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Anderson A, Van der Mijnsbrugge A, Cameleyre X, Gorret N. From yeast screening for suitability as single cell protein to fed-batch cultures. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:827-842. [PMID: 39002086 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03504-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fed-batch cultures have rarely been used in single cell protein (SCP) research. This work evaluated multiple yeast species for suitability as SCP cultivated using glucose- and sucrose-based substrate and performed in-depth studies of fed-batch SCP cultivation kinetics for selected yeasts, including determination of specific crude nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors. METHODS SCP was cultivated using fully synthetic media in flask batch or bioreactor fed-batch cultures. Crude nitrogen and nucleic acid content were determined using the Dumas method and fluorescence assay kits, respectively. RESULTS C. utilis compared favorably to other yeasts in flask batch cultures in terms of process yield (0.52 ± 0.01 gx gs-1) and crude nitrogen content (10.0 ± 0.5 and 9.9 ± 0.5%CDW for glucose and sucrose, respectively). This is the first time biomass composition data was reported for SCP cultivated in fed-batch mode. C. utilis crude nitrogen content was consistent across the tested conditions (protein content stabilized around 50%CDW in fed-batch), while that of the benchmark yeast S. cerevisiae was higher in batch cultures and at the beginning of fed-batch relative to the end (protein content decreased over time and stabilized around 43%CDW). Total nucleic acid content of the yeasts was similar (6.8%CDW and 6.3%CDW, for C. utilis and S. cerevisiae, respectively), with crude nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors of 4.97 and 5.80. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the suitability of C. utilis as SCP, notably the robustness of its crude nitrogen content (as an indicator of protein content) across batch and fed-batch conditions, compared to that of the benchmark yeast S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xavier Cameleyre
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Gorret
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
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Heyer CME, Jaworski NW, Page GI, Zijlstra RT. Effect of Fiber Fermentation and Protein Digestion Kinetics on Mineral Digestion in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2053. [PMID: 36009643 PMCID: PMC9404855 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient kinetic data and the timing of nutrient release along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), are not yet widely used in current feed formulations for pigs and poultry. The present review focuses on interactions between fermentable substrates (e.g., starch, fiber, and protein) and selected minerals on nutrient digestion and absorption to determine nutritional solutions to maximize animal performance, principally in the grower-finisher phase, with the aim of minimizing environmental pollution. For phosphorus (P), myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), no standardized methodologies to assess in vitro mineral digestion exist. The stepwise degradation of InsP6 to lower inositol phosphate (InsP) forms in the GIT is rare, and inositol phosphate4 (InsP4) might be the limiting isomer of InsP degradation in diets with exogenous phytase. Furthermore, dietary coefficients of standardized total tract digestibility (CSTTD) of P might be underestimated in diets with fermentable ingredients because of increased diet-specific endogenous P losses (EPL), and further clarification is required to better calculate the coefficients of true total tract digestibility (CTTTD) of P. The quantification of fiber type, composition of fiber fractions, their influence on digestion kinetics, effects on digesta pH, and nutrient solubility related to fermentation should be considered for formulating diets. In conclusion, applications of nutrient kinetic data should be considered to help enhance nutrient digestion and absorption in the GIT, thereby reducing nutrient excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. E. Heyer
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | | | - Greg I. Page
- Trouw Nutrition Innovation, 3800 AG Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurd T. Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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Reynaud Y, Couvent A, Manach A, Forest D, Lopez M, Picque D, Souchon I, Rémond D, Dupont D. Food-dependent set-up of the DiDGI® dynamic in vitro system: Correlation with the porcine model for protein digestion of soya-based food. Food Chem 2021; 341:128276. [PMID: 33068848 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared in vivo protein digestion in a miniature pig model with the dynamic in vitro system DiDGI®, using three digestive compartments (stomach, duodenum, and jejunum + ileum). Two soya-based meals-commercial soya milk and tofu-were studied, each with the same macronutrient content but different macrostructures. Our aim was to first deduce from the in vivo experiments in pigs key digestive parameters such as gastric pH, stomach emptying kinetics, and intestinal transit time, in order to design a relevant set-up for the dynamic in vitro system. Then, we compared digestive samples collected at fixed sampling times from both in vivo and in vitro models regarding different values related to proteolysis. We observed similar evolutions of gastric peptide distribution and duodenal proteolysis between models. Overall, apparent ileal digestibility of nitrogen was similar in vitro and in vivo and the differences between the two meals were conserved between models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Reynaud
- IMPROVE SAS, F-80480 Dury, France; STLO, INRAE, INSTITUT AGRO, F-35042 Rennes, France.
| | | | - Aline Manach
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, SayFood, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - David Forest
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, SayFood, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | | | - Daniel Picque
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, SayFood, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Isabelle Souchon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, SayFood, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Didier Rémond
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Choi H, Won CS, Kim BG. Protein and energy concentrations of meat meal and meat and bone meal fed to pigs based on in vitro assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:252-257. [PMID: 33997354 PMCID: PMC8110869 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop equations for estimating ileal digestible crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of meat meal (MM) and meat and bone meal (MBM) as feed ingredients for pigs based on in vitro assays. Test ingredients were 4 sources of MM and 3 sources of MBM. Ash and CP contents of the ingredients ranged from 3.8% to 33.1% and 46.8% to 82.9% (as-is basis), respectively. In vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of CP was determined and ileal digestible CP content was calculated by multiplying CP content by IVID of CP. In vitro total tract disappearance (IVTTD) of dry matter (DM) was determined and ME was calculated using gross energy, CP contents, and IVTTD of DM. The IVID of CP and IVTTD of DM ranged from 77.2% to 88.7% and from 82.7% to 92.4%, respectively. Calculated ileal digestible CP and ME contents ranged from 37.8% to 73.5% DM and 2,405 to 3,905 kcal/kg DM, respectively. Ash contents were negatively correlated (P < 0.001) with CP (r = −0.99), in vitro ileal digestible CP (r = −0.97), gross energy (r = −1.00), in vitro digestible energy (r = −0.97), and adjusted ME (r = −0.97). The most fitting equations for ileal digestible CP and adjusted ME were: ileal digestible CP (% DM) = 11.91 − 0.90 × Ash (% DM) + 0.74 × IVID of CP (%) (R2 = 0.99) and adjusted ME (kcal/kg DM) = 130.85 − 50.90 × ash (% DM) + 47.06 × IVTTD of DM (%) (R2 = 0.99). To validate the accuracy of the prediction equations for ME, mean bias and linear bias were determined using a regression analysis. Calculated ME values of MM and MBM were in a good agreement with data obtained from animal experiments based on a statistically insignificant bias in the models. In conclusion, ME concentrations of MM and MBM as swine feed ingredients can be calculated using ash concentration and in vitro disappearance of dry matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjun Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sik Won
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Cho KH, Kang SW, Yoo JS, Song DK, Chung YH, Kwon GT, Kim YY. Effects of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae hydrolysate on nutrient ileal digestibility in growing pigs compared to those of defatted mealworm larvae meal, fermented poultry by-product, and hydrolyzed fish soluble. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2020; 33:490-500. [PMID: 32054168 PMCID: PMC7054617 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.19.0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate effect of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae hydrolysate on nutrient ileal digestibility compared to those of dried mealworm larvae meal, fermented poultry by-product, and hydrolyzed fish soluble in growing pigs. METHODS A total of 12 crossbred ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc) growing pigs with average body weight of 28.70±0.32 kg were surgically equipped with simple T-cannulas. A total of 12 pigs were assigned to individual metabolic crates and allotted to one of four treatments with 3 replicates in a fully randomized design. RESULTS Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of dry matter (DM) was the highest in pigs fed HML diet. AIDs of crude protein (CP) were higher in pigs fed HML and DMLM diets than those in pigs fed the other two diets. AID of total amino acid was higher (p = 0.06) in pigs fed HML diet. AIDs of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), and threonine (Thr) were similar in pigs fed DMLM and HML diets, but were higher (p = 0.05, p<0.05, and p = 0.05, respectively) than those in pigs fed FPBM or HFS diet. Pigs fed HML diet had higher standardized ileal digestibilities (SIDs) of DM and CP (p<0.05 and p<0.05, respectively) compared to pigs fed the other FPBM and HFS diets. SIDs of total amino acid were not different (p = 0.06) between treatments. For SIDs of Lys, Met, and Thr, pigs fed HML and DMLM diets showed higher SIDs (p = 0.05, p<0.05, and p<0.05, respectively) than pigs fed FPBM and HFS diets. SIDs of non-essential amino acids (aspartic acid, glycine, and alanine) were higher (p<0.05, p< 0.05, and p<0.05, respectively) in pigs fed HML, FPBM, and DMLM diets than those in pigs fed the HFS diet. AID and SID of glutamic acid were higher in pigs fed HML and FPBM diets. CONCLUSION In conclusion, dietary supplementation of mealworm larvae hydrolysate had higher digestibility in DM, CP, Lys, Met, and Thr compared to dietary supplementation with fermented poultry by-product and hydrolyzed fish soluble.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sun Woo Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
| | - Jong Sang Yoo
- Daehan feed Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Incheon 22300,
Korea
| | - Dae Kil Song
- Jeonbuk Institute for Food-Bioindustry, Jeonju 54810,
Korea
| | - Yi Hyung Chung
- Jeonbuk Institute for Food-Bioindustry, Jeonju 54810,
Korea
| | - Gyoo Taik Kwon
- Berry & Biofood Research Institute, Gochang 56417,
Korea
| | - Yoo Yong Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826,
Korea
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Bohn T, Carriere F, Day L, Deglaire A, Egger L, Freitas D, Golding M, Le Feunteun S, Macierzanka A, Menard O, Miralles B, Moscovici A, Portmann R, Recio I, Rémond D, Santé-Lhoutelier V, Wooster TJ, Lesmes U, Mackie AR, Dupont D. Correlation between in vitro and in vivo data on food digestion. What can we predict with static in vitro digestion models? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 58:2239-2261. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1315362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Bohn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | | | - L. Day
- Agresearch, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - L. Egger
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - M. Golding
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - A. Moscovici
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - R. Portmann
- Agroscope, Institute for Food Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - T. J. Wooster
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec S.A., Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - U. Lesmes
- Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Ekmay RD, Coon CN, Ladics GS, Herman RA. Allergenic potential of novel proteins - What can we learn from animal production? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:240-243. [PMID: 28751264 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently, risk assessment of the allergenic potential of novel proteins relies heavily on evaluating protein digestibility under normal conditions based on the theory that allergens are more resistant to gastrointestinal digestion than non-allergens. There is also proposed guidance for expanded in vitro digestibility assay conditions to include vulnerable sub-populations. One of the underlying rationales for the expanded guidance is that current in vitro assays do not accurately replicate the range of physiological conditions. Animal scientists have long sought to predict protein and amino acid digestibility for precision nutrition. Monogastric production animals, especially swine, have gastrointestinal systems similar to humans, and evaluating potential allergen digestibility in this context may be beneficial. Currently, there is no compelling evidence that the mechanisms sometimes postulated to be associated with allergenic sensitization, e.g. antacid modification of stomach pH, are valid among production animals. Furthermore, examples are provided where non-biologically representative assays are better at predicting protein and amino acid digestibility compared with those designed to mimic in vivo conditions. Greater emphasis should be made to align in vitro assessments with in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig N Coon
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Rod A Herman
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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8
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Święch E. Alternative prediction methods of protein and energy evaluation of pig feeds. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:39. [PMID: 28473913 PMCID: PMC5415837 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise knowledge of the actual nutritional value of individual feedstuffs and complete diets for pigs is important for efficient livestock production. Methods of assessment of protein and energy values in pig feeds have been briefly described. In vivo determination of protein and energy values of feeds in pigs are time-consuming, expensive and very often require the use of surgically-modified animals. There is a need for more simple, rapid, inexpensive and reproducible methods for routine feed evaluation. Protein and energy values of pig feeds can be estimated using the following alternative methods: 1) prediction equations based on chemical composition; 2) animal models as rats, cockerels and growing pigs for adult animals; 3) rapid methods, such as the mobile nylon bag technique and in vitro methods. Alternative methods developed for predicting the total tract and ileal digestibility of nutrients including amino acids in feedstuffs and diets for pigs have been reviewed. This article focuses on two in vitro methods that can be used for the routine evaluation of amino acid ileal digestibility and energy value of pig feeds and on factors affecting digestibility determined in vivo in pigs and by alternative methods. Validation of alternative methods has been carried out by comparing the results obtained using these methods with those acquired in vivo in pigs. In conclusion, energy and protein values of pig feeds may be estimated with satisfactory precision in rats and by the two- or three-step in vitro methods providing equations for the calculation of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolizable energy content. The use of alternative methods of feed evaluation is an important way for reduction of stressful animal experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Święch
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna, Poland
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