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Haldar S, Jadhav SR, Gulati V, Beale DJ, Balkrishna A, Varshney A, Palombo EA, Karpe AV, Shah RM. Unravelling the gut-lung axis: insights into microbiome interactions and Traditional Indian Medicine's perspective on optimal health. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023; 99:fiad103. [PMID: 37656879 PMCID: PMC10508358 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome of the human gut is a complex assemblage of microorganisms that are in a symbiotic relationship with one another and profoundly influence every aspect of human health. According to converging evidence, the human gut is a nodal point for the physiological performance matrixes of the vital organs on several axes (i.e. gut-brain, gut-lung, etc). As a result of COVID-19, the importance of gut-lung dysbiosis (balance or imbalance) has been realised. In view of this, it is of utmost importance to develop a comprehensive understanding of the microbiome, as well as its dysbiosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the gut-lung axial microbiome and its importance in maintaining optimal health. Human populations have successfully adapted to geophysical conditions through traditional dietary practices from around the world. In this context, a section has been devoted to the traditional Indian system of medicine and its theories and practices regarding the maintenance of optimally customized gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Haldar
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Snehal R Jadhav
- Consumer-Analytical-Safety-Sensory (CASS) Food Research Centre, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Vandana Gulati
- Biomedical Science, School of Science and Technology Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - David J Beale
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Acharya Balkrishna
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anurag Varshney
- Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Institute, NH-58, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Allied and Applied Sciences, University of Patanjali, Patanjali Yog Peeth, Roorkee-Haridwar Road, Haridwar 249405, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Enzo A Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | - Avinash V Karpe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- Socio-Eternal Thinking for Unity (SETU), Melbourne, VIC 3805, Australia
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rohan M Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora West, VIC 3083, Australia
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Development of a reliable Dosha self-assessment questionnaire. Explore (NY) 2021; 18:573-578. [PMID: 34548242 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Ayurvedic theory of Tri-Dosha offers a unique framework for understanding human differences in health and disease. The Doshas could be readily applied in clinical studies to control for such differences the same way sex, age, height and weight are routinely used except that clinical evaluation is required and methods vary. No open-source questionnaire has been shown to be reliable for self-assessment. Therefore, we undertook this study to develop a reliable Dosha self-assessment questionnaire with characteristics suitable for use in clinical research. METHODS A review of published questionnaires and translations of classic Ayurvedic texts along with an analysis of item-total correlations and ANOVAs by Dosha for 735 responses to a 37-item ipsative questionnaire from an Ayurveda products company served as the basis for generating 108 Dosha-specific test items featuring a 7-point Likert scale. We used item-total and inter-item correlations from a convenience sample of 176 individuals to identify the best performing items. We then solicited repeat responses to the resultant 39-item questionnaire (13 for each Dosha) from these and other website visitors and calculated test-retest reliability as the intraclass correlation coefficient for absolute agreement (ICC 2,1) for each Dosha. RESULTS The final questionnaire gives normally distributed results. Among 76 self-selected adults, the test-retest reliabilities for Vata, Pitta and Kapha Dosha scores are all above 0.8. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that it is possible to quantify the three Doshas with adequate reliability for most clinical studies.
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Exploring the signature gut and oral microbiome in individuals of specific Ayurveda prakriti. J Biosci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mobeen F, Sharma V, Prakash T. Comparative gut microbiome analysis of the Prakriti and Sasang systems reveals functional level similarities in constitutionally similar classes. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:379. [PMID: 32802721 PMCID: PMC7413973 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional medicinal systems (TMS) of India (Prakriti) and Korea (Sasang) classify human individuals based on their constitution determined by the physiological and psychological traits of individuals. Similarities in the constitutions are already found between the classes of Prakriti (Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) and Sasang (TE: Taeeumin, SE: Soeumin, and SY: Soyangin) systems. Gut health is an important aspect of this constitution based classification in TMS. To determine the role of gut microbes in such classifications, we have analyzed the gut microbiome (taxa and imputed functions) in the constitutionally similar Prakriti and Sasang classes. An enrichment of Bacteroides and Prevotella enterotypes is observed in the Sasang and Prakriti samples, respectively. The impact of the constitution is found to be more prominent with respect to the taxa and predicted-functions within the Prakriti classes. Gut microbiome functional-level similarities are found to correlate well with the host phenotypes of the constitutionally similar Prakriti and Sasang classes. An enrichment of carbohydrate and amino-acid metabolism is observed in the Vata and SE classes which may be responsible for meeting with their high energy demands and lean phenotype. The Pitta and SY classes exhibit the high capacity to metabolize toxins. An enrichment of functions responsible for predisposition to obesity and high drug metabolism is observed in the Kapha and TE classes. The contribution of gut adaptive functions is found to correlate with the constitution-based classification in both Prakriti and Sasang systems. The TE class harboured the highest number of biofilm-forming and stress-tolerant microbes thus exhibiting the maximum tolerance of environmental stress. Similarities in the gut microbiota and the resulting disease predisposition patterns are found to exist between the constitutionally matching Prakriti and Sasang classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzul Mobeen
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005 India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005 India
| | - Tulika Prakash
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005 India
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Zhou A, Xie S, Sun D, Zhang P, Dong H, Zuo Z, Li X, Zou J. A First Insight into the Structural and Functional Comparison of Environmental Microbiota in Freshwater Turtle Chinemys reevesii at Different Growth Stages under Pond and Greenhouse Cultivation. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1277. [PMID: 32825672 PMCID: PMC7564371 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial community structure of water is an important indicator for evaluating the water quality of the aquaculture environment. In this study, the investigation and comparison of the bacterial communities of pond cultivation (PC) and greenhouse cultivation (GC) between hatchling, juvenile, and adult growth stages of C. reevesii were performed. In addition, the V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced. The Chao1 richness estimator of the PC group was significantly higher than that of the GC group. The beta diversity showed that the microbiotas of the two groups were isolated from each other. The dominant phyla were Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Planctomycetes in the PC group and Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteria in the GC group. Both the numbers and the types of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway annotations differed between the PC and GC groups. The prediction of bacterial phenotype implied that the GC environment is more likely to deteriorate, and turtles are more susceptible to pathogens than those of the PC environment. In addition, a total of nine potential pathogenic bacteria were identified and the correlation of environmental factors analyses showed significant differences of bacterial species between the PC and GC groups, while the potential pathogenic bacteria showed significant correlation with the stocking density, temperature, pH, orthophosphate (PO4-P), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in both the PC and GC groups. Noticeably, this is the first report to describe the different microbiota characteristics of the different cultivation environments in the different growth stages of C. reevesii, which will provide valuable data for water quality adjustment, disease prevention, and the healthy breeding of turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiguo Zhou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (A.Z.); (S.X.); (D.S.); (P.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown, PE C1A 5T1, Canada;
| | - Shaolin Xie
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (A.Z.); (S.X.); (D.S.); (P.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Di Sun
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (A.Z.); (S.X.); (D.S.); (P.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Pan Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (A.Z.); (S.X.); (D.S.); (P.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Han Dong
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (A.Z.); (S.X.); (D.S.); (P.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhiheng Zuo
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (A.Z.); (S.X.); (D.S.); (P.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiang Li
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 93 Mount Edward Road, Charlottetown, PE C1A 5T1, Canada;
| | - Jixing Zou
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (A.Z.); (S.X.); (D.S.); (P.Z.); (H.D.); (Z.Z.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Jnana A, Murali TS, Guruprasad KP, Satyamoorthy K. Prakriti phenotypes as a stratifier of gut microbiome: A new frontier in personalized medicine? J Ayurveda Integr Med 2020; 11:360-365. [PMID: 32718805 PMCID: PMC7527847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ayurveda has a rich history and its significance woven deeply in the Indian culture. The concept of prakriti (a person’s “nature” or constitutional type determined by the proportion of three doshas, namely - vata, pitta and kapha) in Ayurveda is deeply rooted in personalized health management. While the attributes of prakriti has been established to have a genomic basis, there is dearth of elaborate evidences linking prakriti with manifestation of diseases. Next generation sequencing studies have provided a causal link between variation in the gut microbiome and its effect on an individual’s fitness. Separately, reports have identified gut microbial patterns associated with several host variables such as geography, age, diet and extreme prakriti phenotypes. Recently, few reports have identified a “core gut microbiome” consisting of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Prevotella and Ruminococcus prevalent across the Indian population; however, a few bacterial genera were specifically enriched in certain prakritis. Hence, in this review we aim to analyse the role of prakriti variations on dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and concomitantly its effect on human health. We suggest that prakriti phenotyping can function as a potential stratifier of the gut microbiome in a given population and may provide evidence for the conceptual framework of personalized medicine in Ayurvedic system of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva Jnana
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Thokur Sreepathy Murali
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Kanive Parashiva Guruprasad
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India; Centre for Ayurvedic Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India; Centre for Ayurvedic Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India.
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