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Smit TH. On growth and scoliosis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 33:2439-2450. [PMID: 38705903 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-024-08276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the physiology of spinal growth in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS Narrative review of the literature with a focus on mechanisms of growth. RESULTS In his landmark publication On Growth and Form, D'Arcy Thompson wrote that the anatomy of an organism reflects the forces it is subjected to. This means that mechanical forces underlie the shape of tissues, organs and organisms, whether healthy or diseased. AIS is called idiopathic because the underlying cause of the deformation is unknown, although many factors are associated. Eventually, however, any deformity is due to mechanical forces. It has long been shown that the typical curvature and rotation of the scoliotic spine could result from vertebrae and intervertebral discs growing faster than the ligaments attached to them. This raises the question why in AIS the ligaments do not keep up with the speed of spinal growth. The spine of an AIS patient deviates from healthy spines in various ways. Growth is later but faster, resulting in higher vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Vertebral bone density is lower, which suggests less spinal compression. This also preserves the notochordal cells and the swelling pressure in the nucleus pulposus. Less spinal compression is due to limited muscular activity, and low muscle mass indeed underlies the lower body mass index (BMI) in AIS patients. Thus, AIS spines grow faster because there is less spinal compression that counteracts the force of growth (Hueter-Volkmann Law). Ligaments consist of collagen fibres that grow by tension, fibrillar sliding and the remodelling of cross-links. Growth and remodelling are enhanced by dynamic loading and by hormones like estrogen. However, they are opposed by static loading. CONCLUSION Increased spinal elongation and reduced ligamental growth result in differential strain and a vicious circle of scoliotic deformation. Recognising the physical and biological cues that contribute to differential growth allows earlier diagnosis of AIS and prevention in children at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoor H Smit
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, Room K2-140, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zou X, Zhang X, Han S, Wei L, Zheng Z, Wang Y, Xin J, Zhang S. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of matrix metalloproteinases in intervertebral disc degeneration: A comprehensive review. Biochimie 2023; 214:27-48. [PMID: 37268183 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is a common disorder that affects the spine and is a major cause of lower back pain (LBP). The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the structural foundation of the biomechanical properties of IVD, and its degradation is the main pathological characteristic of IDD. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of endopeptidases that play an important role in the degradation and remodeling of the ECM. Several recent studies have shown that the expression and activity of many MMP subgroups are significantly upregulated in degenerated IVD tissue. This upregulation of MMPs results in an imbalance of ECM anabolism and catabolism, leading to the degradation of the ECM and the development of IDD. Therefore, the regulation of MMP expression is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of IDD. Recent research has focused on identifying the mechanisms by which MMPs cause ECM degradation and promote IDD, as well as on developing therapies that target MMPs. In summary, MMP dysregulation is a crucial factor in the development of IDD, and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved is needed to develop effective biological therapies that target MMPs to treat IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Zou
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xingmin Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jingguo Xin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shaokun Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China; Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Veronesi F, Contartese D, Di Sarno L, Borsari V, Fini M, Giavaresi G. In Vitro Models of Cell Senescence: A Systematic Review on Musculoskeletal Tissues and Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15617. [PMID: 37958603 PMCID: PMC10650924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is an irreversible and inevitable biological process and a significant risk factor for the development of various diseases, also affecting the musculoskeletal system, resulting from the accumulation of cell senescence. The aim of this systematic review was to collect the in vitro studies conducted over the past decade in which cell senescence was induced through various methods, with the purpose of evaluating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying senescence and to identify treatments capable of delaying senescence. Through three electronic databases, 22 in vitro studies were identified and included in this systematic review. Disc, cartilage, or muscle cells or tissues and mesenchymal stem cells were employed to set-up in vitro models of senescence. The most common technique used to induce cell senescence was the addition to the culture medium of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and/or interleukin (IL)1β, followed by irradiation, compression, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), microgravity, in vitro expansion up to passage 10, and cells harvested from damaged areas of explants. Few studies evaluated possible treatments to anti-senescence effects. The included studies used in vitro models of senescence in musculoskeletal tissues, providing powerful tools to evaluate age-related changes and pathologies, also contributing to the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Veronesi
- Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.V.); (L.D.S.); (V.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Deyanira Contartese
- Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.V.); (L.D.S.); (V.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Laura Di Sarno
- Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.V.); (L.D.S.); (V.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Veronica Borsari
- Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.V.); (L.D.S.); (V.B.); (G.G.)
| | - Milena Fini
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.V.); (L.D.S.); (V.B.); (G.G.)
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Overexpression of Aquaporin-3 Alleviates Hyperosmolarity-Induced Nucleus Pulposus Cell Apoptosis via Regulating the ERK1/2 Pathway. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2022:1639560. [PMID: 35437455 PMCID: PMC9013301 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1639560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is closely related to osmolarity, which fluctuates with daily activities, and hyperosmolarity may be a contributor to nucleus pulposus (NP) cells apoptosis. Aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) belongs to the family of aquaporins and mainly transports water and other small molecular proteins, which is reduced with the aging of the intervertebral disc. ERK1/2 pathway is one type of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and is associated with cellular apoptosis. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of AQP-3 on NP cells apoptosis induced by a hyperosmolarity and focused on the role of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. We found that NP apoptosis could be induced by hyperosmolarity (550 mOsm/kg), and downregulation of AQP-3 and inhibition of ERK1/2 could be simultaneously observed. Therefore, lentivirus was used to enhance the expression of AQP-3 to compare apoptosis between AQP-3-overexpressed NP cells and the control NP cells. The results showed that apoptosis could be alleviated by overexpression of AQP-3 and the activity of ERK1/2 could also be promoted. Furthermore, we found that the inhibitor U0126 could partly aggravate apoptosis of the AQP-3-overexpressed NP cells. In summary, our results suggested that overexpression of AQP-3 could protect against hyperosmolarity-induced NP cell apoptosis via promoting the activity of the ERK1/2 pathway. This study may shed light on a better understanding of the pathologic mechanism of IDD and bring AQP-3 into the therapeutic approaches for IDD treatment.
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Kasamkattil J, Gryadunova A, Martin I, Barbero A, Schären S, Krupkova O, Mehrkens A. Spheroid-Based Tissue Engineering Strategies for Regeneration of the Intervertebral Disc. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2530. [PMID: 35269672 PMCID: PMC8910276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative disc disease, a painful pathology of the intervertebral disc (IVD), often causes disability and reduces quality of life. Although regenerative cell-based strategies have shown promise in clinical trials, none have been widely adopted clinically. Recent developments demonstrated that spheroid-based approaches might help overcome challenges associated with cell-based IVD therapies. Spheroids are three-dimensional multicellular aggregates with architecture that enables the cells to differentiate and synthesize endogenous ECM, promotes cell-ECM interactions, enhances adhesion, and protects cells from harsh conditions. Spheroids could be applied in the IVD both in scaffold-free and scaffold-based configurations, possibly providing advantages over cell suspensions. This review highlights areas of future research in spheroid-based regeneration of nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF). We also discuss cell sources and methods for spheroid fabrication and characterization, mechanisms related to spheroid fusion, as well as enhancement of spheroid performance in the context of the IVD microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesil Kasamkattil
- Spine Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (J.K.); (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Gryadunova
- Spine Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (J.K.); (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (I.M.); (A.B.)
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (I.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Barbero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (I.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Stefan Schären
- Spine Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (J.K.); (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Olga Krupkova
- Spine Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (J.K.); (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (I.M.); (A.B.)
- Lepage Research Institute, University of Prešov, 17. Novembra 1, 081 16 Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Arne Mehrkens
- Spine Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (J.K.); (A.G.); (S.S.); (A.M.)
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Effect of Discectomy on Dynesys Dynamic Fixation in the Treatment of Lumbar Degenerative Diseases. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2021:3043645. [PMID: 35003407 PMCID: PMC8736702 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3043645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To compare the effect of decompression of the spinal canal with or without discectomy on the clinical efficacy of Dynesys dynamic fixation treatment in lumbar degenerative diseases. Methods A total of 62 patients treated for single-segment lumbar degenerative disease from October 2010 to November 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent decompression of the spinal canal with Dynesys dynamic fixation and were divided into two groups. Twenty-seven patients in group A did not undergo discectomy, and 35 patients in group B underwent discectomy. The intervertebral height, range of motion, Pfirrmann grade of the surgical segment and the upper adjacent segment, function scores, and operation information were compared. Results All patients were followed up for an average of 30.7 ± 11.5 months. At the final follow-up, the intervertebral height and range of motion of the surgical segment decreased significantly in both group A and B (p < 0.05), the range of motion of the upper adjacent segment increased significantly (p < 0.05), and the intervertebral height did not change significantly (p < 0.05). The retained percentages of surgical segment intervertebral height and ROM in group A were significantly better than those in group B (p < 0.05). The intervertebral height (p > 0.05) and range of motion (p < 0.05) of the surgical segment in group A were higher than those in group B. The surgical segment Pfirrmann grading of group A was better than that of group B (p < 0.05). Conclusion Dynesys in the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases may lead to a good clinical effect. In selected cases without discectomy, the range of motion and intervertebral height may be better preserved, and disc degeneration may be reduced.
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Posterior Dynamic Stabilization with Limited Rediscectomy for Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation. Pain Res Manag 2022; 2021:1288246. [PMID: 34976251 PMCID: PMC8718289 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1288246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Recurrent lumbar disc herniation (RLDH) is the most common cause of sciatica after primary discectomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of transpedicular dynamic stabilization (TDS) combined with limited rediscectomy in the treatment of single-level RLDH. Methods We retrospectively evaluated a consecutive series of 24 middle-aged patients who underwent TDS (Dynesys system) combined with limited rediscectomy (i.e., removing only extruded or loose disc fragments) for single-level Carragee type II and type IV RLDH between April 2012 and September 2017. Clinical results were evaluated with visual analog scale (VAS) for leg and low back pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores, and complications. Imaging data include lumbar segment motion and intervertebral height. Results The mean follow-up period was 38 months. The VAS and ODI scores were significantly improved at the last follow-up. The average range of motion (ROM) at the stabilized segment was 6.4° before surgery and 4.2° at the last follow-up, with a 78.6% mean preservation (P < 0.05). Intervertebral height at the stabilized segment decreased slightly after surgery (P < 0.05). However, there was no further decline at the last follow-up. There were no cases of reherniation, screw loosening, or segmental instability. Conclusions TDS combined with limited rediscectomy resulted in an effective procedure in middle-aged patients with Carragee type II and type IV RLDH. It was able to stabilize the operated segment with partial motion preservation. Moreover, it could maintain disc height and decrease the risk of recurrence in patients with a large posterior annular defect.
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Raines BT, Stannard JT, Stricklin OE, Stoker AM, Choma TJ, Cook JL. Effects of Caffeine on Intervertebral Disc Cell Viability in a Whole Organ Culture Model. Global Spine J 2022; 12:61-69. [PMID: 32935580 PMCID: PMC8965308 DOI: 10.1177/2192568220948031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of exposure to physiologically relevant caffeine concentrations on intervertebral disc (IVD) cell viability and extracellular matrix composition (ECM) in a whole organ culture model as potential contributing mechanisms in development and progression of IVD disorders in humans. Primary outcome measures were IVD viable cell density (VCD) and ECM composition. METHODS A total of 190 IVD whole organ explants from tails of 16 skeletally mature rats-consisting of cranial body half, endplate, IVD, endplate, and caudal body half-were harvested. IVD explants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: uninjured (n = 90) or injured (20G needle disc puncture/aspiration method, n = 100). Explants from each group were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: low caffeine (LCAF: 5 mg/L), moderate caffeine (MCAF: 10 mg/L), and high caffeine (HCAF: 15 mg/L) concentrations. RESULTS Cell viability was significantly higher in the low-caffeine group compared with the high-caffeine group at day 7 (P = .037) and in the low-caffeine group compared with the medium- and high-caffeine groups at day 21 (P ≤ .004). Analysis of ECM showed that all uninjured and control groups had significantly higher (P < .05) glycosaminoglycan concentrations compared with all injured groups. Furthermore, we observed a temporal, downward trend in proteoglycan to collagen ratio for the caffeine groups. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine intake may be a risk factor for IVD degeneration, especially in conjunction with disc injury. Mechanisms for caffeine associated disc degeneration may involve cell and ECM, and further studies should elucidate mechanistic pathways and potential benefits for caffeine restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Raines
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James L. Cook
- University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA,James L Cook, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, 1100 Virginia Avenue, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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Melatonin Suppresses Apoptosis of Nucleus Pulposus Cells through Inhibiting Autophagy via the PI3K/Akt Pathway in a High-Glucose Culture. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:4604258. [PMID: 34660789 PMCID: PMC8519679 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4604258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus- (DM-) associated hyperglycemia promotes apoptosis of disc nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, which is a contributor to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Melatonin is able to protect against cell apoptosis. However, its effects on apoptosis of NP cell in a high-glucose culture remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects and molecular mechanism of melatonin on NP cell apoptosis in a high-glucose culture. NP cells were cultured in the baseline medium supplemented with a high-glucose concentration (0.2 M) for 3 days. The control cells were only cultured in the baseline medium. Additionally, the pharmaceutical inhibitor LY294002 was added along with the culture medium to investigate the possible role of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Apoptosis, autophagy, and activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway of NP cells among these groups were evaluated. Compared with the control NP cells, high glucose significantly increased cell apoptosis ratio and caspase-3/caspase-9 activity and decreased mRNA expression of Bcl-2, whereas it increased mRNA or protein expression of Bax, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, and autophagy-related molecules (Atg3, Atg5, Beclin-1, and LC3-II) and decreased protein expression of p-Akt compared with the control cells. Additionally, melatonin partly inhibited the effects of high glucose on those parameters of cell apoptosis, autophagy, and activation of PI3K/Akt. In conclusion, melatonin attenuates apoptosis of NP cells through inhibiting the excessive autophagy via the PI3K/Akt pathway in a high-glucose culture. This study provides new theoretical basis of the protective effects of melatonin against disc degeneration in a DM patient.
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Deficiency of MIF Accentuates Overloaded Compression-Induced Nucleus Pulposus Cell Oxidative Damage via Depressing Mitophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6192498. [PMID: 34306312 PMCID: PMC8270705 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6192498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Established studies proved that mechanical compression loading had multiple effects on the biological behavior of the intervertebral disc (IVD). However, the regulating mechanism involved in this process remains unclear. The current study is aimed at exploring the potential bioregulators and signaling pathways involved in the compression-associated biological changes of nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Tandem mass tag- (TMT-) based quantitative proteomics was exerted to analyze the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and signal pathways among the different groups of NP cells cultured under noncompression, low-compression (LC), and high-compression (HC) loading. Eight potential protective bioregulators for the NP cell survival under different compression loading were predicted by the proteomics, among which macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and oxidative stress-related pathways were selected for further evaluation, due to its similar function in regulating the fate of the cartilage endplate- (CEP-) derived cells. We found that deficiency of MIF accentuates the accumulation of ROS, mitochondrial dysfunction, and senescence of NP cells under overloaded mechanical compression. The potential molecular mechanism involved in this process is related to the mitophagy regulating role of MIF. Our findings provide a better understanding of the regulatory role of mechanical compression on the cellular fate commitment and matrix metabolism of NP, and the potential strategies for treating disc degenerative diseases via using MIF-regulating agents.
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Synergistic Utilization of Necrostatin-1 and Z-VAD-FMK Efficiently Promotes the Survival of Compression-Induced Nucleus Pulposus Cells via Alleviating Mitochondrial Dysfunction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6976317. [PMID: 33376733 PMCID: PMC7738793 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6976317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that necroptosis contributed to compression-induced nucleus pulposus (NP) cells death. In the current study, we investigated the regulative effect of necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin-1 on NP cells apoptosis and autophagy. Necrostatin-1, autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine and apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK were employed, and NP cells were exposed to 1.0 MPa compression for 0, 24 and 36 h. Necroptosis-associated molecules were measured by Western blot and RT-PCR. Autophagy and apoptosis levels were evaluated by Western blot and quantified by flow cytometry after monodansylcadaverine and Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining, respectively. The cell viability and cell death were also examined. Furthermore, we measured mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and indices of oxidative stress to assess mitochondrial dysfunction. The results established that Necrostatin-1 blocked NP cells autophagy, and 3-Methyladenine had little influence on NP cells necroptosis. The Necrostatin-1+3-Methyladenine treatment exerted almost the same role as Necrostatin-1 in reducing NP cells death. Necrostatin-1 restrained NP cells apoptosis, while Z-VAD-FMK enhanced NP cells necroptosis. The Necrostatin-1+Z-VAD-FMK treatment provided more prominent role in blocking NP cells death compared with Necrostatin-1, consistent with increased MMP, reduced opening of MPTP and oxidative stress. In summary, the synergistic utilization of Necrostatin-1 and Z-VAD-FMK is a very worthwhile solution in preventing compression-mediated NP cells death, which might be largely attributed to restored mitochondrial function.
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Smit TH. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: The mechanobiology of differential growth. JOR Spine 2020; 3:e1115. [PMID: 33392452 PMCID: PMC7770204 DOI: 10.1002/jsp2.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has been linked to neurological, genetic, hormonal, microbial, and environmental cues. Physically, however, AIS is a structural deformation, hence an adequate theory of etiology must provide an explanation for the forces involved. Earlier, we proposed differential growth as a possible mechanism for the slow, three-dimensional deformations observed in AIS. In the current perspective paper, the underlying mechanobiology of cells and tissues is explored. The musculoskeletal system is presented as a tensegrity-like structure, in which the skeletal compressive elements are stabilized by tensile muscles, ligaments, and fasciae. The upright posture of the human spine requires minimal muscular energy, resulting in less compression, and stability than in quadrupeds. Following Hueter-Volkmann Law, less compression allows for faster growth of vertebrae and intervertebral discs. The substantially larger intervertebral disc height observed in AIS patients suggests high intradiscal pressure, a condition favorable for notochordal cells; this promotes the production of proteoglycans and thereby osmotic pressure. Intradiscal pressure overstrains annulus fibrosus and longitudinal ligaments, which are then no longer able to remodel and grow, and consequently induce differential growth. Intradiscal pressure thus is proposed as the driver of AIS and may therefore be a promising target for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoor H. Smit
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryAmsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical CentresAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Medical BiologyAmsterdam University Medical CentresAmsterdamNetherlands
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Wang Y, Wang H, Zhuo Y, Hu Y, Zhang Z, Ye J, Liu L, Luo L, Zhao C, Zhou Q, Li P. SIRT1 alleviates high-magnitude compression-induced senescence in nucleus pulposus cells via PINK1-dependent mitophagy. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:16126-16141. [PMID: 32687063 PMCID: PMC7485741 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical overloading-induced nucleus pulposus (NP) cells senescence plays an important role in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). The silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1)-mediated pathway preserves the normal NP cell phenotype and mitochondrial homeostasis under multiple stresses. We aimed to investigate the role of SIRT1 in IVDD by assessing the effects of SIRT1 overexpression on high-magnitude compression-induced senescence in NP cells. High-magnitude compression induced cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction in human NP cells. Moreover, SIRT1 overexpression tended to alleviate NP cell senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction under compressive stress. Given the mitophagy-inducing property of SIRT1, activity of mitophagy was evaluated in NP cells to further demonstrate the underlying mechanism. The results showed that SIRT1-overexpression attenuated senescence and mitochondrial injury in NP cells subjected to high-magnitude compression. However, depletion of PINK1, a key mitophagic regulator, impaired mitophagy and blocked the protective role of SIRT1 against compression induced senescence in NP cells. In summary, these results suggest that SIRT1 plays a protective role in alleviating NP cell senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction under high-magnitude compression, the mechanism of which is associated with the regulation of PINK1-dependent mitophagy. Our findings may provide a potential therapeutic approach for IVDD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China.,Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Haoming Wang
- Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing 404000, China
| | - Yunyun Zhuo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Yanzhu Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China.,Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zetong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jixing Ye
- Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Liehua Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China.,Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China.,Tissue Repairing and Biotechnology Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401120, China
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Xu Q, Fang H, Zhao L, Zhang C, Zhang L, Tian B. Mechano growth factor attenuates mechanical overload-induced nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis through inhibiting the p38 MAPK pathway. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182462. [PMID: 30858307 PMCID: PMC6438874 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical overload is a risk factor of disc degeneration. It can induce disc degeneration through mediating cell apoptosis. Mechano growth factor (MGF) has been reported to inhibit mechanical overload-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes. The present study is aimed to investigate whether MGF can attenuate mechanical overload-induced nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis and the possible signaling transduction pathway. Rat NP cells were cultured and subjected to mechanical overload for 7 days. The control NP cells did not experience mechanical load. The exogenous MGF peptide was added into the culture medium to investigate its protective effects. NP cell apoptosis ratio, caspase-3 activity, gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3, protein expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, Bax and Bcl-2 were analyzed to evaluate NP cell apoptosis. In addition, activity of the p38 MAPK pathway was also detected. Compared with the control NP cells, mechanical overload significantly increased NP cell apoptosis and caspase-3 activity, up-regulated gene/protein expression of pro-apoptosis molecules (i.e. Bax, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP) whereas down-regulated gene/protein expression of anti-apoptosis molecule (i.e. Bcl-2). However, exogenous MGF partly reversed these effects of mechanical overload on NP cell apoptosis. Further results showed that activity of the p38 MAPK pathway of NP cells cultured under mechanical overload was decreased by addition of MGF peptide. In conclusion, MGF is able to attenuate mechanical overload-induced NP cell apoptosis, and the p38 MAPK signaling pathway may be involved in this process. The present study provides that MGF supplementation may be a promising strategy to retard mechanical overload-induced disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Anesthesia Surgery, Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Haolin Fang
- Department of Emergency Trauma Surgery, Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Emergency Trauma Surgery, Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Cunxin Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Luo Zhang
- Department of Emergency Trauma Surgery, Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Baofang Tian
- Department of Emergency Trauma Surgery, Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Jining NO. 1 People's Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
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15
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Jiang Y, Xie Z, Yu J, Fu L. Resveratrol inhibits IL-1β-mediated nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis through regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190043. [PMID: 30867252 PMCID: PMC6434388 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis is a classical cellular character during intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Previous studies have shown that inflammatory cytokine-induced NP cell apoptosis plays an important role in disc degeneration. The present study was aimed to investigate whether resveratrol can suppress IL-1β-mediated NP cell apoptosis and the potential signal transduction pathway. Experimental rat NP cells were treated with culture medium containing IL-1β (20 ng/ml) for 7 days. Control NP cells were cultured in the baseline medium. Resveratrol was added along with culture medium to investigate its effects. The inhibitor LY294002 was used to study the role of the PI3K/Akt pathway. NP cell apoptosis was reflected by the caspase-3 activity, cell apoptosis ratio, and expression of apoptosis-related molecules (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved PARP). Compared with the control NP cells, IL-1β significantly increased caspase-3 activity, NP cell apoptosis ratio and mRNA/protein expression of Bax, caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP, but decreased mRNA expression of Bcl-2. However, resveratrol partly suppressed the effects of IL-1β on those cell apoptosis-related parameters. Further analysis showed that IL-1β significantly decreased activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway whereas resveratrol partly increased activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway in NP cells treated with IL-1β. Additionally, when the inhibitor LY294002 was added along with the resveratrol, its protective effects against IL-1β-induced NP cell apoptosis were attenuated. In conclusion, resveratrol suppresses IL-1β-mediated NP cell apoptosis through activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Resveratrol may be an effective drug to attenuate inflammatory cytokine-induced disc degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhai Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Weihai Second Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Zhijie Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Weihai Second Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Jinying Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Weihai Second Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Lianqiang Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Weihai Second Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai 264200, China
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Jiang Y, Fu L, Song Y. Responses of apoptosis and matrix metabolism of annulus fibrosus cells to different magnitudes of mechanical tension in vitro. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20182375. [PMID: 30700570 PMCID: PMC6386766 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20182375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annulus fibrosus (AF) is important to confine disc nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue during mechanical load experience. However, the knowledge on AF cell biology under mechanical load is much limited compared with disc NP. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate responses of apoptosis and matrix metabolism of AF cells to different magnitudes of mechanical tension in vitro Methods: Rat AF cells were subjected to different magnitudes (5, 10, and 20% elongations at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 6 h per day) of mechanical tension for 7 days. Control AF cells were cultured without mechanical tension. Cell apoptosis ratio, caspase-3 activity, gene/protein expression of apoptosis-related molecules (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP), matrix macromolecules (aggrecan and collagen I) and matrix metabolism-related enzymes (TIMP-1, TIMP-3, MMP-3, and ADAMTS-4) were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with 5% tension group and control group, 10 and 20% tension groups significantly increased apoptosis ratio, caspase-3 activity, up-regulated gene/protein expression of Bax, caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, MMP-3, and ADAMTS-4, whereas down-regulated gene/protein expression of Bcl-2, aggrecan, collagen I, TIMP-1, and TIMP-3. No significant difference was found in these parameters apart from Bcl-2 expression between the control group and 5% tension group. CONCLUSION High mechanical tension promotes AF cell apoptosis and suppresses AF matrix synthesis compared with low mechanical tension. The present study indirectly indicates how mechanical overload induces disc degeneration through affecting AF biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhai Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Weihai Second Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Lianqiang Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Weihai Second Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Yeliang Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Weihai Second Hospital of Qingdao University, Weihai 264200, China
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Zhang ZQ, Wang CS, Yang P, Wang KZ. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induced by Microencapsulated Chondrocytes on Repairing of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Orthop Surg 2018; 10:328-336. [PMID: 30485683 DOI: 10.1111/os.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells induced by microencapsulated chondrocytes on repairing of intervertebral disc degeneration. METHODS Rabbit chondrocytes and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were derived. Chondrocytes were microencapsulated by a microcapsule generator to produce microencapsulated chondrocytes (MEC). MSC were then co-cultured with MEC (MSC-MEC) and the properties and the therapeutic effects on repairing of intervertebral disc degeneration were studied. For the in vitro study, cell proliferation, type II collagen, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) were studied. The MSC induced by chondrocytes in the Transwell system (MSC-MLC) and pure MSC were used as the control group. For the in vivo studied, MSC-MEC were implanted into the intervertebral disc degenerated (IDD) models, and the radiological images, biomechanical properties, collagen II, and histology of the discs were studied. The IDD, MSC, and MSC-MLC groups were used as the control group. RESULTS In the in vitro study, no significant differences were found among the three groups, indicating that the microcapsule co-culture system will not affect the proliferation of MSC. The type II collagen quantity secreted by MSC-MEC was 23.57 ± 2.46 ng/μL, which was more than for MSC-MLC (15.14 ± 2.31 ng/μL) and MSC groups (4.17 ± 1.23 ng/μL, all P < 0.025). GAG secreted by MSC-MEC was 0.184 ± 0.006 mg/well, which was more than for the MSC-MLC (0.151 ± 0.011 mg/well) and MSC groups (0.023 ± 0.002 mg/well, all P < 0.025). In the in vivo study, no obvious degenerative or protrusive disc was found in the MSC-MEC group, while protrusive discs could be found in the MSC-MLC group, and both degenerative and protrusive discs were found in MSC and IDD groups, which indicated that the reparative effects of MSC-MEC on degenerated discs were better than for the control groups. Biomechanical properties of discs in the MSC-MEC group were maintained at all four time points (2nd, 4th, 8th, and 16th week after implantation). The compressive strength (CS) and the elastic modulus (EM) of MSC and IDD groups were consistently decreased. The CS of the MSC-MLC group was increased in the 4th week but decreased again in the 8th week, while the EM of the MSC-MLC group consistently decreased. Western blot results indicated that discs of the MSC-MEC group had more collagen II, which is an important component of discs. Histology staining showed that the nucleus pulposus of MSC-MEC was complete; no obvious fragment of component loss was found, while those of MSC-MLC, MSC, and IDD groups were widened, broken, and hollow. CONCLUSION The microencapsulation method for half-contact co-culturing improves the differentiation extent of MSC, and MSC induced by chondrocytes could also be used for treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chun-Sheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun-Zheng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Jiao S, Li J, Liu B, Yang M, Xiu J, Qu D. Nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis is attenuated by CDMP-2 through regulating oxidative damage under the hyperosmotic environment. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181176. [PMID: 30177520 PMCID: PMC6177556 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disc nucleus pulposus (NP) cell experiences periodic osmolarity alterations during daily activities, which has been proved to affect cell biology in vitro The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-2 (CDMP-2) on NP cell apoptosis under the hyperosmolarity culture and the potential mechanism. Isolated rat NP cells were cultured in the in situ-osmolarity medium or hyperosmolarity medium for 3 days. CDMP-2 was added into the hyperosmolarity medium to investigate its effects on NP cell apoptosis. Cell apoptosis rate, caspase-3 activity, gene expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3, and protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 were analyzed to evaluate NP cell apoptosis. Additionally, the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were analyzed to investigate the potential role of oxidative damage in this process. In the hyperosmolarity culture, NP cells showed a significantly increased cell apoptosis rate and caspase-3 activity, an up-regulated expression of Bax and caspase-3/cleaved-caspase-3 and a down-regulated expression of Bcl-2. However, CDMP-2 partly inhibited these effects of hyperosmolarity culture on NP cells. Additionally, the hyperosmolarity culture significantly increased ROS content and decreased the total SOD activity compared with the in situ-osmolarity culture, whereas exogenous CDMP-2 partly decreased the ROS content and increased the total SOD activity in the hyperosmolarity culture. In conclusion, CDMP-2 is effective in attenuating hyperosmolarity environment-induced NP cell apoptosis, and this process may be mediated through inhibiting oxidative stress damage. The present study indicates that CDMP-2 may be helpful to retard hyperosmolarity niche-mediated disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouguo Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Jingxiang Li
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Central Hospital of Zaozhuang Mining Group, Zaozhuang 277000, Shandong, China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangli Xiu
- Department of Operating Room, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
| | - Daokui Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
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Amelot A, Mazel C. The Intervertebral Disc: Physiology and Pathology of a Brittle Joint. World Neurosurg 2018; 120:265-273. [PMID: 30218798 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervertebral disc (ID) degeneration represents the number one cause for outpatient clinic visits worldwide. Mechanisms are discussed but not yet clearly established. Consequently, back pain management is commonly limited to symptomatic treatment therapies. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review is to evaluate major progress and to unravel the biology and pathology of ID discogenic pain. METHODS The design of this study is a systematic review. A literature search was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases, with no time constraints to locate relevant literature. Significant articles (literature reviews, therapeutic essays, clinical-human-research studies, animal research, and laboratory research) on the intervertebral disc were identified and reviewed. The exclusion criteria were the following: case reports and clinical studies with <10 patients. RESULTS Through a dense review of the literature, the ID is deciphered and described as a fragile anatomic entity. For this systematic review, 132 studies were identified and 79 were retained. The main deterioration and alteration mechanisms that lead to the programmed death of the ID are summarized. In addition, the large variety of biological therapies that override surgical treatment are determined. CONCLUSIONS The degeneration mechanisms of the ID are well defined and decrypted. Although therapies have progressed, none has been effective. The regeneration of the ID remains highly challenging because of the complexity of its natural composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymeric Amelot
- Department of Neurosurgery, La Pitié Salpétrière Hospital, Paris, France; Sorbonne-University, UPMC, University Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Christian Mazel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, L'Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
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Jiang Y, Dong G, Song Y. Nucleus pulposus cell senescence is alleviated by resveratrol through regulating the ROS/NF-κB pathway under high-magnitude compression. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180670. [PMID: 29875176 PMCID: PMC6435537 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical overloading is a risk factor of disc degeneration. Studies have demonstrated that resveratrol helps to maintain the disc cell's healthy biology. The present study aims to investigate whether resveratrol can suppress mechanical overloading-induced nucleus pulposus (NP) cell senescence in vitro and the potential mechanism. The isolated rat NP cells were seeded in the decalcified bone matrix (DBM) and cultured under non-compression (control) and compression (20% deformation, 1.0 Hz, 6 h/day) for 5 days using the mechanically active bioreactor. The resveratrol (30 and 60 μM) was added into the culture medium of the compression group to investigate its protective effects against the NP cell senescence. NP cell senescence was evaluated by cell proliferation, cell cycle, senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, telomerase (TE) activity, and gene expression of the senescence markers (p16 and p53). Additionally, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and activity of the NF-κB pathway were also analyzed. Compared with the non-compression group, the high-magnitude compression significantly promoted NP cell senescence, increased ROS generation and activity of the NF-κB pathway. However, resveratrol partly attenuated NP cell senescence, decreased ROS generation and activity of the NF-κB pathway in a concentration-dependent manner under mechanical compression. Resveratrol can alleviate mechanical overloading-induced NP cell senescence through regulating the ROS/NF-κB pathway. The present study provides that resveratrol may be a potential drug for retarding mechanical overloading-induced NP cell senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhai Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Weihai Second Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Guozhang Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Weihai Second Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Weihai 264200, China
| | - Yeliang Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Weihai Second Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Weihai 264200, China
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Shi J, Pang L, Jiao S. The response of nucleus pulposus cell senescence to static and dynamic compressions in a disc organ culture. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180064. [PMID: 29437905 PMCID: PMC5843747 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimuli obviously affect disc nucleus pulposus (NP) biology. Previous studies have indicated that static compression exhibits detrimental effects on disc biology compared with dynamic compression. To study disc NP cell senescence under static compression and dynamic compression in a disc organ culture, porcine discs were cultured and subjected to compression (static compression: 0.4 MPa for 4 h once per day; dynamic compression: 0.4 MPa at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 4 h once per day) for 7 days using a self-developed mechanically active bioreactor. The non-compressed discs were used as controls. Compared with the dynamic compression, static compression significantly promoted disc NP cell senescence, reflected by the increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF) formation and senescence markers expression, and the decreased telomerase (TE) activity and NP matrix biosynthesis. Static compression accelerates disc NP cell senescence compared with the dynamic compression in a disc organ culture. The present study provides that acceleration of NP cell senescence may be involved in previously reported static compression-mediated disc NP degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Lianglong Pang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Shouguo Jiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yantai Yeda Hospital, Yantai 264006, Shandong, China
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22
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Zhang Z, Wen F, He C, Yu J. Resveratrol attenuates mechanical compression-induced nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis through regulating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in a disc organ culture. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171703. [PMID: 29439139 PMCID: PMC5843752 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis is a typical feature within the degenerative disc. High magnitude compression significantly promotes NP cell apoptosis. Several studies have indicated that resveratrol has protective effects on disc cell's normal biology. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to investigate whether resveratrol can attenuate mechanical overloading-induced NP cell apoptosis in a disc organ culture. METHODS Isolated porcine discs were cultured in culture chambers of a mechanically active perfusion bioreactor and subjected to a relatively high magnitude compression (1.3 MPa at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 2 h once per day) for 7 days. Different concentrations (50 and 100 μM) of resveratrol were added into the culture medium to observe the protective effects of resveratrol against NP cell apoptosis under mechanical compression. The noncompressed discs were used as controls. RESULTS Similar with the previous studies, this high magnitude compression significantly promoted NP cell apoptosis, reflected by the increased number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining-positive NP cells and enzyme (caspase-9 and caspase-3) activity, the up-regulated expression of proapoptotic molecules (Bax and caspase-3/cleaved caspase-3), and down-regulated expression of antiapoptotic molecule (Bcl-2). However, resveratrol partly attenuated NP cell apoptosis under this high magnitude compression in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, though the ERK1/2 pathway was significantly activated in the mechanical compression group, resveratrol partly attenuated activation of the ERK1/2 pathway under mechanical compression in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Resveratrol attenuates mechanical overloading-induced NP cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibiting activation of the ERK1/2 pathway may be one potential mechanism behind this regulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chengjian He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430061, China
- Hubei Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Xiaogan No.1 People's Hospital, Xiaogan, Hubei 432100, China
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Gan Y, Tu B, Li P, Ye J, Zhao C, Luo L, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Zhu L, Zhou Q. Low Magnitude of Compression Enhances Biosynthesis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells towards Nucleus Pulposus Cells via the TRPV4-Dependent Pathway. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7061898. [PMID: 29765419 PMCID: PMC5932483 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7061898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell- (MSC-) based therapy is regarded as a promising tissue engineering strategy to achieve nucleus pulposus (NP) regeneration for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). However, it is still a challenge to promote the biosynthesis of MSC to meet the requirement of NP regeneration. The purpose of this study was to optimize the compressive magnitude to enhance the extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition towards discogenesis of MSCs. Thus, we constructed a 3D culture model for MSCs to bear different magnitudes of compression for 7 days (5%, 10%, and 20% at the frequency of 1.0 Hz for 8 hours/day) using an intelligent and mechanically active bioreactor. Then, the underlying mechanotransduction mechanism of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) was further explored. The MSC-encapsulated hybrids were evaluated by Live/Dead staining, biochemical content assay, real-time PCR, Western blot, histological, and immunohistochemical analysis. The results showed that low-magnitude compression promoted anabolic response where high-magnitude compression induced the catabolic response for the 3D-cultured MSCs. The anabolic effect of low-magnitude compression could be inhibited by inhibiting TRPV4. Meanwhile, the activation of TRPV4 enhanced the biosynthesis analogous to low-magnitude compression. These findings demonstrate that low-magnitude compression promoted the anabolic response of ECM deposition towards discogenesis for the 3D-cultured MSCs and the TRPV4 channel plays a key role on mechanical signal transduction for low-magnitude compressive loading. Further understanding of this mechanism may provide insights into the development of new therapies for MSC-based NP regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Gan
- National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gao Tan Yan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gao Tan Yan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bing Tu
- National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gao Tan Yan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, No.89 Hospital of PLA, Weifang, 261026 Shandong, China
| | - Jixing Ye
- National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gao Tan Yan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gao Tan Yan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lei Luo
- National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gao Tan Yan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chengmin Zhang
- National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gao Tan Yan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zetong Zhang
- National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gao Tan Yan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Linyong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- National & Regional United Engineering Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gao Tan Yan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
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Xie J, Li B, Zhang P, Wang L, Lu H, Song X. Osteogenic protein-1 attenuates the inflammatory cytokine-induced NP cell senescence through regulating the ROS/NF-κB pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:431-437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Zhou H, Shi J, Zhang C, Li P. Static compression down-regulates N-cadherin expression and facilitates loss of cell phenotype of nucleus pulposus cells in a disc perfusion culture. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171551. [PMID: 29273678 PMCID: PMC5803491 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical compression often induces degenerative changes of disc nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue. It has been indicated that N-cadherin (N-CDH)-mediated signaling helps to preserve the NP cell phenotype. However, N-CDH expression and the resulting NP-specific phenotype alteration under the static compression and dynamic compression remain unclear. To study the effects of static compression and dynamic compression on N-CDH expression and NP-specific phenotype in an in vitro disc organ culture. Porcine discs were organ cultured in a self-developed mechanically active bioreactor for 7 days and subjected to static or dynamic compression (0.4 MPa for 2 h once per day). The noncompressed discs were used as controls. Compared with the dynamic compression, static compression significantly down-regulated the expression of N-CDH and NP-specific markers (laminin, brachyury, and keratin 19); decreased the Alcian Blue staining intensity, glycosaminoglycan and hydroxyproline contents; and declined the matrix macromolecule (aggrecan and collagen II) expression. Compared with the dynamic compression, static compression causes N-CDH down-regulation, loss of NP-specific phenotype, and the resulting decrease in NP matrix synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Jianmin Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital and Liaocheng Clinical School of Taishan Medical University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252000, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, No. 89 Hospital of PLA, Weifang, Shandong 261026, China
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Fang H, Li X, Shen H, Sun B, Teng H, Li P. Osteogenic protein-1 attenuates apoptosis and enhances matrix synthesis of nucleus pulposus cells under high-magnitude compression though inhibiting the p38 MAPK pathway. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180018. [PMID: 29440560 PMCID: PMC5857901 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disc degeneration is correlated with mechanical load. Osteogenic protein-1 (OP-1) is potential to regenerate degenerative disc. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether OP-1 can protect against high magitude compression-induced nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis and NP matrix catabolism, and its potential mechanism. METHODS Porcine discs were cultured in a bioreactor and compressed at a relatively high-magnitude mechanical compression (1.3 MPa at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 2 hours once per day) for 7 days. OP-1 was added along with the culture medium to investigate the protective effects of OP-1. NP cell apoptosis and matrix biosynthesis were evaluated. Additionally, activity of the p38 MAPK pathway is also analyzed. RESULTS Compared with the control group, high magnitude compression significantly promoted NP cell apoptosis and decreased NP matrix biosynthesis, reflected by the increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells and caspase-3 activity, the up-regulated expression of Bax and caspase-3 mRNA and down-regulated expression of Bcl-2 mRNA, and the decreased alcian blue staining intensity and expression of matrix proteins (aggrecan and collagen II). However, OP-1 addition partly attenuated the effects of high magnitude compression on NP cell apoptosis and NP matrix biosynthesis. Further analysis showed that inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway partly participated in this process. CONCLUSION OP-1 can attenuate high magnitude compression-induced NP cell apoptosis and promoted NP matrix biosynthesis, and inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway may participate in this regulatory process. This study provides that OP-1 may be efficacy in retarding mechanical overloading-exacerbated disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolin Fang
- Department of Emergency Trauma Surgery, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272011, P. R. China, Jining, China
| | - Xianzhou Li
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining 272011, P. R. China, Jining, China
| | - Haiming Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jining No.2 People's Hospital, Jining 272011, P. R. China, Jining, China
| | - Buwei Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jining No.2 People's Hospital, Jining 272011, P. R. China, Jining, China
| | - Haijun Teng
- Department of Orthopaedics, No.89 Hospital of PLA, Weifang, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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He J, Feng C, Sun J, Lu K, Chu T, Zhou Y, Pan Y. Cartilage intermediate layer protein is regulated by mechanical stress and affects extracellular matrix synthesis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:6130-6137. [PMID: 29436660 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbar disc disease (LDD) is common in aged populations, and it is primarily caused by intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP), which is specifically expressed in intervertebral discs (IVDs), is suspected to be associated with IDD. However, it remains unclear whether CILP contributes to IDD in humans. Furthermore, the regulation of CILP in human IVDs is poorly understood, especially by mechanical stimuli, which are regarded as primary factors promoting IDD. To address these issues, the present study collected nucleus pulposus (NP) cells from patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery for degenerative disc disease (DDD). Subsequently, CILP expression was measured in human NP cells in response to mechanical stimuli, including cyclic compressive stress and cyclic tensile strain (CTS), by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Aggrecan and collagen II, which are the main components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and traditional degenerative markers for IDD, were detected following the treatment with CILP small interfering (si)RNA or recombinant human CILP (rhCILP) at various concentrations to determine whether CILP contributes to IDD by negatively regulating expression of the ECM. The results revealed that CILP expression in loaded NP cells was significantly increased compared with that in non‑loaded cells under compressive loading, and that it was markedly decreased in cells under tensile loading, in contrast with the expression of aggrecan and collagen II in response to the same stimuli. Furthermore, CILP siRNA effectively inhibited CILP expression and significantly increased the expression of aggrecan and collagen II. In addition, treatment of NP cells with a high concentration of rhCILP resulted in significantly decreased expression of aggrecan and collagen II. In conclusion, these results demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that in human NP cells, CILP is regulated by mechanical stress and that its expression affects ECM synthesis. Therefore, CILP represents a promising therapeutic target for preventing loss of the matrix during IDD as a novel treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Chencheng Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Kang Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Tongwei Chu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Yong Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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28
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Han X, Leng X, Zhao M, Wu M, Chen A, Hong G, Sun P. Resveratrol increases nucleus pulposus matrix synthesis through activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway under mechanical compression in a disc organ culture. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171319. [PMID: 29074559 PMCID: PMC5700294 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disc nucleus pulposus (NP) matrix homeostasis is important for normal disc function. Mechanical overloading seriously decreases matrix synthesis and increases matrix degradation. The present study aims to investigate the effects of resveratrol on disc NP matrix homeostasis under a relatively high-magnitude mechanical compression and the potential mechanism underlying this process. Porcine discs were perfusion-cultured and subjected to a relatively high-magnitude mechanical compression (1.3 MPa at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 2 h once per day) for 7 days in a mechanically active bioreactor. The non-compressed discs were used as controls. Resveratrol was added along with culture medium to observe the effects of resveratrol on NP matrix synthesis under mechanical load respectively. NP matrix synthesis was evaluated by histology, biochemical content (glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline (HYP)), and expression of matrix macromolecules (aggrecan and collagen II). Results showed that this high-magnitude mechanical compression significantly decreased NP matrix content, indicated by the decreased staining intensity of Alcian Blue and biochemical content (GAG and HYP), and the down-regulated expression of NP matrix macromolecules (aggrecan and collagen II). Further analysis indicated that resveratrol partly stimulated NP matrix synthesis and increased activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway in a dose-dependent manner under mechanical compression. Together, resveratrol is beneficial for disc NP matrix synthesis under mechanical overloading, and the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway may participate in this regulatory process. Resveratrol may be promising to regenerate mechanical overloading-induced disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Han
- Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Leng
- Universal Medical Imaging Diagnostic Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man Zhao
- Department of Radiography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Clinical Medicine of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Wu
- Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Amei Chen
- Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoju Hong
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, and Biomedical Science School, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, ChinInsert Affiliation Text Here
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29
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Niu M, Ma F, Qian J, Li J, Wang T, Gao Y, Jin J. N‑cadherin attenuates nucleus pulposus cell senescence under high‑magnitude compression. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:2879-2884. [PMID: 29257288 PMCID: PMC5783503 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical compression is important in disc degeneration. N-cadherin (N-CDH)-mediated signaling contributes to the maintenance of the normal nucleus pulposus (NP) cell phenotype and NP matrix biosynthesis. Our preliminary study demonstrated that a high-magnitude compression (20% deformation) promotes NP cell senescence in a three-dimensional scaffold culture system. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether N-CDH-mediated signaling alleviates NP cell senescence under the above-mentioned high-magnitude compression. NP cells were transfected with recombinant lentiviral vectors to enhance N-CDH expression. All the transfected or un-transfected NP cells were seeded into the scaffolds and subjected to 20% deformation at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 4 h once per day for 5 days. Results indicated that N-CDH overexpressed NP cells exhibited decreased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and downregulated expression levels of senescence-associated markers (p16 and p53). Furthermore, the N-CDH overexpressed NP cells exhibited increased cell proliferation potency, telomerase activity and matrix biosynthesis compared with NP cells without N-CDH overexpression under high-magnitude compression. Thus, N-CDH-mediated signaling contributes to the attenuation of NP cell senescence under high-magnitude compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Niu
- The Second Department of Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, P.R. China
| | - Fei Ma
- The Second Department of Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Qian
- The First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zhangye People's Hospital Affiliated to Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Li
- The Second Department of Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, P.R. China
| | - Tong Wang
- The Second Department of Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhen Gao
- The Second Department of Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Jin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Pang L, Li P, Zhang R, Xu Y, Song L, Zhou Q. Role of p38-MAPK pathway in the effects of high-magnitude compression on nucleus pulposus cell senescence in a disc perfusion culture. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170718. [PMID: 28620118 PMCID: PMC5635211 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleus pulposus (NP) cell senescence is a typical pathological feature within the degenerative intervertebral disc. As a potential inducing and aggregating factor of disc degeneration, mechanical overloading affects disc biology in multiple ways. The present study was to investigate the NP cell senescence-associated phenotype under intermittent high compression in an ex vivo disc bioreactor culture, and the role of the p38-MAPK pathway in this regulatory process. Porcine discs were cultured in culture chambers of a self-developed mechanically active bioreactor and subjected to different magnitudes of dynamic compression (low-magnitude and high-magnitude: 0.1 and 1.3 MPa at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 2 h per day respectively) for 7 days. Non-compressed discs were used as controls. The inhibitor SB203580 was used to study the role of the p38-MAPK pathway in this process. Results showed that intermittent high-magnitude compression clearly induced senescence-associated changes in NP cells, such as increasing β-galactosidase-positive NP cells, decreasing PCNA-positive NP cells, promoting the formation of senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF), up-regulating the expression of senescence markers (p16 and p53), and attenuating matrix production. However, inhibition of the p38-MAPK pathway partly attenuated the effects of intermittent high-magnitude (1.3 MPa) compression on those described NP cell senescence-associated parameters. In conclusion, intermittent high-magnitude compression can induce NP cell senescence-associated changes in an ex vivo disc bioreactor culture, and the p38-MAPK pathway is involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianglong Pang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, 25200, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, No.89 Hospital of PLA, Weifang, Shandong, 261026, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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31
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Li P, Hou G, Zhang R, Gan Y, Xu Y, Song L, Zhou Q. High-magnitude compression accelerates the premature senescence of nucleus pulposus cells via the p38 MAPK-ROS pathway. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:209. [PMID: 28923094 PMCID: PMC5604423 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical overloading can lead to disc degeneration. Nucleus pulposus (NP) cell senescence is aggravated within the degenerated disc. This study was designed to investigate the effects of high compression on NP cell senescence and the underlying molecular mechanism of this process. METHODS Rat NP cells seeded in decalcified bone matrix were subjected to non-compression (control) or compression (2% or 20% deformation, 1.0 Hz, 6 hours/day). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 were used to investigate the roles of the ROS and p38 MAPK pathway under high-magnitude compression. Additionally, we studied the effects of compression (0.1 or 1.3 MPa, 1.0 Hz, 6 hours/day) in a rat disc organ culture. RESULTS Both in scaffold and organ cultures, high-magnitude compression (20% deformation or 1.3 MPa) increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, senescence marker (p16 and p53) expression, G1 cell cycle arrest, and ROS generation, and decreased cell proliferation, telomerase activity and matrix (aggrecan and collagen II) synthesis. Further analysis of the 20% deformation group showed that NAC inhibited NP cell senescence but had no obvious effect on phospho-p38 MAPK expression and that SB203580 significantly attenuated ROS generation and NP cell senescence. CONCLUSIONS High-magnitude compression can accelerate NP cell senescence through the p38 MAPK-ROS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, No. 89 hospital of PLA, Weifang, Shandong, 261026, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Gang Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
| | - Yibo Gan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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32
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Li P, Zhang R, Wang L, Gan Y, Xu Y, Song L, Luo L, Zhao C, Zhang C, Ouyang B, Tu B, Zhou Q. Long-term load duration induces N-cadherin down-regulation and loss of cell phenotype of nucleus pulposus cells in a disc bioreactor culture. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160582. [PMID: 28351894 PMCID: PMC5408662 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to a mechanical load causes degenerative changes in the disc nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue. A previous study demonstrated that N-cadherin (N-CDH)-mediated signalling can preserve the NP cell phenotype. However, N-CDH expression and the resulting phenotype alteration in NP cells under mechanical compression remain unclear. The present study investigated the effects of the compressive duration on N-CDH expression and on the phenotype of NP cells in an ex vivo disc organ culture. Porcine discs were organ cultured in a self-developed mechanically active bioreactor for 7 days. The discs were subjected to different dynamic compression durations (1 and 8 h at a magnitude of 0.4 MPa and frequency of 1.0 Hz) once per day. Discs that were not compressed were used as controls. The results showed that long-term compression duration (8 h) significantly down-regulated the expression of N-CDH and NP-specific molecule markers (Brachyury, Laminin, Glypican-3 and Keratin 19), attenuated Alcian Blue staining intensity, decreased glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline (HYP) contents and decreased matrix macromolecule (aggrecan and collagen II) expression compared with the short-term compression duration (1 h). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that long-term load duration can induce N-CDH down-regulation, loss of normal cell phenotype and result in attenuation of NP-related matrix synthesis in NP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yibo Gan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lei Luo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chengmin Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Bing Tu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Li P, Gan Y, Wang H, Xu Y, Song L, Wang L, Ouyang B, Zhou Q. A Substance Exchanger-Based Bioreactor Culture of Pig Discs for Studying the Immature Nucleus Pulposus. Artif Organs 2017; 41:E308-E319. [PMID: 28188657 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Various research models have been developed to study the biology of disc cells. Recently, the adult disc nucleus pulposus (NP) has been well studied. However, the immature NP is underinvestigated due to a lack of a suitable model. This study aimed to establish an organ culture of immature porcine disc by optimizing culture conditions and using a self-developed substance exchanger-based bioreactor. Immature porcine discs were first cultured in the bioreactor for 7 days at various levels of glucose (low, medium, high), osmolarity (hypo-, iso-, hyper-) and serum (5, 10, 20%) to determine the respective optimal level. The porcine discs were then cultured under the optimized conditions in the novel bioreactor, and were compared with fresh discs at day 14. For high-glucose, iso-osmolarity, or 10% serum, cell viability, the gene expression profile (for anabolic genes and catabolic genes), and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and hydroxyproline (HYP) contents were more favorable than for other levels of glucose, osmolarity, and serum. When the immature discs were cultured under the optimized conditions using the novel bioreactor for 14 days, the viability of the immature NP was maintained based on histology, cell viability, GAG and HYP contents, and matrix molecule expression. In conclusion, the viability of the immature NP in organ culture could be maintained under the optimized culture conditions (high-glucose, iso-osmolarity, and 10% serum) in the substance exchanger-based bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University
| | - Yibo Gan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University
| | - Haoming Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital
| | - Yuan Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University
| | - Bin Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University
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