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Tao R, Guo W, Li T, Wang Y, Wang P. Intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and liver metabolomic changes during brain death. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2023; 3:345-351. [PMID: 38028643 PMCID: PMC10658038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Whether a causative link exists between brain death (BD) and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis is unclear, and the distortion in liver metabolism associated with BD requires further exploration. Methods A rat model of BD was constructed and sustained for 9 h (BD group, n=6). The sham group (n=6) underwent the same procedures, but the catheter was inserted into the epidural space without ballooning. Intestinal contents and portal vein plasma were collected for microbiota sequencing and microbial metabolite detection. Liver tissue was resected to investigate metabolic alterations, and the results were compared with those of a sham group. Results α-diversity indexes showed that BD did not alter bacterial diversity. Microbiota dysbiosis occurred after 9 h of BD. At the family level, Peptostreptococcaceae and Bacteroidaceae were both decreased in the BD group. At the genus level, Romboutsia, Bacteroides, Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG_004, Faecalibacterium, and Barnesiella were enriched in the sham group, whereas Ruminococcaceae_UCG_007, Lachnospiraceae_ND3007_group, and Papillibacter were enriched in the BD group. Short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and 132 other microbial metabolites remained unchanged in both the intestinal contents and portal vein plasma of the BD group. BD caused alterations in 65 metabolites in the liver, of which, carbohydrates, amino acids, and organic acids accounted for 64.6%. Additionally, 80.0% of the differential metabolites were decreased in the BD group livers. Galactose metabolism was the most significant metabolic pathway in the BD group. Conclusions BD resulted in microbiota dysbiosis in rats; however, this dysbiosis did not alter microbial metabolites. Deterioration in liver metabolic function during extended periods of BD may reflect a continuous worsening in energy deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Digestive Organ Transplantation, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory for Digestive Organ Transplantation, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang 473009, Henan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Digestive Organ Transplantation, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Panliang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Digestive Organ Transplantation, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
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Yang DJ, Shi JH, Xia ZP, Guo WZ, Ahmed MS, Zhang SJ. Hepatic connective tissue growth factor expression and regulation differ between non-steatotic and non-alcoholic steatotic livers from brain-dead donor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3857. [PMID: 33594198 PMCID: PMC7886893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate evaluation of liver steatosis is required from brain-dead donors (BDDs) with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our purposes were to investigate expression and regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in livers from human and rat after brain death, and further evaluate its potential application. NAFLD and brain death models were established in rats. LX2 cells were cultured under hypoxia/reoxygenation. CTGF protein and mRNA levels were measured in liver samples from BDDs of human and rat by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. YAP-regulated CTGF expression was investigated in LX2 cells via YAP small interfering RNA and Verteporfin treatment. Blood CTGF level from BDDs was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After brain death, CTGF, transforming growth factor-β and YAP were overexpressed in non-alcoholic steatotic liver, whereas CTGF was downregulated in non-steatotic liver. Time-series analysis revealed that CTGF and YAP expression was comparable, as confirmed by inhibited YAP expression in LX2 cells. CTGF level and NAFLD activity were linearly correlated. CTGF expression and regulation differ between non-steatosis and nonalcoholic steatosis livers from BDDs. CTGF may be an important factor to evaluate graft quality from BDDs with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jing Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for HPB Diseases and Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ji-Hua Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for HPB Diseases and Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zong-Ping Xia
- Translational Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for HPB Diseases and Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Shakil Ahmed
- Institute for Surgical Research, Department of Cardiology and Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for HPB Diseases and Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Zhu R, Guo W, Fang H, Cao S, Yan B, Chen S, Zhang K, Zhang S. Kupffer cell depletion by gadolinium chloride aggravates liver injury after brain death in rats. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6357-6362. [PMID: 29488608 PMCID: PMC5928625 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain death (BD) impairs liver function in potential donors, and is associated with hormonal and metabolic changes or molecular effects with pro‑inflammatory activation. Resident macrophages in the liver named Kupffer cells (KCs) undergo pro‑ or anti‑inflammatory pathway activation, which affects liver function. However, the role of the KCs in liver dysfunction following BD has not been fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of KCs in liver dysfunction in the context of BD and the effects of their inhibition by gadolinium chloride (GdCl3). Rats were randomly divided into the following groups: Control, BD with GdCl3 pretreatment and BD with normal saline pretreatment. Liver function, hepatic pathological histology and cytokine levels in the liver were assessed. Apoptosis and apoptosis‑related proteins [cleaved caspase‑3, caspase‑3 and apoptosis regulator Bcl‑2 (Bcl‑2)] were evaluated. GdCl3 significantly aggravated liver injury by elevating alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels (P<0.05) by inhibiting KCs. Interleukin (IL)‑1β and tumor necrosis factor α levels in the GdCl3 group were significantly increased compared with those in the control and saline groups (P<0.01). However, IL‑10 levels in the GdCl3 group were significantly reduced compared with those in the saline group (P<0.05). Caspase‑3 and cleaved caspase‑3 activation, and apoptosis induction in the context of BD were also significantly aggravated by the depletion of KCs, whereas Bcl‑2 was significantly suppressed by the administration of GdCl3. The present study indicated that GdCl3 efficiently inhibits the activity of KCs, and is involved in the onset of liver injury through its effects on pro‑inflammatory and anti‑inflammatory activation. KCs are protective in the liver in the context of BD. This protection appears to be due to KCs secretion of the potent anti‑inflammatory cytokine IL‑10, suggesting that KCs are an attractive target for the prevention and treatment of liver injury in the context of BD in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongtao Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Weizhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Hongbo Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Sanyang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Kaiming Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Zens TJ, Danobeitia JS, Chlebeck PJ, Zitur LJ, Odorico S, Brunner K, Coonen J, Capuano S, D’Alessandro AM, Matkowskyj K, Zhong W, Torrealba J, Fernandez L. Guidelines for the management of a brain death donor in the rhesus macaque: A translational transplant model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182552. [PMID: 28926566 PMCID: PMC5604963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The development of a translatable brain death animal model has significant potential to advance not only transplant research, but also the understanding of the pathophysiologic changes that occur in brain death and severe traumatic brain injury. The aim of this paper is to describe a rhesus macaque model of brain death designed to simulate the average time and medical management described in the human literature. Methods Following approval by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, a brain death model was developed. Non-human primates were monitored and maintained for 20 hours after brain death induction. Vasoactive agents and fluid boluses were administered to maintain hemodynamic stability. Endocrine derangements, particularly diabetes insipidus, were aggressively managed. Results A total of 9 rhesus macaque animals were included in the study. The expected hemodynamic instability of brain death in a rostral to caudal fashion was documented in terms of blood pressure and heart rate changes. During the maintenance phase of brain death, the animal’s temperature and hemodynamics were maintained with goals of mean arterial pressure greater than 60mmHg and heart rate within 20 beats per minute of baseline. Resuscitation protocols are described so that future investigators may reproduce this model. Conclusion We have developed a reproducible large animal primate model of brain death which simulates clinical scenarios and treatment. Our model offers the opportunity for researchers to have translational model to test the efficacy of therapeutic strategies prior to human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany J. Zens
- University of Wisconsin Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Juan S. Danobeitia
- University of Wisconsin Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Chlebeck
- University of Wisconsin Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Zitur
- University of Wisconsin Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Scott Odorico
- University of Wisconsin Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kevin Brunner
- Wisconsin Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Coonen
- Wisconsin Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. D’Alessandro
- University of Wisconsin Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kristina Matkowskyj
- University of Wisconsin Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Weixiong Zhong
- University of Wisconsin Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jose Torrealba
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Department of Pathology, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luis Fernandez
- University of Wisconsin Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tang H, Zhang J, Cao S, Yan B, Fang H, Zhang H, Guo W, Zhang S. Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Alleviates Lung Injury Induced by Brain Death. Inflammation 2017; 40:1664-1671. [PMID: 28752363 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain death (BD) can induce inflammation and injury of organs. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with a variety of diseases. However, little is known about how ER stress is implicated in brain death (BD)-induced lung injury. In this study, a stable BD rat model was constructed to investigate the role of ER stress on BD-induced lung injury. H&E staining demonstrated that BD can induce lung injury in rats. The results of Western blot and immunohistochemistry showed that apoptosis was observed in the lung tissues of BD rats. And the level of GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, CHOP, and Caspase-12 was highly expressed in BD rats compared with the control group. Inhibition of ER stress with salubrinal reduced the BD-induced lung inflammation. Moreover, BD-induced increase of NF-κB activity was lowered by inhibition of ER stress. These results suggested that inhibition of ER stress alleviates BD-induced lung inflammation by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Jiakai Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Shengli Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Hongbo Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Huapeng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China.
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, No.1, East Jian She Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, China.
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Guo W, Cao S, Yan B, Zhang G, Li J, Zhao Y, Zhang S. Myocardial protective effects of a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor in rats with brain death. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1214-8. [PMID: 27072084 PMCID: PMC4929305 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway mediates myocardial cell injuries in rats under brain death (BD), and observe the effects and mechanisms of the c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 on cell death in the heart. Forty healthy male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into four groups: sham group (dural external catheter with no BD); BD group (maintain the induced BD state for 6 hrs); BD + SP600125 group (intraperitoneal injection of SP600125 10 mg/kg 1 hr before inducing BD, and maintain BD for 6 hrs); and BD + Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO) group (intraperitoneal injection of DMSO 1 hr before inducing BD, and maintain BD for 6 hrs). Real‐time quantitative PCR was used to evaluate mRNA levels of Cyt‐c and caspase‐3. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the levels of mitochondrial apoptosis‐related proteins p‐JNK, Bcl‐2, Bax, Cyt‐c and Caspase‐3. TUNEL assay was employed to evaluate myocardial apoptosis. Compared with the sham group, the BD group exhibited increased mitochondrial apoptosis‐related gene expression, accompanied by the elevation of p‐JNK expression and myocardial apoptosis. As the vehicle control, DMSO had no treatment effects. The BD + SP600125 group had decreased p‐JNK expression, and reduced mitochondrial apoptosis‐related gene expression. Furthermore, the apoptosis rate of myocardial cells was reduced. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 could protect myocardial cells under BD through the inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis‐related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shengli Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongfu Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Wang T, Zhang SJ, Cao SL, Guo WZ, Yan B, Fang HB. Protective effects of salubrinal on liver injury in rat models of brain death. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:1523-8. [PMID: 26021511 PMCID: PMC4733771 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.157684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have indicated that endoplasmic reticulum stress participates in and mediates liver injury and apoptosis in brain-dead (BD) rats. In this study, we observed the effect of salubrinal (Sal, Sigma, USA) on liver cells in BD rats and explored its relevant mechanisms. Methods: Thirty Sprague–Dawley rats were equally randomized into three groups: BD group, Sal group, and DMSO group. The BD models were established by increasing intracranial pressure in a modified, slow, and intermittent way. In the drug groups, Sal was administered 1 h before the induction of BD. After modeling was completed, the blood and liver samples were harvested. CHOP and Caspase-12 mRNA expression was detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), P-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), eIF2α, CHOP and caspase-12 expression was detected using western blotting (WB). CHOP and caspase-12 distribution and expression in liver tissues were determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase level were detected using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Hepatic cell apoptosis was detected using TUNEL. The results were analyzed using Quantity-one v4.62 software (Bio-Rad, USA). Results: CHOP and caspase-12 expression and PERK, eIF2α, and P-eIF2α protein expression showed no significant difference between BD group and DMSO group. Compared with BD group, Sal group had a significantly higher P-eIF2C level and a lower P-PERK level 2 h and 6 h after BD (P < 0.05). However, eIF2α expression showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). After the Sal treatment, CHOP and caspase-12 mRNA expression significantly decreased 4 h after BD (P < 0.05). WB and IHC indicated that CHOP and caspase-12 expression also significantly decreased after Sal treatment. Sal was associated with improved liver function and decreased hepatic cell apoptosis. Conclusions: Sal can significantly reduce apoptosis in hepatic cells of BD rats. This protective effect may be achieved via the PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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