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Ghafari G, Newcomer J, Rigali S, Liszewski W. Permanent makeup: A review of its technique, regulation, and complications. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024:S0190-9622(24)00848-X. [PMID: 38901732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Permanent makeup (PMU) is a popular form of tattooing used to replace or enhance the use of daily makeup. The purpose of this literature review is to provide an overview of PMU, with a particular focus on its use, regulation, and potential complications reported in the literature. In the United States, there is significant variation in the regulation and training required to perform PMU. Adverse outcomes of PMU include infectious, allergic, and inflammatory complications. These complications may be more common if proper hygiene and aftercare practices are not followed. Cosmetically, PMU may shift or have an altered appearance if the underlying skin is treated with cosmetic fillers or local anesthetics. Given the popularity of PMU and its cosmetic uses, dermatologists should be aware of the PMU industry, potential complications, and how best to manage complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Ghafari
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jack Newcomer
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Sarah Rigali
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Walter Liszewski
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Department of Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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2
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Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among High-risk Populations in Northeastern Iran. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon-127166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects 58 million people globally. The frequency of HCV infection in the general Iranian population is less than 0.5%; however, a concentrated epidemic was reported among people who use drugs, particularly those with a history of drug injection. Objectives: This cross-sectional study was performed to assess the prevalence of HCV infection among high-risk groups outside of prison in northeastern Iran. Methods: A total of 962 participants in Razavi Khorasan province were enrolled from 2018 to 2022. They included drug users referred to drug treatment and harm reduction centers and individuals with a history of crimes such as drug use or imprisonment who worked in a private industrial unit. Serum anti-HCV antibodies were assessed using a rapid or ELISA kit, and seroreactive samples were confirmed by single-step reverse transcriptase or qualitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of 707 males and 255 females was 39.8 ± 10.2 years. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected from 129 samples (13.41%), of which 117 were available for polymerase chain reaction testing. HCV RNA was detected in 88 cases (75.2%); the total viremia rate was calculated as 9.26% (88/950). Logistic regression analysis revealed that HCV infection among drug users was significantly associated with older age (P = 0.002), being single (P = 0.009), and history of drug injection (P < 0.001) or incarceration (P = 0.04). Conclusions: The findings showed a considerably high prevalence of HCV infection among people who use drugs in northeastern Iran. To achieve the global goal of viral hepatitis elimination by 2030, we strongly recommend stricter screening and treatment of this infection among such hard-to-access populations in Iran.
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Increased prevalence of transfusion-transmitted diseases among people with tattoos: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262990. [PMID: 35085358 PMCID: PMC8794209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether having a tattoo increases the risk of transfusion-transmitted diseases (TTDs) is controversial. Although a few studies have suggested a strong association between having tattoos and TTDs, other studies have not shown the significance of the association. In addition, previous studies mainly focused only on hepatitis C viral infections. The objective of our study was to identify the prevalence and risk of TTDs in people with tattoos as compared with the non-tattooed population. A systematic review of the studies published before January 22, 2021, was performed using the Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Observational studies on hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and syphilis infections in people with and without tattoos were included. Studies that reported disease status without serological confirmation were excluded. A total of 121 studies were quantitatively analyzed. HCV (odds ratio [OR], 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04–2.76), HBV (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.31–1.83), and HIV infections (OR, 3.55; 95% CI, 2.34–5.39) were more prevalent in the tattooed population. In subgroup analyses, the prevalence of HCV infection was significantly elevated in the general population, hospital patient, blood donor, intravenous (IV) drug user, and prisoner groups. IV drug users and prisoners showed high prevalence rates of HBV infection. The prevalence of HIV infection was significantly increased in the general population and prisoner groups. Having a tattoo is associated with an increased prevalence of TTDs. Our approach clarifies in-depth and supports a guideline for TTD screening in the tattooed population.
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Rello J, Tejada S, Campogiani L, Adebanjo AG, Tammaro A. Systemic infections associated with tattoos or permanent makeup: A systematic review. Med Clin (Barc) 2021; 158:159-166. [PMID: 33902933 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this article is to summarize published information on systemic infective complications of tattoos to gain an update of the current picture. METHODS A literature search was performed in PubMed database (2009-2019), and compared with a search without year restriction. Eligibility criteria were studies on systemic tattoo-related infections, including case reports, case series, outbreak investigations, reviews, and systematic reviews. RESULTS We identified 17 manuscripts with systemic infections between 2009 and 2019, with one reported fatality. In contrast to the historical records, no reports of systemic tuberculosis, syphilis or viral (hepatitis or HIV) infections were reported within the study period. A few sporadic cases or Mycobacterium leprae (India) or regional lymphadenopathy associated with skin lesions in non-tuberculosis mycobacteria were identified. Persistent fever with rigour was common in bacterial bloodstream infections. One episode of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome and several episodes of septic shock were reported, associated with cellulitis or necrotizing fasciitis within two weeks of the procedure, predominantly caused by pyogenic bacteria (S. aureus or streptococcus). Identification of lung or systemic embolisms in the absence of local symptoms, was indicative of (right or left) infective endocarditis. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial bloodstream infections should be considered in subjects developing fever and rigour after tattoos, regardless of local symptoms. A shift in causative organisms has been documented, when comparing with historical reports. NTM are emerging organisms causing lymphadenopathy. Strict hygiene conditions are essential when performing a tattoo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Rello
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Research/Epidemiology in Pneumonia & Sepsis (CRIPS), Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Research, CHU Nîmes, University Montpellier-Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Sofia Tejada
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Clinical Research/Epidemiology in Pneumonia & Sepsis (CRIPS), Vall d'Hebron Institut of Research (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Campogiani
- Clinical Infectious Disease, Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Adenike G Adebanjo
- NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tammaro
- NESMOS Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea, Rome, Italy
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5
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Balkissoon CJ, Hampton MD. Increasing Birth Cohort Screening for Chronic Hepatitis C in a Primary Care Clinic with Panel Management. J Community Health 2020; 44:1055-1060. [PMID: 31144169 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-019-00680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C affects millions of people worldwide and patients born between 1945 and 1965 are at elevated risk. Hepatitis C infection can lead to health complications including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Recent advancements in direct-acting antiviral treatments have placed the spotlight on primary care providers to identify undiagnosed patients with chronic hepatitis C for treatment and attaining a sustained-virologic response. Primary care providers do not routinely screen patients born between 1945 and 1965 for hepatitis C despite CDC recommendations. To evaluate the effectiveness of a hepatitis C screening protocol implemented in a primary care setting with no prior protocol. A multidisciplinary team was used to implement a hepatitis C screening protocol for patients born between 1945 and 1965 (birth cohort screening). A retrospective analysis was conducted to compare the rate of hepatitis C screening 2 years before and 2 years after the protocol was implemented. Frequency data were collected monthly and tracked in a run chart noting relevant events that affected screening. In the 2 years before the screening protocol began, 81 patients were screened (average = 3 per month); and in the 2 years after the intervention was implemented, a total of 637 patients were screened (average = 25 per month). The protocol was successful in increasing screening rates from 15 to 66% in the 2 years post-intervention. This quality improvement study demonstrated that targeting the birth cohort population was a successful method for increasing hepatitis C screening in a primary care clinic.
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Abe CM, Aguwa M, Zhao M, Sullivan J, Porsa E, Nijhawan AE. Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the Dallas County Jail: Implications for Screening, Prevention, and Linkage to Care. Public Health Rep 2019; 134:626-633. [PMID: 31530093 PMCID: PMC6832085 DOI: 10.1177/0033354919874081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in jail provides an opportunity to educate and offer care to a high-risk population. We aimed to (1) estimate the prevalence of HCV infection in jail; (2) describe the demographic characteristics, risk factors, and pre-incarceration health insurance status associated with HCV infection; and (3) examine the implementation of HCV screening in jail. METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of an opt-out HCV screening program with HCV RNA confirmation and patient education at the Dallas County Jail from April 1 through November 2, 2017. We extracted data on test results, demographic characteristics, and release destination from electronic medical records. A nurse navigator recorded data on patient self-reported risk factors and pre-incarceration health insurance status. RESULTS Of 4089 incarcerated persons screened, 708 (17.3%) had a positive HCV antibody result. Of these, 641 (90.5%) had an HCV RNA test ordered; 576 (89.9%) had RNA tests completed, of whom 413 (71.7%) had a positive HCV RNA result. Of these 413, 352 (85.2%) received patient education. Half of HCV RNA-positive incarcerated persons (n = 207, 50.1%) were born outside the birth cohort (1945-1965). Among those with HCV infection, commonly reported risk factors were injection drug use (168 of 352; 47.8%) and tattoos (82 of 352; 23.4%). Most incarcerated persons with HCV infection (284 of 350; 81.1%) did not have health insurance. HCV antibody prevalence was higher among incarcerated persons released to prison (232 of 961; 24.1%) than to outside agencies (38 of 403; 9.4%) or the community (178 of 1026; 17.4%). CONCLUSIONS Screening for HCV with RNA confirmation in jail provides an opportunity for disease education, transmission prevention, and navigation to HCV treatment. Future efforts should examine post-incarceration linkage to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Abe
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Michelle Zhao
- Parkland Health and Hospital Systems, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jacqueline Sullivan
- Office of Strategy and Integration, Parkland Health and Hospital System,
Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Esmaeil Porsa
- Office of Strategy and Integration, Parkland Health and Hospital System,
Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ank E. Nijhawan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University
of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Hoad VC, Guy RJ, Seed CR, Harley R. Tattoos, blood-borne viruses and blood donors: a blood donor cohort and risk assessment. Vox Sang 2019; 114:687-693. [PMID: 31396975 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is conflicting evidence in the literature as to whether there is a blood-borne virus (BBV) risk associated with tattoos in licensed premises. However, blood donors are currently deferred from blood donation in Australia for 4 months after any tattoo. We aimed to assess the incidence of BBVs in blood donors who declared tattoos and evaluate the risk to blood safety through risk modelling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Donors from 2013 to 2016 with a tattoo deferral on their blood donor file with pre- and post-BBV testing were analysed to determine an incidence of BBVs using standard methods. This was compared to a 2014 cohort of whole blood donors with a deferral of 4 months due to travel to a malaria-endemic area. Using the incidence of tattoos and BBV risk, the total residual risk estimate of allowing tattooed donors to return without restriction was calculated. RESULTS The incidence rate of BBVs in blood donors following tattoo deferral was 13·26 (95% CI 2·67-38·75) per 100 000 person-years (all were hepatitis C infections in males compared to 9·26 (95% CI 2·49-23·71) per 100 000 in blood donors following malaria deferral. If other risk factors were accounted for the risk in tattoo donors decreased to 4·4 per 100 000 person-years. The total residual risk calculation if donors with a tattoo were allowed to donate without restriction was estimated at 1 in 34 million. CONCLUSIONS This residual risk indicates BBV deferral for donors post-tattoo in Australia is not required for blood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica C Hoad
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Guy
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Clive R Seed
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Robert Harley
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Exposure in Iranian Prisoners: A National Study in 2016. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.91129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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9
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Van Remoortel H, Moorkens D, Avau B, Compernolle V, Vandekerckhove P, De Buck E. Is there a risk of transfusion-transmissible infections after percutaneous needle treatments in blood donors? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vox Sang 2019; 114:297-309. [PMID: 30972765 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The donor medical questionnaire identifies a blood donor's history of known blood safety risks. Current Australian, Canadian, European and USA legislation temporarily defers blood donors who received different percutaneous needle treatments (i.e. tattooing, acupuncture and piercing) from blood donation. This systematic review aimed to scientifically underpin these deferrals by identifying the best available evidence on the association between percutaneous needle treatments and the risk of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Studies from three databases investigating the link between percutaneous needle treatments and TTIs (HBV, HCV and HIV infection) in blood donors were retained and assessed on eligibility by two reviewers independently. The association between percutaneous needle treatments and TTIs was expressed by conducting meta-analyses and calculating pooled effect measures (odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs). The GRADE methodology (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) was used to assess the quality of evidence. RESULTS We identified 1242 references and finally included 21 observational studies. Twenty studies assessed the link between percutaneous needle treatments and HCV infection and found that blood donors receiving these treatments had an increased risk of HCV infection (tattooing: pooled OR 5·28, 95% CI [4·33, 6·44], P < 0·00001 (low-quality evidence); acupuncture: pooled OR 1·56, 95% CI [1·17, 2·08], P = 0·03 (very low-quality evidence); and piercing: pooled OR 3·25, 95% CI [1·68, 6·30], P = 0·0005 (low-quality evidence)). CONCLUSION Percutaneous needle treatments may be associated with an increased HCV infection risk. Further high-quality studies are required to formulate stronger evidence-based recommendations on percutaneous needle treatments as a blood donor deferral criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Van Remoortel
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Dorien Moorkens
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Bert Avau
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium.,Cochrane Belgium, Belgian Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (Cebam), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Compernolle
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Blood Services, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Philippe Vandekerckhove
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Emmy De Buck
- Centre for Evidence-Based Practice, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Risk factors for acquiring HCV at a healthcare center in Hidalgo, Mexico. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmxen.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Update on Transmission Modes of Hepatitis C Virus Among Volunteer Iranian Blood Donors: Analysis of a Matched Case-Control Study by Penalized Conditional Logistic Regression. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.69395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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12
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Tran NT, Dubost C, Baggio S, Gétaz L, Wolff H. Safer tattooing interventions in prisons: a systematic review and call to action. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1015. [PMID: 30111364 PMCID: PMC6094923 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide more than ten million people are detained at any given time. Between 5 and 60% of people experiencing incarceration report receipt of a tattoo in prison – mostly clandestine, which is associated with risks of blood-borne infections (BBIs). Although safer tattooing techniques are effective in preventing BBI transmission and available to the general population, there is limited knowledge about the impact of safer tattooing strategies in prisons in terms of health outcomes, changes in knowledge and behaviors, and best practice models for implementation. The objective of this research was to identify and review safer tattooing interventions. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature. Studies of all design types were included if they were published until 27 June 2018, the population was incarcerated adults, they reported quantitative outcomes, and were published in English, French, or Spanish. Results Of 55 papers retrieved from the initial search, no peer-reviewed article was identified. One paper from the grey literature described a multi-site pilot project in Canada. Its evaluation suggested that the project was effective in enhancing knowledge of incarcerated people and prison staff on standard precautions, had the potential to reduce harm, provided vocational opportunities, and was feasible although enhancements were needed to improve implementation issues and efficiency. Conclusions Although access to preventive services, including to safer tattooing interventions, is a human right and recommended by United Nations agencies as part of a comprehensive package of harm reduction interventions in prisons, this review identified only a few promising strategies for safer tattooing interventions in carceral settings. We call upon governments, criminal justice authorities, non-governmental organizations, and academic institutions to implement safer tattooing projects that adhere to the following guiding principles: i) integration of methodologically-rigorous implementation research; ii) involvement of key stakeholders (incarcerated people, prison authorities, research partners) in the project design, implementation, and research; iii) integration into a comprehensive package of BBI prevention, treatment, and care, using a stepwise approach that considers local resources and acceptability; and iv) publication and dissemination of findings, and scaling up efforts. Prospero Registration CRD42017072502. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5867-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Toan Tran
- Division of Health in Prison, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Ch. du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland. .,Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, Faculty of Health, University of Technology, PO Box 123, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Célestine Dubost
- Division of Health in Prison, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Ch. du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
| | - Stéphanie Baggio
- Division of Health in Prison, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Ch. du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Gétaz
- Division of Health in Prison, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Ch. du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
| | - Hans Wolff
- Division of Health in Prison, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Ch. du Petit-Bel-Air 2, CH-1225, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
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13
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Karimi-Sari H, Ghafari Z, Alavian SM. Hepatitis C screening in patients with oral lichen planus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 9:e12350. [PMID: 29971956 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Karimi-Sari
- Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghafari
- Young Researchers' Elite Club, Islamic Azad University Dental Branch of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed M Alavian
- Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Contreras-Omaña R, García-Lemus FJ, García-Camacho A. Risk factors for acquiring HCV at a healthcare center in Hidalgo, Mexico. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2018; 84:36-43. [PMID: 29895448 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS The approach to HCV infection begins with the directed search for risk factors linked to its acquisition. Therefore, our primary aim was to identify the prevalence of risk factors associated with HCV infections in insured individuals seen at the Hidalgo delegation of the IMSS. MATERIALS AND METHODS An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted through validated surveys that identified major and minor risk factors. In cases of major risk factors, the Advanced Quality™ RAPID-ANTI-HCV TEST Accutrack® tests were applied to detect anti-HCV. Patients with positive tests were referred to the Hepatology service for the diagnostic-therapeutic approach. Statistical analysis was performed through measures of central tendency and percentages. RESULTS A total of 528 insured individuals were surveyed (95%CI with a 5% margin of error). Two hundred eighty-two rapid tests were performed. Five of them were positive (0.94%) and belonged to the patients in the dialysis/hemodialysis group. A total of 71.2% persons had positive risk factors. The association of 2 or more factors varied from 2 to 8 factors present at the same time. Of the entire study population, 6.25% presented with 4 risk factors and 4.35% presented with 5 risk factors at the same time. CONCLUSIONS Nearly three quarters of the individuals surveyed were exposed to HCV acquisition. The association of 2 or more risk factors in patients demonstrated their collective potentiality for acquiring HCV. We identified persons receiving treatment with dialysis/hemodialysis and those with high-risk sexual practices as vulnerable groups for HCV infection and suggest that they receive promotion and prevention activities, as well as public policy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Contreras-Omaña
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Gastroenterología, Hidalgo, México.
| | - F J García-Lemus
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Gastroenterología, Hidalgo, México; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, México
| | - A García-Camacho
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Gastroenterología, Hidalgo, México; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, México
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15
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Moradi G, Gouya MM, Azimizan Zavareh F, Mohamadi Bolbanabad A, Darvishi S, Aghasadeghi MR, Nabavi M, Alasvand R, Tashakorian M, Nouri B, Rahmani K, Molaei L. Prevalence and risk factors for HBV and HCV in prisoners in Iran: a national bio-behavioural surveillance survey in 2015. Trop Med Int Health 2018; 23:641-649. [PMID: 29698576 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide more accurate estimates of the prevalence of Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) and their contributing factors among prisoners in Iran. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 6200 Iranian prisoners in 2015. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews. HBV infection and HCV exposure status of the participants was determined by HBsAg and HCV antibodies blood tests using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analysed in STATA-12. RESULT Prevalence of HCV exposure was 9.48% (95% CI: 8.73-10.27), and prevalence of HBV was 2.48% (95% CI: 2.07-2.89) in the general prison population. In multivariate analysis, the most important risk factor for HBV was a history of drug use in lifetime (adjusted odds ratio, AOR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.17-3.02). The main risk factors for HCV exposure were a history of drug use in lifetime (AOR: 4.08, CI: 2.56-6.27), age over 30 (AOR: 2.68, CI: 2.01-3.56), and having tattoos (AOR = 1.67, CI: 1.35-2.07). CONCLUSION Although vaccination is used to control HBV among prisoners, prevalence of HCV exposure is alarming in the prison population of Iran, especially among people who inject drugs. Eliminating viral hepatitis in Iran by 2030 requires a national commitment and rapid measures for targeting this high-risk group. Given the increased efficiency of HCV treatment in recent years, prisons provide an opportunity to access patients for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Mehdi Gouya
- Iranian Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azimizan Zavareh
- Iranian Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amjad Mohamadi Bolbanabad
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Sonia Darvishi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Mahmood Nabavi
- Iranian Center for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Alasvand
- Health and Treatment Directorate of Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Tashakorian
- Health and Treatment Directorate of Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bijan Nouri
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Khaled Rahmani
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Leila Molaei
- Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among prisoners in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Harm Reduct J 2018; 15:24. [PMID: 29739400 PMCID: PMC5941323 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-018-0231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the major public health problems both in developed and developing countries. Prison represents a high-risk environment for prisoners, in that it is characterized by high-risk behaviors such as injecting drug use (IDU), tattooing, unprotected sexual intercourses, or sharing syringes. The aim of this study was to quantitatively evaluate the prevalence of HCV among Iranian prisoners conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched different scholarly databases including Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, ISI/Web of Sciences, the Cochrane library, Scopus, CINAHL, and PsycINFO as well as Iranian bibliographic thesauri (namely, Barakatns, MagIran, and SID) up to December 2017. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of the studies included. HCV prevalence rate with its 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model, with Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation. Egger’s regression test was used to evaluate publication bias. Results Finally, 17 articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, 18,693 prisoners were tested. Based on the random-effects model, the prevalence of HCV among Iranian prisoners was 28% (CI 95% 21–36) with heterogeneity of I2 = 99.3% (p = 0.00). All studies used an ELISA test for the evaluation of HCV antibodies. The findings of this study showed that the highest prevalence rate (53%) was among prisoners who inject drugs. Conclusion The findings of our study showed that the prevalence of HCV among Iranian prisoners is dramatically high. Managing this issue in Iran’s prisons requires careful attention to the availability of health facilities and instruments, such as screening, and harm reduction policies, such as giving sterile syringes and needles to prisoners. An integrated program of training for prisoners, prison personnel and medical staff is also needed to improve the level of health condition in prisons.
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