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Falini B, De Carolis L, Tiacci E. How I treat refractory/relapsed hairy cell leukemia with BRAF inhibitors. Blood 2022; 139:2294-2305. [PMID: 35143639 PMCID: PMC11022828 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021013502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) responds very well to frontline chemotherapy with purine analogs (cladribine and pentostatine). However, approximately half of patients experience 1 or more relapses, which become progressively resistant to these myelotoxic and immunosuppressive agents. At progression, standard therapeutic options include a second course of purine analogs alone or in combination with rituximab and, upon second relapse, therapy with the anti-CD22 immunotoxin moxetumomab pasudotox. Furthermore, blockade of the mutant BRAF-V600E kinase (the pathogenetic hallmark of HCL) through orally available specific inhibitors (vemurafenib or dabrafenib) effaces the peculiar morphologic, phenotypic, and molecular identity of this disease and its typical antiapoptotic behavior and is emerging as an attractive chemotherapy-free strategy in various clinical scenarios. These include patients with, or at risk of, severe infections and, in a highly effective combination with rituximab, patients with relapsed or refractory HCL. Other treatments explored in clinical trials are BTK inhibition with ibrutinib and co-inhibition of BRAF (through dabrafenib or vemurafenib) and its downstream target MEK (through trametinib or cobimetinib). Here, we focus on our experience with BRAF inhibitors in clinical trials and as off-label use in routine practice by presenting 3 challenging clinical cases to illustrate their management in the context of all available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunangelo Falini
- Brunangelo Falini, Section of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia and Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Piazzale Menghini 8, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca De Carolis
- Section of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia and Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Enrico Tiacci
- Enrico Tiacci, Section of Hematology and Center for Hemato-Oncological Research (CREO), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia and Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Piazzale Menghini 8, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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2
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Diagnosis and treatment of hairy cell leukemia as the COVID-19 pandemic continues. Blood Rev 2022; 51:100888. [PMID: 34535326 PMCID: PMC8418384 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an indolent B-cell malignancy, usually driven by the BRAF V600E mutation. For 30 years, untreated and relapsed HCL was successfully treated with purine analogs, but minimal residual disease (MRD) remained in most patients, eventually causing relapse. Repeated purine analogs achieve decreasing efficacy and increasing toxicity, particularly to normal T-cells. MRD-free complete remissions (CRs) are more common using rituximab with purine analogs in both 1st-line and relapsed settings. BRAF inhibitors and Ibrutinib can achieve remission, but due to persistence of MRD, must be used chronically to prevent relapse. BRAF inhibition combined with Rituximab can achieve high MRD-free CR rates. Anti-CD22 recombinant immunotoxin moxetumomab pasudotox is FDA-approved in the relapsed setting and is unique in achieving high MRD-free CR rates as a single-agent. Avoiding chemotherapy and rituximab may be important in ensuring both recovery from COVID-19 and successful COVID-19 vaccination, an area of continued investigation.
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3
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Alhaj Moustafa M, Jiang L, Kuhlman JJ, Jones J, Lou Y, Sokumbi O, Tun HW. BRAF p.V600E associated poly-neoplastic syndrome. Rare Tumors 2021; 13:20363613211012929. [PMID: 33995981 PMCID: PMC8107665 DOI: 10.1177/20363613211012929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a male patient who developed eight different cancers between ages 57 and 64. BRAF p.V600E mutation was detected in Langerhans cell histiocytosis, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, histiocytic sarcoma, melanoma, and adenocarcinoma of the lung. It was not detected in multiple myeloma, basal cell carcinoma, and papillary thyroid cancer. BRAF p.V600E was not detected in normal skin tissue biopsy indicating that BRAF V600E was a somatic mutation affecting cancer cells. The presence of eight different cancers with five of them positive for BRAF p.V600E in a single patient is unprecedented. This type of BRAF p.V600E-associated poly-neoplastic syndrome has never been reported in the medical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liuyan Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Justin J Kuhlman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jeremy Jones
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yanyan Lou
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Olayemi Sokumbi
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Han W Tun
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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4
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Safety and efficacy of the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib in relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia: a pilot phase-2 clinical trial. Leukemia 2021. [PMID: 33731847 DOI: 10.1038/s41375‐021‐01210‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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5
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Tiacci E, De Carolis L, Simonetti E, Merluzzi M, Bennati A, Perriello VM, Pucciarini A, Santi A, Venanzi A, Pettirossi V, Schiavoni G, Tasselli L, Ascani S, Volpetti S, Falini B. Safety and efficacy of the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib in relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukemia: a pilot phase-2 clinical trial. Leukemia 2021; 35:3314-3318. [PMID: 33731847 PMCID: PMC8550943 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-021-01210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tiacci
- Hematology, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Luca De Carolis
- Hematology, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Mara Merluzzi
- Hematology, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Bennati
- Hematology, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessia Santi
- Hematology, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Luisa Tasselli
- Hematology, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Ascani
- Anatomic Pathology, University of Perugia and Hospital of Terni, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Volpetti
- Clinica Ematologica, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata, Udine, Italy
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6
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Classic hairy cell leukemia complicated by pancytopenia and severe infection: a report of 3 cases treated with vemurafenib. Blood Adv 2020; 3:116-118. [PMID: 30630817 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018027466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in HCL patients, and myelosuppressive therapies increase the risk of poor outcomes. Vemurafenib achieves rapid hematologic improvement in HCL and may facilitate management during life-threatening infection.
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7
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Kreitman RJ. Hairy cell leukemia: present and future directions. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 60:2869-2879. [PMID: 31068044 PMCID: PMC7435069 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1608536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is an indolent B-cell malignancy, with long-term responses to purine analogs, but with decreasing efficacy and increasing toxicity with repeated courses. Leukemic cells express CD22, CD20, CD25, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), annexin 1A (Anxa1), and BRAF V600E mutation. HCLv, lacking CD25, Anxa1, TRAP, and BRAF V600E, is more aggressive and less purine analog-sensitive. A molecularly defined IGHV4-34+ variant is also resistant whether HCL or HCLv immunophenotypically. Traces of HCL cells, termed minimal residual disease (MRD), accompany most with complete remission (CR) and may cause relapse. Rituximab has limited single-agent activity, but frequent CR without MRD when combined with purine analog, albeit with chemotherapy toxicities. The anti-CD22 recombinant immunotoxin Moxetumomab Pasudotox can achieve MRD-negative CR in multiply relapsed HCL without chemotherapy toxicities and was FDA approved in 2018 as Lumoxiti. Investigational oral non-chemotherapy options also include Vemurafenib or Dabrafenib/Trametinib targeting BRAF V600E ± MEK, and Ibrutinib targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase.
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8
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Falini B, Tiacci E. New treatment options in hairy cell leukemia with focus on BRAF inhibitors. Hematol Oncol 2019; 37 Suppl 1:30-37. [PMID: 31187521 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) responds initially very well to chemotherapy with purine analogues. However, up to 50% of patients relapse, often multiple times, and become progressively less sensitive to these myelotoxic and immune-suppressive drugs. At progression, viable therapeutic strategies include addition of rituximab to purine analogues, and treatment with the anti-CD22 immunotoxin moxetumomab pasudotox, which has been recently approved by the FDA in HCL patients after at least two prior therapies. Identification of the BRAF-V600E kinase mutation as the genetic cause of HCL has opened the way, in the relapsed/refractory experimental setting, to targeted and non-myelotoxic effective strategies that are based on inhibition of BRAF with vemurafenib, co-inhibition of BRAF and its target MEK with dabrafenib and trametinib, and BRAF inhibition with vemurafenib combined with anti-CD20 immunotherapy. In particular, vemurafenib plus rituximab is emerging as a short, safe, chemotherapy-free regimen able to induce deep complete remissions in most HCL patients refractory to, or relapsed multiple times, after chemo(immuno)therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunangelo Falini
- Institute of Hematology and CREO (Center for Hemato-Oncological Research), Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Enrico Tiacci
- Institute of Hematology and CREO (Center for Hemato-Oncological Research), Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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9
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Geyer MB, Abdel-Wahab O, Tallman MS. BRAF in the cross-hairs. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:183-193. [PMID: 30782032 PMCID: PMC6614740 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1583553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare, chronic B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by distinctive morphologic features and an indolent clinical course. The discovery of a recurrent activating mutation in BRAF (BRAF V600E) as a disease-defining genetic event in HCL has substantial diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Areas covered: Herein the authors review the role of BRAF V600E and RAF-MEK-ERK signaling in the pathogenesis of HCL, anecdotal clinical reports of BRAF inhibitor monotherapy in management of relapsed or refractory HCL, larger phase 2 trials investigating efficacy of BRAF inhibitor therapy for HCL, adverse effects commonly associated with BRAF inhibitor therapy, including cutaneous toxicity, and mechanisms of therapeutic resistance. Expert opinion: Ongoing and planned studies will help to optimize the use of BRAF inhibitor therapy for HCL by determining the efficacy of BRAF inhibition in combination with other antigen targeted or molecularly targeted therapies, and more broadly, to determine how hematologists can best utilize and sequence emerging diagnostic and therapeutic modalities in the care of patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed or refractory HCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Geyer
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Cellular Therapeutics Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Martin S. Tallman
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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10
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White R, Otaibi Z, Rao R, Finley G. BRAF V600E Mutation in Multiple Primary Malignancies: A Hairy Affair. Cureus 2018; 10:e3600. [PMID: 30680261 PMCID: PMC6338405 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As the number of cancer survivors grows, so does the number of co-occurring primary malignancies and secondary malignancies. In rare cases, single driver mutations can be responsible for concomitant primary malignancies. By understanding the mechanisms that drive multiple primary malignancies (MPM), clinicians are capable of targeting molecular pathways that drive oncogenesis resulting in the successful treatment of many malignancies while also reducing the side effects of conventional chemotherapy. Herein, we report a case of co-occurring hairy cell leukemia (HCL) and malignant melanoma in a 69-year-old male. This patient tested positive for the BRAF V600E mutation and was initiated on a single agent, vemurafenib. He, unfortunately, succumbed to his illness before completion of his planned therapy course. This case report is intended to highlight the rare co-occurrence of BRAF-positive HCL and melanoma and to encourage driver mutation evaluation when a patient presents with MPM and the possibility of a unifying driver mutation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a co-occurring BRAF positive melanoma and HCL to be reported in a chemotherapy-naïve patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard White
- Internal Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Zachary Otaibi
- Hematology & Oncology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Rohit Rao
- Hematology & Oncology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Gene Finley
- Hematology & Oncology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
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11
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Kreitman RJ, Arons E. Update on hairy cell leukemia. CLINICAL ADVANCES IN HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY : H&O 2018; 16:205-215. [PMID: 29742076 PMCID: PMC6290912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a chronic B-cell malignancy with multiple treatment options, including several that are investigational. Patients present with pancytopenia and splenomegaly, owing to the infiltration of leukemic cells expressing CD22, CD25, CD20, CD103, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), annexin A1 (ANXA1), and the BRAF V600E mutation. A variant lacking CD25, ANXA1, TRAP, and the BRAF V600E mutation, called HCLv, is more aggressive and is classified as a separate disease. A molecularly defined variant expressing unmutated immunoglobulin heavy variable 4-34 (IGHV4-34) is also aggressive, lacks the BRAF V600E mutation, and has a phenotype of HCL or HCLv. The standard first-line treatment, which has remained unchanged for the past 25 to 30 years, is single-agent therapy with a purine analogue, either cladribine or pentostatin. This approach produces a high rate of complete remission. Residual traces of HCL cells, referred to as minimal residual disease, are present in most patients and cause frequent relapse. Repeated treatment with a purine analogue can restore remission, but at decreasing rates and with increasing cumulative toxicity. Rituximab has limited activity as a single agent but achieves high complete remission rates without minimal residual disease when combined with purine analogues, albeit with chemotherapy-associated toxicity. Investigational nonchemotherapy options include moxetumomab pasudotox, which targets CD22; vemurafenib or dabrafenib, each of which targets the BRAF V600E protein; trametinib, which targets mitogen-activated protein kinase enzyme (MEK); and ibrutinib, which targets Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Kreitman
- National Cancer Institute's Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Evgeny Arons
- National Cancer Institute's Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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12
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Mitsogianni M, Mitsimponas N, Crespo F, Hartmann KA, Klosterhalfen B, Haase S, Giagounidis A. Concomitant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Hairy Cell Leukemia in a Patient Harboring BRAF-V600E Mutation in Both Tissues: A Case Report. Case Rep Oncol 2018; 11:109-113. [PMID: 29606948 PMCID: PMC5869534 DOI: 10.1159/000486640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRAF-V600E mutation has been established as a signature alteration occurring almost universally in hairy cell leukemia. Moreover, it can be detected in a small percentage of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. We report the case of a patient with a metastatic BRAF-V600E-mutated lung adenocarcinoma suffering from concomitant hairy cell leukemia. The identification of an identical BRAF mutation in both malignancies raises physiopathological considerations and might offer unique therapeutic strategies for this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mitsogianni
- Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie und Palliativmedizin, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Mitsimponas
- Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie und Palliativmedizin, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felipe Crespo
- Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie und Palliativmedizin, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karl Axel Hartmann
- Klinik für Strahlentherapie, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Haase
- Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie und Palliativmedizin, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aristoteles Giagounidis
- Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie und Palliativmedizin, Marien Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Ghorbani-Aghbolaghi A, Lechpammer M, Ali SF, Ku NK, Dwyre DM, Rashidi HH. An extremely rare case of concurrent BRAF V600E mutation driven hairy cell leukemia and melanoma: case report and review of literature. AUTOPSY AND CASE REPORTS 2017; 7:13-19. [PMID: 29043205 PMCID: PMC5634429 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2017.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BRAF protein is a serine/threonine kinase with 766 amino acids. Approximately 15% of human cancers harbor BRAF mutations as well as other BRAF anomalies (amplifications, fusions). Somatic mutations mainly occur in the catalytic kinase domain (CR3), and the predominant mutation is p.V600E which is the substitution of glutamic acid (E) for valine (V) as result of a mutation at codon 600 of the kinase domain. To our knowledge, the vast majority of the cancers have non-germline BRAF mutations. Here we describe a case of a 60-year-old female with a history of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) who presented with aphasia and forgetfulness. A follow-up Brain CT scan showed three distinct brain lesions which were found to be diagnostic of melanoma (confirmed by immunohistochemistry) with no evidence of a concurrent brain involvement by a B-cell neoplasm. Molecular studies confirmed the same BRAF p.V600E mutation in both malignancies (hairy cell leukemia and melanoma). Thereafter the patient was started on BRAF inhibitor treatment and is now symptom-free after one year of follow up. Having two concurrent malignancies with a shared BRAF mutation is extremely rare and makes this an excellent example of a genomic marker-driven treatment in two histologically and immunophenotypically distinct tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ghorbani-Aghbolaghi
- University of California, Davis, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine. Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mirna Lechpammer
- University of California, Davis, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine. Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Saba F Ali
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Hematopathology Department. Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nam K Ku
- University of California, Davis, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine. Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Denis M Dwyre
- University of California, Davis, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine. Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Hooman H Rashidi
- University of California, Davis, Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine. Sacramento, CA, USA
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14
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Grever MR, Abdel-Wahab O, Andritsos LA, Banerji V, Barrientos J, Blachly JS, Call TG, Catovsky D, Dearden C, Demeter J, Else M, Forconi F, Gozzetti A, Ho AD, Johnston JB, Jones J, Juliusson G, Kraut E, Kreitman RJ, Larratt L, Lauria F, Lozanski G, Montserrat E, Parikh SA, Park JH, Polliack A, Quest GR, Rai KR, Ravandi F, Robak T, Saven A, Seymour JF, Tadmor T, Tallman MS, Tam C, Tiacci E, Troussard X, Zent CS, Zenz T, Zinzani PL, Falini B. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with classic hairy cell leukemia. Blood 2017; 129:553-560. [PMID: 27903528 PMCID: PMC5290982 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-689422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematologic malignancy characterized by pancytopenia and marked susceptibility to infection. Tremendous progress in the management of patients with this disease has resulted in high response rates and improved survival, yet relapse and an appropriate approach to re-treatment present continuing areas for research. The disease and its effective treatment are associated with immunosuppression. Because more patients are being treated with alternative programs, comparison of results will require general agreement on definitions of response, relapse, and methods of determining minimal residual disease. The development of internationally accepted, reproducible criteria is of paramount importance in evaluating and comparing clinical trials to provide optimal care. Despite the success achieved in managing these patients, continued participation in available clinical trials in the first-line and particularly in the relapse setting is highly recommended. The Hairy Cell Leukemia Foundation convened an international conference to provide common definitions and structure to guide current management. There is substantial opportunity for continued research in this disease. In addition to the importance of optimizing the prevention and management of the serious risk of infection, organized evaluations of minimal residual disease and treatment at relapse offer ample opportunities for clinical research. Finally, a scholarly evaluation of quality of life in the increasing number of survivors of this now manageable chronic illness merits further study. The development of consensus guidelines for this disease offers a framework for continued enhancement of the outcome for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Grever
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Leslie A Andritsos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Versha Banerji
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Barrientos
- Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
| | - James S Blachly
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Daniel Catovsky
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dearden
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, Royal Marsden Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Judit Demeter
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Monica Else
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Haematology Department, University Hospital Trust and Cancer Sciences Unit, Cancer Research UK and National Institute for Health Research Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anthony D Ho
- Department of Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - James B Johnston
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Jones
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Gunnar Juliusson
- Department of Hematology, Skåne University Hospital and Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eric Kraut
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Robert J Kreitman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Loree Larratt
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Francesco Lauria
- Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Emili Montserrat
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jae H Park
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Aaron Polliack
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah University Hospital and Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Graeme R Quest
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kanti R Rai
- Department of Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-Long Island Jewish School of Medicine, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY
| | - Farhad Ravandi
- Section of Developmental Therapeutics, Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Alan Saven
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA
| | - John F Seymour
- Haematology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tamar Tadmor
- Hematology Unit, Bnai-Zion Medical Center, and the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Martin S Tallman
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Constantine Tam
- Haematology Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Enrico Tiacci
- Institute of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Xavier Troussard
- Department of Hematology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Clive S Zent
- James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Molecular Therapy in Hematology and Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- Institute of Hematology "Seràgnoli," University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Brunangelo Falini
- Institute of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University and Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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BRAF V600E mutation in hairy cell leukemia: from bench to bedside. Blood 2016; 128:1918-1927. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-418434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a distinct clinicopathological entity whose underlying genetic lesion has remained a mystery for over half a century. The BRAF V600E mutation is now recognized as the causal genetic event of HCL because it is somatic, present in the entire tumor clone, detectable in almost all cases at diagnosis (encompassing the whole disease spectrum), and stable at relapse. BRAF V600E leads to the constitutive activation of the RAF-MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway which represents the key event in the molecular pathogenesis of HCL. KLF2 and CDNK1B (p27) mutations may cooperate with BRAF V600E in promoting leukemic transformation. Sensitive molecular assays for detecting BRAF V600E allow HCL (highly responsive to purine analogs) to be better distinguished from HCL-like disorders, which are treated differently. In vitro preclinical studies on purified HCL cells proved that BRAF and MEK inhibitors can induce marked dephosphorylation of MEK/ERK, silencing of RAF-MEK-ERK pathway transcriptional output, loss of the HCL-specific gene expression profile signature, change of morphology from “hairy” to “smooth,” and eventually apoptosis. The overall response rate of refractory/relapsed HCL patients to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib approached 100%, with 35% to 40% complete remissions (CRs). The median relapse free-survival was about 19 months in patients who had achieved CR and 6 months in those who had obtained a partial response. Future therapeutic perspectives include: (1) combining BRAF inhibitors with MEK inhibitors or immunotherapy (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody) to increase the percentage of CRs and (2) better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance of HCL cells to BRAF inhibitors.
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Vennepureddy A, Thumallapally N, Motilal Nehru V, Atallah JP, Terjanian T. Novel Drugs and Combination Therapies for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma. J Clin Med Res 2015; 8:63-75. [PMID: 26767073 PMCID: PMC4701060 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2424w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma (MM) still remains as one of the most worrisome cancer known to mankind. In last two decades, treatment of melanoma took a dramatic turn with the discovery of targeted therapy which targets the mutations in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and immune checkpoint inhibitors. These new findings have led to emergence of many novel drugs that have been approved by FDA. Targeted therapy drugs such as vemurafenib, trametinib and dabrafenib target the MAPK pathway whereas immunotherapies such as ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab block immune checkpoint receptors on T lymphocytes. All these drugs have shown to improve the overall survival in MM. Despite these recent discoveries, treatment of MM remains challenging because of rapid development of resistance to targeted therapy. This review will discuss recently approved drugs and their adverse effects and also shed light on combination therapy in treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh Vennepureddy
- Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA
| | | | | | - Jean-Paul Atallah
- Division of Hematolgy and Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA
| | - Terenig Terjanian
- Division of Hematolgy and Oncology, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA
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Andritsos LA, Grever MR. Historical overview of hairy cell leukemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2015; 28:166-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Tiacci E, Park JH, De Carolis L, Chung SS, Broccoli A, Scott S, Zaja F, Devlin S, Pulsoni A, Chung YR, Cimminiello M, Kim E, Rossi D, Stone RM, Motta G, Saven A, Varettoni M, Altman JK, Anastasia A, Grever MR, Ambrosetti A, Rai KR, Fraticelli V, Lacouture ME, Carella AM, Levine RL, Leoni P, Rambaldi A, Falzetti F, Ascani S, Capponi M, Martelli MP, Park CY, Pileri SA, Rosen N, Foà R, Berger MF, Zinzani PL, Abdel-Wahab O, Falini B, Tallman MS. Targeting Mutant BRAF in Relapsed or Refractory Hairy-Cell Leukemia. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:1733-47. [PMID: 26352686 PMCID: PMC4811324 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1506583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRAF V600E is the genetic lesion underlying hairy-cell leukemia. We assessed the safety and activity of the oral BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib in patients with hairy-cell leukemia that had relapsed after treatment with a purine analogue or who had disease that was refractory to purine analogues. METHODS We conducted two phase 2, single-group, multicenter studies of vemurafenib (at a dose of 960 mg twice daily)--one in Italy and one in the United States. The therapy was administered for a median of 16 weeks in the Italian study and 18 weeks in the U.S. study. Primary end points were the complete response rate (in the Italian trial) and the overall response rate (in the U.S. trial). Enrollment was completed (28 patients) in the Italian trial in April 2013 and is still open (26 of 36 planned patients) in the U.S. trial. RESULTS The overall response rates were 96% (25 of 26 patients who could be evaluated) after a median of 8 weeks in the Italian study and 100% (24 of 24) after a median of 12 weeks in the U.S. study. The rates of complete response were 35% (9 of 26 patients) and 42% (10 of 24) in the two trials, respectively. In the Italian trial, after a median follow-up of 23 months, the median relapse-free survival was 19 months among patients with a complete response and 6 months among those with a partial response; the median treatment-free survival was 25 months and 18 months, respectively. In the U.S. trial, at 1 year, the progression-free survival rate was 73% and the overall survival rate was 91%. Drug-related adverse events were usually of grade 1 or 2, and the events most frequently leading to dose reductions were rash and arthralgia or arthritis. Secondary cutaneous tumors (treated with simple excision) developed in 7 of 50 patients. The frequent persistence of phosphorylated ERK-positive leukemic cells in bone marrow at the end of treatment suggests bypass reactivation of MEK and ERK as a resistance mechanism. CONCLUSIONS A short oral course of vemurafenib was highly effective in patients with relapsed or refractory hairy-cell leukemia. (Funded by the Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro and others; EudraCT number, 2011-005487-13; ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01711632.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Brunangelo Falini
- Corresponding author: Dr. Brunangelo Falini, Institute of Hematology-CREO (Centro di Ricerche Emato-Oncologiche), Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy,
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Dietrich S, Zenz T. BRAF inhibitor therapy in HCL. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2015; 28:246-52. [PMID: 26614903 DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeted treatment approaches are transforming the therapeutic landscape of cancer care. The discovery of the BRAF V600E mutation in most cases of classical hairy cell leukemia opens up unique opportunities for tumor specific treatment of HCL targeting the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. The discovery and biological implications of BRAF V600E in HCL are summarized to form a basis for our current understanding of the potential for clinical exploitation. There is overwhelming clinical evidence for activity of inhibitors of BRAF in the disease. The review will review current trial activity as well as discuss novel trial concepts exploiting targeted treatment focusing on BRAF inhibition in HCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Dietrich
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany; Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Zenz
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medicine V, Heidelberg University Medical Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Javed A, Joneja U, Gong JZ, Uppal G. Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of hairy cell leukemia. Int J Hematol Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/ijh.15.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare, indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder that accounts for 2% of all cases of leukemia. Most patients present with pancytopenia and splenomegaly with variable number of ‘hairy’ lymphocytes in blood. BRAF V600E mutation can be detected in virtually 100% of HCL cases and is absent in other B-cell lymphomas. The mutated gene and its responding abnormal protein can be used as specific markers in the diagnosis of HCL. New therapeutic modalities targeting on mutated BRAF and its downstream pathways have shown encouraging results in clinical trials. The objective of this review article is to discuss the recent developments in the diagnosis and management of hairy cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Javed
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Upasana Joneja
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jerald Z Gong
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guldeep Uppal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Robak T, Wolska A, Robak P. Potential breakthroughs with investigational drugs for hairy cell leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:1419-31. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1081895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis and standard therapeutic approach to hairy cell leukaemia (HCL) as well as newer targeted therapies under investigation showing promising end-points in treating HCL. RECENT FINDINGS HCL is an indolent B-cell leukaemia. Historically, HCL patients have achieved excellent response to purine nucleoside analogues and single purine analogue treatment with pentostatin or cladribine is currently the standard of care for initial treatment. Most patients achieve complete remission with this form of therapy. However, long-term follow-up has demonstrated that a large number of patients eventually develop relapsed disease. Relapse disease tends to be more difficult to treat and refractory to the same purine analogues. Development of relapsing and refractory disease after initially achieving complete remission with purine analogue treatment has generated a need for alternative therapies. SUMMARY Identification of the BRAFV600E mutation in nearly 100% of HCL patients has provided rationale for inclusion of BRAF inhibitors into the therapeutic armamentarium to treat HCL. Clinical trials are currently underway measuring efficacy of vemurafenib in achieving clinical response in relapsed/refractory HCL and also toxicity. Other novel therapies with monoclonal and immunotoxin-conjugated antibodies have also shown promising response in recent investigational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latif Salam
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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