope Kincaid
- Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network/University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF-MCOM), Lehigh Valley Campus, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - Joann Farrell Quinn
- University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine (USF-MCOM), Tampa Campus, Tampa, FL, USA
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Lingow S, Jeon M, Richter SK. Evaluation of Student Peer- and Self-Grading in an Integrated Pharmacotherapy Course. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:100618. [PMID: 37949360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if student peer- and self-grades correlate with faculty grades on case vignettes. METHODS This study involved first professional-year students enrolled in an Integrated Pharmacotherapy course. The course included three modified team-based learning (TBL) activities (each consisting of individual and team readiness assurance tests, followed by three open-note case vignettes completed in teams). Each student uploaded completed case vignettes to the learning management system and was assigned to complete a self- and a random, anonymous peer-grade using a provided key. Peer- and self-grades were compared to faculty grades using a null multilevel model to determine the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Faculty time spent grading was captured, and students were surveyed to determine the perceived value of peer- and self-grading. RESULTS Faculty- and peer-grades had a slightly higher correlation than faculty- and self-grades (ICC = 0.75 vs 0.73, respectively). The ICC between all three grader groups was 0.74. Faculty spent an average of 2.5 h grading the cases after each TBL session. Students reported spending a median of 36 min on the peer- and self-grades for each TBL session. Overall, students agreed that both the self- and peer-grading activities helped identify gaps in knowledge (90% and 56%, respectively). A total of 78% of students agreed that self-grading was beneficial for their learning. CONCLUSION There was a moderate-to-good correlation between peer-, self-, and faculty- grades for case vignettes. Faculty time may be saved through student self- or peer-grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lingow
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, St. Louis College of Pharmacy at University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Michelle Jeon
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy at Saint Joseph's University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara K Richter
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, St. Louis College of Pharmacy at University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Alvarez NA, Gaither CA, Schommer JC, Lee S, Shaughnessy AM. Moral Distress and Moral Injury in Pharmacy and Why the Academy Needs to Care. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2023; 87:100610. [PMID: 37865387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacists and other pharmacy personnel are experiencing job stress and burnout, and in some instances, suicidal ideation and death by suicide. However, the described lived experiences of pharmacists and other pharmacy personnel are not defined by burnout. Thus, consideration of and research about whether pharmacy personnel are possibly experiencing moral distress or moral injury is necessary and urgent. The pharmacy academy is served by considering workplace conditions and lived experiences of pharmacists because of the potential, negative impact on prospective student recruitment, quality of experiential sites and preceptors, sites for clinical faculty placement, and the well-being of alumni. Understanding phenomena occurring for pharmacy personnel and determining how they impact the pharmacy academy can lend itself to the future development of solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Alvarez
- University of Arizona, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | | | - Jon C Schommer
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - SuHak Lee
- University of Minnesota, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Marlicz W, Koulaouzidis A, Charisopoulou D, Jankowski J, Marlicz M, Skonieczna-Zydecka K, Krynicka P, Loniewski I, Samochowiec J, Rydzewska G, Koulaouzidis G. Burnout in healthcare - the Emperor's New Clothes. PRZEGLAD GASTROENTEROLOGICZNY 2023; 18:274-280. [PMID: 37937112 PMCID: PMC10626384 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2023.131595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Burnout is common among physicians; it severely alters their health and has a negative impact on functioning of healthcare systems. Hypertension, increased cortisol levels, maladaptive behaviors with negative social consequences, and suboptimal quality of care have been associated with healthcare providers' burnout. As the number of patients with cancers, psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders will rise, we need new solutions to maintain physicians' health and, therefore, quality of care. Coping strategies before the COVID-19 pandemic seem ineffective in scaling all the deficits of the global healthcare systems. Examples of new initiatives include new collaborative projects, such as COH-FIT (The Collaborative Outcomes study on Health and Functioning during Infection Times - https://www.coh-fit.com), which aims to collect global data and understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health in order to identify various coping strategies for patients and healthcare workers during infection times, or MEMO (Minimizing Error, Maximizing Outcome), funded by the Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Others: i) Rome Foundation GastroPsych undertake efforts dedicated to the science and practice of psychogastroenterology, a burgeoning field with roots in behavioral intervention, cognitive science and experimental psychology focused on fostering the professional growth and collaboration of those engaged in medical practices, or ii) World Gastroenterology Organisation (WGO), Train The Trainers (TTT) program including a new topic of the impact of burnout on career longevity in order to foster strategies for staying healthy and increasing career satisfaction. There is a need for continuous development of digital technologies (e.g. training simulators, telemedicine, robots and artificial intelligence). Their implementation into medical practice is inevitable. Now more than ever, there is a need for a new spirit in healthcare. Together with others in the field, we believe this article is a desperate call for maximizing the use of novel technologies supported by collaborative interactions among healthcare providers and medical professionals of diverse medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Marlicz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anastasios Koulaouzidis
- Department of Social Medicine and Public Health, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark
| | - Dafni Charisopoulou
- Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Academic Centre for Congenital Heart Disease, Netherlands
| | - Janusz Jankowski
- Institute for Clinical Trials, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Marlicz
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Patrycja Krynicka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Igor Loniewski
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Grażyna Rydzewska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - George Koulaouzidis
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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