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Yuan SSF, Chan LP, Nguyen HDH, Su CW, Chen YK, Chen JYF, Shimodaira S, Hu SCS, Lo S, Wang YY. Areca nut-induced metabolic reprogramming and M2 differentiation promote OPMD malignant transformation. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:233. [PMID: 39160581 PMCID: PMC11334407 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Betel quid and its major ingredient, areca nut, are recognized by IARC as major risk factors in oral cancer development. Areca nut extract (ANE) exposure has been linked to OPMD progression and malignant transformation to OSCC. However, the detailed mechanism through which ANE acts on other cell types in the oral microenvironment to promote oral carcinogenesis remains elusive. METHODS Immunoprofiling of macrophages associated with OPMD and OSCC was carried out by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. Phosphokinase and cytokine arrays and western blotting were performed to determine the underlying mechanisms. Transwell assays were used to evaluate the migration-promoting effect of ANE. Hamster model was finally applied to confirm the in vivo effect of ANE. RESULTS We reported that M2 macrophages positively correlated with oral cancer progression. ANE induced M2 macrophage differentiation, CREB phosphorylation and VCAM-1 secretion and increased mitochondrial metabolism. Conditioned medium and VCAM-1 from ANE-treated macrophages promoted migration and mesenchymal phenotypes in oral precancer cells. In vivo studies showed that ANE enhanced M2 polarization and related signaling pathways in the oral buccal tissues of hamsters. CONCLUSION Our study provides novel mechanisms for areca nut-induced oral carcinogenesis, demonstrating that areca nut promotes M2 macrophage differentiation and secretion of oncogenic cytokines that critically activate malignant transformation of oral premalignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyng-Shiou F Yuan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Biodevices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 75 Bo-Ai Street, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Leong-Perng Chan
- Cohort Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hieu D H Nguyen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Su
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Kwan Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jeff Yi-Fu Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shigetaka Shimodaira
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
- Division of Stem Cell Medicine, Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Processing, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Stephen Chu-Sung Hu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Steven Lo
- Canniesburn Regional Plastic Surgery and Burns Unit, Glasgow, G4 0SF, UK
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Yen-Yun Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, No.100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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Chiewwit P, Khovidhunkit SOP, Tantipoj C, Worakhajit P, Klongnoi B. A study of risk factors associated with the presence of oral potentially malignant disorders: a community-based study from Northeastern Thailand. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:932. [PMID: 39129030 PMCID: PMC11317011 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The principal objective of this study is to ascertain the connections between well-known risk factors of oral cancer, including smoking (cigarette and tobacco), alcohol consumption, betel quid chewing, irritations in the oral cavity, history of head and neck cancer, and history of working outdoor more than 4 days/week, and the presence of OPMDs within the Thai population. METHOD 349,318 subjects were recruited for initial screening, then 1,483 subjects who had at least 1 risk factor and a suspicious lesion underwent comprehensive oral examinations followed by a clinical diagnosis and then received initial treatment from either oral surgeons or oral medicine specialists. Among these subjects, individuals with at least 1 risk factor and with a clinical diagnosis of OPMDs were classified as cases, while those with at least 1 risk factor but without OPMDs were categorized as controls. The case group comprised a total of 487 subjects, whereas the control group consisted of 996 subjects. Exclusion criteria were known cases of currently having oral cancer or OPMDs. RESULTS The outcomes of the multivariate analysis revealed that among the variables assessed, betel quid (adjusted OR 5.12 [3.93-6.68], p < 0.001) and smoking (adjusted OR 1.46 [1.08-1.97], p = 0.013), there were an association with the presence of OPMDs. Conversely, alcohol drinking, having irritations in the oral cavity, a history of head and neck cancer, and a history of working outdoors more than 4 days/week were not associated with the presence of OPMDs. Furthermore, we also study the synergistic effect of alcohol drinking, irritations in the oral cavity, history of head and neck cancer, and history of working outdoors more than 4 days/week using subgroup analysis. The analysis showed that alcohol consumption combined with smoking or betel quid chewing expressed a significantly increased risk of OPMDs, from 1.46 to 2.03 (OR 2.03 [1.16-3.56], p = 0.014) and from 5.12 to 7.20 (OR 7.20 [3.96-13.09], p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Smoking and exposure to betel quid were a significant risk factors for the presence of OPMDs. The combination of alcohol with smoking or betel quid chewing was also found to increase the risk of OPMDs in this Thai northeastern population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Chiewwit
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Chanita Tantipoj
- Department of Advance General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prangtip Worakhajit
- Department of Advance General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boworn Klongnoi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Molina-Ávila I, Pimentel-Solá JM, Buschiazzo E, Echazú A, Piemonte E, Gilligan G. Association between coca (Erythroxylum coca) chewing habit and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study from Argentina. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2024; 138:279-288. [PMID: 38782674 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous isolated reports have hypothesized that chewing coca leaves, a pre-Columbian tradition found in certain regions of South America, may be associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Coca chewing (CC) is a habit that shares many characteristics with the well-known practice of betel chewing observed in Asia. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between CC and OSCC among patients who attended the Señor del Milagro Hospital in Salta, Argentina. STUDY DESIGN A case-control study was conducted from 2013 to 2018. For each case of OSCC, three healthy control patients were included. Odds ratios were calculated to compare demographics, concurrent oral conditions, and other classical risk factors for OSCC. RESULTS A total of 62 cases and 180 controls were included, adjusted for sex and age. OSCC was significantly associated with tobacco use (27.4% vs 9.4%, P = .001), CC (62.9% vs 32.2%, P < .001), and poor oral condition (81.1% vs 67.7%, P = .02). In the multivariate analysis, smoking (OR = 2.77, 95% CI 1.23-6.25, P = .0139), CC (OR = 2.98, 95% CI 1.58-5.63, P = .0007), and poor oral condition (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.62-5.85, P = .0006) remained independently associated with OSCC development. CONCLUSIONS Chewing coca leaves could be considered a risk factor for oral cancer in a subset of Argentinean patients. Further studies are necessary to validate our findings and to elucidate the underlying pathways linking this habit to oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adriana Echazú
- Pthysiology Service, Señor del Milagro Hospital, Salta, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Piemonte
- Oral Medicine Department, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Gilligan
- Oral Medicine Department, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Garg K, Kumar A, Kizhakkethil V, Kumar P, Singh S. Overlap in oncogenic and pro-inflammatory pathways associated with areca nut and nicotine exposure. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2024; 2:187-194. [PMID: 39027148 PMCID: PMC11252521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Background Betel nut/areca nut/Areca catechu is one of the most commonly used psychoactive substance, and is also a major preventable cause of cancer. Unlike other psychoactive substances, such as nicotine, the mechanisms underlying addiction to areca nuts and related oncogenesis remain elusive. Recent reports suggest a possible overlap in the mechanisms of action of nicotine and areca nuts in the human body. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the interactome of human proteins associated with areca nut exposure and the intricate similarities and differences in the effects of the two psychoactive substances on humans. Methods A list of proteins associated with areca nut use was obtained from the available literature using terms from Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and functional enrichment were analyzed. The results obtained for both psychoactive substances were compared. Results Given the limited number of common proteins (36/226, 16%) in the two sets, a substantial overlap (612/1176 nodes, 52%) was observed in the PPI networks, as well as in Gene Ontology. Areca nuts mainly affect signaling pathways through three hub proteins (alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase, tumor protein 53, and interleukin-6), which are common to both psychoactive substances, as well as two unique hub proteins (epidermal growth factor receptor and master regulator of cell cycle entry and proliferative metabolism). Areca nut-related proteins are associated with unique pathways, such as extracellular matrix organization, lipid storage, and metabolism, which are not found in nicotine-associated proteins. Conclusions Areca nuts affect regulatory mechanisms, leading to systemic toxicity and oncogenesis. Areca nuts also affect unique pathways that can be studied as potential markers of exposure, as well as targets for anticancer therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krati Garg
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR-NICPR), Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Vidisha Kizhakkethil
- Department of Biotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632024, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR-NICPR), Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research (ICMR-NICPR), Indian Council of Medical Research, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
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Lin C, Chen W, Wen Y, Fan K, Lin J, Ng S, Tsai Y, Lee S, Kang C, Lee L, Chien C, Hua C, Wang CP, Chen T, Terng S, Tsai C, Wang H, Hsieh C, Yeh C, Lin C, Tsao C, Cheng N, Fang T, Huang S, Lee L, Fang K, Wang Y, Lin W, Hsin L, Yen T, Liao C. Comparing the clinical outcomes of initial surgery and primary definitive radiotherapy with a dosage of 6600 cGy or higher in cT1-2N0M0 oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: A nationwide cohort study. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e7127. [PMID: 38770540 PMCID: PMC11106645 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.7127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the clinical outcomes of two treatment modalities, initial surgery and primary definitive radiotherapy (RT), in Taiwanese patients diagnosed with cT1-2N0M0 oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). METHODS Between 2011 and 2019, we analyzed data for 13,542 cT1-2N0M0 patients who underwent initial surgery (n = 13,542) or definitive RT with a dosage of at least 6600 cGy (n = 145) for the treatment of OCSCC. To account for baseline differences, we employed propensity score (PS) matching, resulting in two well-balanced study groups (initial surgery, n = 580; definitive RT, n = 145). RESULTS Before PS matching, the 5-year disease-specific survival (DSS) rates were 88% for the surgery group and 58% for the RT group. After PS matching, the 5-year DSS rates of the two groups were 86% and 58%, respectively. Similarly, the 5-year overall survival (OS) rates before PS matching were 80% for the surgery group and 36% for the RT group, whereas after PS matching, they were 73% and 36%, respectively. All these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). A multivariable analysis identified treatment with RT, older age, stage II tumors, and a higher burden of comorbidities as independent risk factors for both DSS and OS. We also examined the 5-year outcomes for various subgroups (margin ≥5 mm, margin <5 mm, positive margins, RT combined with chemotherapy, and RT alone) as follows: DSS, 89%/88%/79%/63%/51%, respectively, p < 0.0001; OS, 82%/79%/68%/39%/32%, respectively, p < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS In Taiwanese patients with cT1-2N0M0 OCSCC, a remarkably low proportion (1.1%) completed definitive RT. A significant survival disparity of 30% was observed between patients who underwent initial surgery and those who received definitive RT. Interestingly, even patients from the surgical group with positive surgical margins exhibited a significantly superior survival compared to those in the definitive RT group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien‐Yu Lin
- Department of Radiation OncologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Wen‐Cheng Chen
- Department of Radiation OncologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Yu‐Wen Wen
- Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research CenterChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
- Division of Thoracic SurgeryChang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Kang‐Hsing Fan
- Department of Radiation OncologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Jin‐Ching Lin
- Department of Radiation OncologyChanghua Christian HospitalChanghuaTaiwan, ROC
| | - Shu‐Hang Ng
- Department of Diagnostic RadiologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Yao‐Te Tsai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryChang Gung Memorial HospitalChiayiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Shu‐Ru Lee
- Research Service Center for Health InformationChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Chung‐Jan Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Li‐Yu Lee
- Department of PathologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Chih‐Yen Chien
- Department of Otolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Kaohsiung Medical CenterChang Gung University College of MedicineTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Chun‐Hung Hua
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyChina Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng Ping Wang
- Department of OtolaryngologyNational Taiwan University Hospital and College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Tsung‐Ming Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shuang Ho HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityNew Taipei CityTaiwan, ROC
| | - Shyuang‐Der Terng
- Department of Head and Neck SurgeryKoo Foundation Sun Yat‐Sen Cancer CenterTaipeiTaiwan, ROC
| | - Chi‐Ying Tsai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalChang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Hung‐Ming Wang
- Department of Medical OncologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Chia‐Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Medical OncologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Chih‐Hua Yeh
- Department of Diagnostic RadiologyChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Chih‐Hung Lin
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Chung‐Kan Tsao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Nai‐Ming Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging CenterChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Tuan‐Jen Fang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Shiang‐Fu Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Li‐Ang Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Ku‐Hao Fang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Yu‐Chien Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Wan‐Ni Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Li‐Jen Hsin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu‐Chen Yen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging CenterChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
| | - Chun‐Ta Liao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryChang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuanTaiwan, ROC
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Singh AG, Chaturvedi P. Areca nut and oral cancer. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38566541 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between areca nut consumption and oral cancer has been a subject of increasing concern in global public health. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Areca nut, often chewed in various forms such as betel quid, is deeply rooted in cultural practices across Asia and other parts of the world. Epidemiological studies consistently reveal a significant correlation between areca nut use and the incidence of oral cancer, emphasizing the need for targeted preventive measures. The complex interplay of areca nut's bioactive compounds, particularly arecoline, with cellular processes, contributes to the initiation and progression of oral carcinogenesis. Mechanistic insights into the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of its components underscore the urgency for comprehensive public health interventions. PUBLIC HEALTH Efforts to address this public health challenge involve multidisciplinary approaches, encompassing education, policy implementation, and behavioral interventions. Understanding the socio-cultural factors influencing areca nut consumption is pivotal for designing effective awareness campaigns and cessation programs. CONCLUSION As oral cancer remains a significant global health burden, unraveling the nuanced relationship between areca nut and its role in oral carcinogenesis is crucial for advancing preventive strategies and mitigating the impact of this modifiable risk factor.
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Zhao J, Shi J, Chen X, Lei Y, Tian T, Zhu S, Tan CP, Liu Y, Xu YJ. Development and application of mass spectrometric molecular networking for analyzing the ingredients of areca nut. Mol Omics 2024; 20:192-202. [PMID: 38224158 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Areca nut (Areca catechu L.) is commonly consumed as a chewing food in the Asian region. However, the investigations into the components of areca nut are limited. In this study, we have developed an approach that combines mass spectrometry with feature-based molecular network to explore the chemical characteristics of the areca nut. In comparison to the conventional method, this technique demonstrates a superior capability in annotating unknown compounds present in areca nut. We annotated a total of 52 compounds, including one potential previously unreported alkaloid, one carbohydrate, and one phenol and confirmed the presence of 7 of them by comparing with commercial standards. The validated method was used to evaluate chemical features of areca nut at different growth stages, annotating 25 compounds as potential biomarkers for distinguishing areca nut growth stages. Therefore, this approach offers a rapid and accurate method for the component analysis of areca nut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiachen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanluo Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tian Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chin-Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor 410500, Malaysia
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Reacher Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, No. 1800, Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Pal S, Sharma D, Yadav NP. Plant leads for mitigation of oral submucous fibrosis: Current scenario and future prospect. Oral Dis 2024; 30:80-99. [PMID: 36565439 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to enumerate medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds that may become potential leads in the mitigation of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) in the forthcoming future. It is focused on pathophysiology, risk factors, current treatment regimen, potential plant leads, and future therapies for OSMF. Data were extracted from a vast literature survey by using SciFinder, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and PubMed search engines with relevant keywords. Upon literature survey, we found that the phytochemical 'arecoline' present in the areca nut is the main causative agent of OSMF condition. Currently, OSMF is treated by immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids, enzymes (hyaluronidase, chymotrypsin, and collagenase), anti-inflammatory mediators (isoxsuprine and pentoxifylline), dietary supplements (vitamins, antioxidants, and micronutrients), and anti-fibrotic cytokines like interferon-gamma that provides short-term symptomatic relief to OSMF patients. However, some plant leads have been proven effective in alleviating symptoms and mitigating OSMF, which ultimately improves the quality of OSMF patients' life. We concluded that plant drugs like lycopene, curcumin, Aloe vera, colchicine, and Glycyrrhiza glabra are effective against OSMF in various in vitro and/or clinical studies and are being used by modern and traditional practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Pal
- Bioprospection and Product Development, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Disha Sharma
- Bioprospection and Product Development, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
| | - Narayan Prasad Yadav
- Bioprospection and Product Development, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, India
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Tong T, Xu A, Tan S, Jiang H, Liu L, Deng S, Wang H. Biological Effects and Biomedical Applications of Areca Nut and Its Extract. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:228. [PMID: 38399443 PMCID: PMC10893415 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The dried, mature fruit of the palm tree species Areca catechu L. is known as the areca nut (AN) or betel nut. It is widely cultivated in the tropical regions. In many nations, AN is utilized for traditional herbal treatments or social activities. AN has historically been used to address various health issues, such as diarrhea, arthritis, dyspepsia, malaria, and so on. In this review, we have conducted a comprehensive summary of the biological effects and biomedical applications of AN and its extracts. Initially, we provided an overview of the constituents in AN extract. Subsequently, we summarized the biological effects of AN and its extracts on the digestive system, nervous system, and circulatory system. And we elucidated the contributions of AN and its extracts in antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial applications. Finally, we have discussed the challenges and future perspectives regarding the utilization of AN and its extracts as emerging pharmaceuticals or valuable adjuncts within the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tong
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Aiqing Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Shuhua Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Hengzhi Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Lixin Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Senwen Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan Binglang Science Institute, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
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Sozio SJ, Jhawar SR, Li S, Liu H, Sayan M, Parikh R, Chundury A, Kim S. Prognosis of South Asian Buccal Mucosa Cancer Patients in the United States: Association of Race with Overall Survival. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2024; 25:241-248. [PMID: 38285790 PMCID: PMC10911709 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2024.25.1.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the buccal mucosa and gingiva accounts for approximately 10% of oral and pharyngeal cancers diagnosed in the United States each year, with a disproportionally higher incidence in individuals of South Asian descent. However, little has been documented regarding trends pertaining to overall survival. Thus, this research serves to identify predictors of survival and determine if overall survival (OS) differs for South Asians compared to other races once they develop non-metastatic buccal mucosa or gingiva squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS A population-based, cohort study of patients registered in the National Cancer Database® (NCDB) between the years 2004-2016 was performed. Kaplan-Meyer Survival Curves were executed to examine overall survival, while univariable (UVA) and multivariable analysis (MVA) was performed to determine the effect of multiple variables on OS. RESULTS South Asians had longer median OS at 88.7 months, compared to 58.6 months and 38.3 months for Caucasians and African Americans respectively (p<0.001). In UVA, race was highly significant, but when the cohort was selected to include only those who had undergone surgical resection, no statistically significant difference remained. On MVA, lack of surgery, older age, higher grade, higher T and N stage, use of chemotherapy, higher comorbidity scores were associated with worse OS, but race was not significant. CONCLUSION South Asians in the US with non-metastatic buccal mucosa or gingiva SCC have better OS compared to Caucasians or African Americans, likely due to younger age at diagnosis (median 59 vs. 71 and 62 years old) and more frequent surgical resection (75% vs. 72% and 64%). In MVA, South Asians have similar OS as Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Joseph Sozio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
| | - Sachin R. Jhawar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Shengguo Li
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, United States.
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, United States.
| | - Mutlay Sayan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Rahul Parikh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
| | - Anupama Chundury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Loyola University, United States.
| | - Sung Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States.
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11
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Mohapatra D, Panda S, Mohanty N, Panda S, Lewkowicz N, Lapinska B. Comparison of Immunohistochemical Markers in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Submucous Fibrosis Transformed to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11771. [PMID: 37511530 PMCID: PMC10380386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare the expression of immunohistochemical (IHC) markers of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) (non-transformed group) to those of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) transformed from OSMF (transformed group). The search for comparative cross-sectional studies was carried out in PubMed and Scopus abiding to the PICO criteria, where expression of IHC markers in OSMF were compared with that of OSCC transformed from OSMF. The cellular distribution, number of positive cases, staining intensity, and mean immunoreactive score (IRS) of each IHC marker were evaluated in both groups. A total of 14 studies were included in the systematic review, in which immunoexpression of 15 epithelial and 4 connective tissue biomarkers were evaluated. Expression of β1-integrin, OCT-3, CD1a, CD207, survivin, Dickkopf-1, COX-2, hTERT, CTGF, MDM2, Ki-67, and α-SMA were increased during transformation of OSMF to OSCC. Conversely, expression of PTEN and lysyl oxidase decreased during transformation of OSMF to OSCC. Expression of a group of epithelial markers, such as COX2, hTERT, CTGF, survivin, MDM2, and p53, was 38 times lower in the non-transformed group cases compared to transformed group cases (95% CI: 58% to 10%; p = 0.01; and I2 = 90%). Meta-analysis of all markers involved in cell metabolism/apoptosis, which included β1-integrin along with the above markers also suggested 42 times lower expression in the non-transformed group as compared to the transformed group (95% CI: 58% to 10%; p = 0.01; and I2 = 90%). Sub-group analyses on cytoplasmic and nuclear epithelial markers were inconclusive. Meta-analysis of connective tissue markers was also inconclusive. No publication bias was found. Instead of delving into numerous markers without a strong basis for their use, it is advisable to further study the markers identified in this study to explore their clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Mohapatra
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Swagatika Panda
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Neeta Mohanty
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Saurav Panda
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Implantology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Natalia Lewkowicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Lapinska
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska St., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
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12
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Budi HS, Farhood B. Targeting oral tumor microenvironment for effective therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:101. [PMID: 37221555 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancers are among the common head and neck malignancies. Different anticancer therapy modalities such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, and also targeted molecular therapy may be prescribed for targeting oral malignancies. Traditionally, it has been assumed that targeting malignant cells alone by anticancer modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy suppresses tumor growth. In the last decade, a large number of experiments have confirmed the pivotal role of other cells and secreted molecules in the tumor microenvironment (TME) on tumor progression. Extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells such as tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play key roles in the progression of tumors like oral cancers and resistance to therapy. On the other hand, infiltrated CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells are key anti-tumor cells that suppress the proliferation of malignant cells. Modulation of extracellular matrix and immunosuppressive cells, and also stimulation of anticancer immunity have been suggested to treat oral malignancies more effectively. Furthermore, the administration of some adjuvants or combination therapy modalities may suppress oral malignancies more effectively. In this review, we discuss various interactions between oral cancer cells and TME. Furthermore, we also review the basic mechanisms within oral TME that may cause resistance to therapy. Potential targets and approaches for overcoming the resistance of oral cancers to various anticancer modalities will also be reviewed. The findings for targeting cells and potential therapeutic targets in clinical studies will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Setia Budi
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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13
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Venugopal DC, Caleb CL, Kirupakaran NP, Shyamsundar V, Ravindran S, Yasasve M, Krishnamurthy A, Harikrishnan T, Sankarapandian S, Ramshankar V. Clinicopathological Significance of Cancer Stem Cell Markers (OCT-3/4 and SOX-2) in Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041040. [PMID: 37189658 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is highly prevalent in South East Asia with higher rates of malignant transformation in Indian subcontinent. Numerous biomarkers are now being studied to predict disease prognosis and detect malignant alterations at an early stage. Patients with clinically and biopsy-proven oral submucous fibrosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma were included in the study as the experimental group, while patients without a tobacco or betel nut habit who had their third molars surgically removed were included as the healthy control group. For the immunohistochemistry (IHC) investigation, 5-μm slices from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks (FFPE) were obtained. Fresh tissues (n = 45) from all three groups were collected and gene expression was studied using relative quantitation-based qPCR. The protein expression of octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4 (OCT 3/4) and sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX 2) was evaluated in the experimental group and compared with healthy controls. The IHC results showed a significant correlation with the expression of OCT 3/4 (p value = 0.000; χ2 = 20.244) and SOX 2 (p value = 0.006; χ2 = 10.101) among OSCC and OSMF patients in comparison to healthy controls. Both OCT 3/4 and SOX 2 showed overexpression of four-fold and three-fold in OSMF when compared to OSCC and healthy controls, respectively. This study shows the significant importance of cancer stem cell markers OCT 3/4 and SOX 2 to assess the disease prognosis in OSMF.
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Huang HH, You GR, Tang SJ, Chang JT, Cheng AJ. Molecular Signature of Long Non-Coding RNA Associated with Areca Nut-Induced Head and Neck Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060873. [PMID: 36980216 PMCID: PMC10047708 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The areca nut is a high-risk carcinogen for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients in Southeast Asia. The underlying molecular mechanism of areca nut-induced HNC remains unclear, especially regarding the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). This study employed a systemic strategy to identify lncRNA signatures related to areca nut-induced HNC. In total, 84 cancer-related lncRNAs were identified. Using a PCR array method, 28 lncRNAs were identified as being dysregulated in HNC cells treated with areca nut (17 upregulated and 11 downregulated). Using bioinformatics analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Head-Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (TCGA-HNSC) dataset, 45 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in tumor tissues from HNC patients (39 over- and 6 under-expressions). The integrated evaluation showed 10 lncRNAs dysregulated by the areca nut and altered expression in patients, suggesting that these panel molecules participate in areca nut-induced HNC. Five oncogenic (LUCAT1, MIR31HG, UCA1, HIF1A-AS2, and SUMO1P3) and tumor-suppressive (LINC00312) lncRNAs were independently validated, and three key molecules were further examined. Pathway prediction revealed that LUCAT1, UCA1, and MIR31HG modulate multiple oncogenic mechanisms, including stress response and cellular motility. Clinical assessment showed that these lncRNAs exhibited biomarker potentials in diagnosis (area under the curve = 0.815 for LUCAT1) and a worse prognosis (both p < 0.05, survival analysis). Cellular studies further demonstrated that MIR31HG facilitates areca nut-induced cancer progression, as silencing this molecule attenuated arecoline-induced invasion ability in HNC cells. This study identified lncRNA signatures that play a role in areca nut-induced HNC. These molecules may be further applied in risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics for areca nut-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Han Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Rung You
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Ju Tang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Joseph T. Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Proton Therapy Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.T.C.); (A.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-3-328-1200 (J.T.C.); +886-3-2118-800 (A.-J.C.)
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Proton Therapy Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.T.C.); (A.-J.C.); Tel.: +886-3-328-1200 (J.T.C.); +886-3-2118-800 (A.-J.C.)
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15
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Senevirathna K, Pradeep R, Jayasinghe YA, Jayawickrama SM, Illeperuma R, Warnakulasuriya S, Jayasinghe RD. Carcinogenic Effects of Areca Nut and Its Metabolites: A Review of the Experimental Evidence. Clin Pract 2023; 13:326-346. [PMID: 36961055 PMCID: PMC10037666 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract13020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancers (OC) are among the most frequent malignancies encountered in Southeast Asia, primarily due to the prevalent habit of betel quid (BQ) and smokeless tobacco use in this region. Areca nut (AN), the primary ingredient in BQ, contains several alkaloids, including arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline, and guvacine. These have been associated with both the AN abuse liability and carcinogenicity. Additionally, variations in AN alkaloid levels could lead to differences in the addictiveness and carcinogenic potential across various AN-containing products. Recent studies based on animal models and in vitro experiments show cellular and molecular effects induced by AN. These comprise promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy initiation, tissue hypoxia, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and cell death. Further, clinical research endorses these undesired harmful effects in humans. Oral submucosal fibrosis, a potentially malignant disease of the oral cavity, is predominantly reported from the geographical areas of the globe where AN is habitually chewed. OC in chronic AN users presents a more aggressive phenotype, such as resistance to anti-cancer drugs. The available evidence on the carcinogenicity of AN based on the findings reported in the recently published experimental studies is discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpani Senevirathna
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Roshan Pradeep
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Yovanthi Anurangi Jayasinghe
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Shalindu Malshan Jayawickrama
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Rasika Illeperuma
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College, London SE1 9RA, UK
| | - Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
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Guo ZX, Zhang Z, Yan JF, Xu HQ, Wang SY, Ye T, Han XX, Wang WR, Wang Y, Gao JL, Niu LN, Chang J, Jiao K. A biomaterial-based therapy using a sodium hyaluronate/bioglass composite hydrogel for the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis. Acta Biomater 2023; 157:639-654. [PMID: 36509401 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, inflammatory and potentially malignant oral disorder. Its pathophysiology is extremely complex, including excessive collagen deposition, massive inflammatory infiltration, and capillary atrophy. However, the existing clinical treatment methods do not fully take into account all the pathophysiological processes of OSF, so they are generally low effective and have many side effects. In the present study, we developed an injectable sodium hyaluronate/45S5 bioglass composite hydrogel (BG/HA), which significantly relieved mucosal pallor and restricted mouth opening in OSF rats without any obvious side effects. The core mechanism of BG/HA in the treatment of OSF is the release of biologically active silicate ions, which inhibit collagen deposition and inflammation, and promote angiogenesis and epithelial regeneration. Most interestingly, silicate ions can overall regulate the physiological environment of OSF by down-regulating α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and CD68 and up-regulating CD31 expression, as well as regulating the expression of pro-fibrotic factors [transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1)] and anti-fibrotic factors [interleukin-1β (IL-1β)] in macrophage. In conclusion, our study shows that BG/HA has great potential in the clinical treatment of OSF, which provides an important theoretical basis for the subsequent development of new anti-fibrotic clinical preparations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, inflammatory and potentially malignant mucosal disease with significant impact on the quality of patients' life. However, the existing clinical treatments have limited efficacy and many side effects. There is an urgent need for development of specific drugs for OSF treatment. In the present study, bioglass (BG) composited with sodium hyaluronate solution (HA) was used to treat OSF in an arecoline-induced rat model. BG/HA can significantly inhibit collagen deposition, regulate inflammatory response, promote angiogenesis and repair damaged mucosal epithelial cells, and thereby mitigate the development of fibrosis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Zhaowenbin Zhang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jian-Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Hao-Qing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Shu-Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Han
- The College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Wan-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Jia-Lu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Jiang Chang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China; State Key Laboratory of High-Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Kai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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DNA Damage Response Mechanisms in Head and Neck Cancer: Significant Implications for Therapy and Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032760. [PMID: 36769087 PMCID: PMC9917521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a term collectively used to describe a heterogeneous group of tumors that arise in the oral cavity, larynx, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx, and represents the sixth most common type of malignancy worldwide. Despite advances in multimodality treatment, the disease has a recurrence rate of around 50%, and the prognosis of metastatic patients remains poor. HNCs are characterized by a high degree of genomic instability, which involves a vicious circle of accumulating DNA damage, defective DNA damage repair (DDR), and replication stress. Nonetheless, the damage that is induced on tumor cells by chemo and radiotherapy relies on defective DDR processes for a successful response to treatment, and may play an important role in the development of novel and more effective therapies. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the genes and proteins that appear to be deregulated in DDR pathways, their implication in HNC pathogenesis, and the rationale behind targeting these genes and pathways for the development of new therapies. We give particular emphasis on the therapeutic targets that have shown promising results at the pre-clinical stage and on those that have so far been associated with a therapeutic advantage in the clinical setting.
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Modifiable risk factors for oral cavity cancer in non-smokers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 2023; 137:106300. [PMID: 36638697 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cavity cancer (OCC) is traditionally associated with smoking, but there is an increasing prevalence of the disease among non-smokers. This review investigates possible modifiable risk factors in the development of OCC in non-smokers (OCCNS). METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for publications prior to June 2021. Comparative studies investigating modifiable OCCNS risk factors were identified following PRISMA guidelines. Publication date, population size, and results were indexed. Study quality was assessed using MINORS (Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies). Factors examined by multiple studies were analyzed using random-effect meta-analysis framework. RESULTS Literature search resulted in 1,625 unique publications. 52 records met inclusion criterion, investigating alcohol (n = 22), chewing products (n = 18), diet (n = 7), dental health (n = 11), and medical comorbidities (n = 6). CONCLUSION This review demonstrates the paucity of large studies investigating OCCNS risk factors. Further investigation is warranted to help clinicians risk-stratify patients without traditional risk factors.
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Verghese M, Wilkinson E, He Y. Role of RNA modifications in carcinogenesis and carcinogen damage response. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:24-37. [PMID: 35560957 PMCID: PMC9653521 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of epitranscriptomics encompasses the study of post-transcriptional RNA modifications and their regulatory enzymes. Among the numerous RNA modifications, N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) has been identified as the most common internal modification of messenger RNA (mRNA). Although m6 A modifications were first discovered in the 1970s, advances in technology have revived interest in this field, driving an abundance of research into the role of RNA modifications in various biological processes, including cancer. As analogs to epigenetic modifications, RNA modifications also play an important role in carcinogenesis by regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. A growing body of evidence suggests that carcinogens can modulate RNA modifications to alter the expression of oncogenes or tumor suppressors during cellular transformation. Additionally, the expression and activity of the enzymes that regulate RNA modifications can be dysregulated and contribute to carcinogenesis, making these enzymes promising targets of drug discovery. Here we summarize the roles of RNA modifications during carcinogenesis induced by exposure to various environmental carcinogens, with a main focus on the roles of the most widely studied m6 A mRNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Verghese
- Department of Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Pritzker School of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Emma Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Committee on Cancer BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Yu‐Ying He
- Department of Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Committee on Cancer BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
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20
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A Novel Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line Escapes from Immune Recognition due to Genetic Alterations in HLA Class I Complex. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010035. [PMID: 36611830 PMCID: PMC9818362 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have made progress in the field of anticancer treatment, but a certain number of PD-L1 negative OSCC patients still have limited benefits from ICI immuno-therapy because of primary immune evasion due to immunodeficiency. However, in existing human OSCC cell lines, cell models that can be used to study immunodeficiency have not been reported. The objective of this study was to establish a PD-L1 negative OSCC cell line, profile whether the presence of mutated genes is associated with immune deficiency, and explore its influence on the immune recognition of CD8+ T cells in vitro. Here, we established a novel tongue SCC cell line (WU-TSC-1), which escapes from immune recognition by antigen presentation defects. This cell line was from a female patient who lacked typical causative factors. The expression of PD-L1 was negative in the WU-TSC-1 primary tumor, transplanted tumor, cultured cells and lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Whole exome sequencing (WES) revealed that WU-TSC-1 harbored missense mutations, loss of copy number and structural variations in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I/II genes. The tumor mutation burden (TMB) score was high at 292.28. In addition, loss of heterozygosity at beta-2-microglobulin (B2M)-a component of all HLA class I complex allotypes-was detected. Compared with the commonly used OSCC cell lines, genetic alterations in HLA class I and B2M impeded the proteins' translation and inhibited the activation and killing effect of CD8+ T cells. In all, the WU-TSC-1 cell line is characterized by genetic variations and functional defects of the HLA class I complex, leading to escape from recognition by CD8+ T cells.
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21
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Moon PK, Megwalu UC. Disparities in Outcomes for Pacific Islander Patients vs Asian and non-Hispanic White Patients With Head and Neck Cancer-Reply. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 148:1187. [PMID: 36301566 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2022.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Moon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Uchechukwu C Megwalu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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22
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RNA N6-Methyladenosine (m6A) Methyltransferase-like 3 Facilitates Tumorigenesis and Cisplatin Resistance of Arecoline-Exposed Oral Carcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223605. [PMID: 36429032 PMCID: PMC9688745 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arecoline is known as the main active carcinogen found in areca nut extract that drives the pathological progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Studies have revealed that dysregulation of RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase components is intimately linked to cancer initiation and progression, including oral cancer. METHODS The arecoline-induced dysregulated methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) gene was identified using RNA-seq transcriptome assay. Using in vitro and in vivo models, the biological roles of METTL3 in arecoline-transformed oral cancer were examined. RESULTS We found that METTL3 was markedly elevated in arecoline-exposed OSCC cell lines and OSCC tissues of areca nut chewers. We identified that hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) stimulated METTL3 expression at the transcriptional level and further proved that METTL3-MYC-HIF-1α formed a positive autoregulation loop in arecoline-transformed OSCC cells. Subsequently, we manifested that METTL3 depletion profoundly reduced cell proliferation, cell migration, oncogenicity, and cisplatin resistance of arecoline-exposed OSCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Developing novel strategies to target METTL3 may be a potential way to treat OSCC patients, particularly those with areca nut chewing history and receiving cisplatin treatment.
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Young K, Bulosan H, Baksa J, Jeong Y, Buenconsejo-Lum LE, Birkeland AC. Oral Cancer Disparities in the Outer US-affiliated Pacific Islands. Laryngoscope 2022. [PMID: 36165583 PMCID: PMC10040458 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Oral cancers in the US-affiliated Pacific Islands are poorly described despite disproportionately higher incidences in certain jurisdictions. This study attempts to better characterize the incidence, staging, and management of oral cancers in this region. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective Epidemiological Study. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted across the US-affiliated Pacific Islands between 2007 and 2019. Patient data were obtained for individuals with primary head and neck cancers from the Pacific Regional Central Cancer Registry database. All cohorts were age-adjusted to the 2000 US Standard Population. Further analysis was performed on oral cavity cancers due to their clear predominance within the sample. RESULTS A total of 585 patients with primary head and neck cancers were included. The average age was 54.5 ± 12.9 years, and most patients were male (76.8%). Oral cancer subsite analysis revealed the proportional incidence of buccal mucosa was higher in 5 of 9 jurisdictions when compared with the United States (p < 0.001). Tongue and lip cancers were not found to have significantly higher incidence proportions. Patients in the Pacific Islander group were less likely to be detected at earlier stages for cancers of the cheek and other mouth (p < 0.001), tongue (p < 0.001), and lips (p < 0.001) compared with the United States. CONCLUSIONS Many Pacific Island populations are burdened with higher incidences of oral cancer with later staging. Further investigation is recommended to evaluate oral cancer-related outcomes and mortality in this region. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis Young
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawai, USA
| | - Hannah Bulosan
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawai, USA
| | - Janos Baksa
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawai, USA
| | - Youngju Jeong
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawai, USA
| | - Lee E Buenconsejo-Lum
- Department of Surgery, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawai, USA
| | - Andrew C Birkeland
- Division of Otolaryngology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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24
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Yeh KY, Wang CH, Ling HH, Peng CL, Chen ZS, Hsia S. Pretreatment Glasgow Prognostic Score Correlated with Serum Histidine Level and Three-Year Mortality of Patients with Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Optimal Performance Status. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173475. [PMID: 36079741 PMCID: PMC9458049 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Few prospective cohort trials have investigted the effect of pretreatment nutritional and inflammatory status on the clinical outcome of patients with cancer and optimal performance status and assessed the interplay between nutrition, inflammation, body composition, and circulating metabolites before treatment. Here, 50 patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) ≤ 2 were prospectively recruited along with 43 healthy participants. Before concurrent chemoradiotherapy, compared with healthy controls, the cancer group showed lower levels of histidine, leucine, and phenylalanine and had low values in anthropometric and body composition measurements; however, the group displayed higher ornithine levels, more malnutrition, and severe inflammation. Pretreatment advanced Glasgow prognostic score (1 and 2) status was the sole prognostic factor for 3-year mortality rate and was associated with age and serum histidine levels in patients with cancer. Thus, even at the same tumor stage and ECOG PS, patients with LAHNSCC, poor nutrition, and high inflammation severity at baseline may have inferior survival outcomes than those with adequate nutrition and low inflammation severity. Assessment of pretreatment nutritional and inflammatory status should be included in the enrollment criteria in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yun Yeh
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2432-9292 (ext. 2360)
| | - Chao-Hung Wang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan
- Heart Failure Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
| | - Hang Huong Ling
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Peng
- Taiwan Nutraceutical Association, Taipei 104483, Taiwan
| | | | - Simon Hsia
- Taiwan Nutraceutical Association, Taipei 104483, Taiwan
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25
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Jishnu PV, Shenoy US, Sharma M, Chopra A, Radhakrishnan R. Comprehensive analysis of microRNAs and their target genes in oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Padacherri Vethil Jishnu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Manipal School of Life Sciences Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal
| | - U Sangeetha Shenoy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Manipal School of Life Sciences Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology SGT Dental College Hospital & Research Institute Gurugram Haryana‐122505
| | - Aditi Chopra
- Department of Periodontology Manipal College of Dental Sciences Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology Manipal College of Dental Sciences Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal
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26
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Starska-Kowarska K. Dietary Carotenoids in Head and Neck Cancer-Molecular and Clinical Implications. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030531. [PMID: 35276890 PMCID: PMC8838110 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC) is one of the most common cancers in the world according to GLOBCAN. In 2018, it was reported that HNC accounts for approximately 3% of all human cancers (51,540 new cases) and is the cause of nearly 1.5% of all cancer deaths (10,030 deaths). Despite great advances in treatment, HNC is indicated as a leading cause of death worldwide. In addition to having a positive impact on general health, a diet rich in carotenoids can regulate stages in the course of carcinogenesis; indeed, strong epidemiological associations exist between dietary carotenoids and HNS, and it is presumed that diets with carotenoids can even reduce cancer risk. They have also been proposed as potential chemotherapeutic agents and substances used in chemoprevention of HNC. The present review discusses the links between dietary carotenoids and HNC. It examines the prospective anticancer effect of dietary carotenoids against intracellular cell signalling and mechanisms, oxidative stress regulation, as well as their impact on apoptosis, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoprevention; it also provides an overview of the limited preclinical and clinical research published in this arena. Recent epidemiological, key opinion-forming systematic reviews, cross-sectional, longitudinal, prospective, and interventional studies based on in vitro and animal models of HNC also indicate that high carotenoid content obtained from daily supplementation has positive effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of HNC. This article presents these results according to their increasing clinical credibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Starska-Kowarska
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Żeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland; ; Tel.: +48-604-541-412
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, EnelMed Center Expert, Lodz, Drewnowska 58, 91-001 Lodz, Poland
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27
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Yang Y, Huang H, Cui Z, Chu J, Du G. UPLC-MS/MS and Network Pharmacology-Based Analysis of Bioactive Anti-Depression Compounds in Betel Nut. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:4827-4836. [PMID: 34880597 PMCID: PMC8645950 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s335312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Betel nuts have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. In our study, the bioactive components of betel nut were systematically investigated, and the main components and their target genes in the treatment of depression were predicted. Methods The metabolites of the kernels and peels were analyzed with a UPLC–MS/MS system. Mass spectrometry outcomes were annotated by MULTIAQUANT. “Compound‐disease targets” were utilized to construct a pharmacology network. Results A total of 873 metabolites were identified, with a high abundance of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Moreover, the abundance of flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols in the kernel was significantly higher than that in the peel. A high abundance of catechin, arginine, and phenylalanine was detected in the kernel, while a high abundance of arginine, arecoline, and aminobutyric acid was detected in the peel. Catechins and cyanoside were the most abundant flavonoids in the kernel and peel, respectively. Arecoline was the most abundant alkaloid. A total of 111 metabolites showed a significant difference between the kernels and peels. The relative abundance of 40 differential metabolites was higher than 100,000, including 14 primary metabolites, 12 flavonoids, 4 phenols, and 4 alkaloids. Among the 40 high abundance metabolites, 20 were higher in the kernel and 20 in the peel. In addition, the enrichment of metabolic pathways found that the kernel and peel of the fruit adopted different metabolic pathways for the synthesis of flavonoids and alkaloids. Network pharmacology prediction showed that 93 metabolites could target 141 depression-related genes. The main components of betel nut intervention in depression were predicted to include L-phenylalanine, protocatechuic acid, okanin, nicotinic acid, L-tyrosine, benzocaine, syringic acid, benzocaine, phloretic acid, cynaroside, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. Conclusion Betel nuts are rich in natural metabolites, and some of these metabolites can participate in the intervention of depression. In addition, the metabolites showed distinct characteristics between the kernel and peel. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively and rationally use betel nuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Yang
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hairong Huang
- School of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeying Cui
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Guankui Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China.,Biotechnology and Biochemisty Laboratory, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
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28
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Powell SF, Vu L, Spanos WC, Pyeon D. The Key Differences between Human Papillomavirus-Positive and -Negative Head and Neck Cancers: Biological and Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5206. [PMID: 34680354 PMCID: PMC8533896 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a unique malignancy associated with two distinct risk factors: exposure to typical carcinogens and infection of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV encodes the potent oncoproteins E6 and E7, which bypass many important oncogenic processes and result in cancer development. In contrast, HPV-negative HNSCC is developed through multiple mutations in diverse oncogenic driver genes. While the risk factors associated with HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCCs are discrete, HNSCC patients still show highly complex molecular signatures, immune infiltrations, and treatment responses even within the same anatomical subtypes. Here, we summarize the current understanding of biological mechanisms, treatment approaches, and clinical outcomes in comparison between HPV-positive and -negative HNSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F. Powell
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA;
| | - Lexi Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - William C. Spanos
- Cancer Biology and Immunotherapies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA;
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
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29
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Li X, Xie X, Gu Y, Zhang J, Song J, Cheng X, Gao Y, Ai Y. Fat mass and obesity-associated protein regulates tumorigenesis of arecoline-promoted human oral carcinoma. Cancer Med 2021; 10:6402-6415. [PMID: 34378866 PMCID: PMC8446412 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arecoline, a major alkaloid within areca nut extract, is recognized as the primary active carcinogen promoting oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) pathological development. Dysregulation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methyltransferase components (e.g., Fat mass and obesity-associated protein [FTO] and methyltransferase-like 3 [METTL3]) are closely associated with multiple cancer progression, including oral cancer. However, the biological function role of FTO in arecoline-induced oral cancer is largely unknown. We identified that FTO was significantly upregulated in OSCC tissues from patients with areca nut chewing habits and chronic arecoline-treated OSCC cell lines. Depletion of FTO attenuated the arecoline-promoted stemness, chemoresistance, and oncogenicity of OSCC cells. Finally, we revealed that FTO was negatively regulated by a transcription factor forkhead box protein A2 (FOXA2) in OSCC cells. This study, for the first time, demonstrated that FTO plays an oncogenic role in arecoline-induced OSCC progression. Thus, developing new therapeutic agents targeting FTO may serve as a promising method to treatment OSCC patients, especially those with areca nut chewing habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Oral MedicineFoshan Stomatological HospitalMedical College of Foshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Department of EndodonticsHunan Xiangya Stomatological HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yangcong Gu
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial SurgeryFoshan Stomatological HospitalMedical College of Foshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Preventive DentistryFoshan Stomatological HospitalMedical College of Foshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Jiang Song
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial SurgeryFoshan Stomatological HospitalMedical College of Foshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Xiufeng Cheng
- Department of Oral MedicineFoshan Stomatological HospitalMedical College of Foshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Yijun Gao
- Department of StomatologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yilong Ai
- Department of Oral MedicineFoshan Stomatological HospitalMedical College of Foshan UniversityFoshanChina
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30
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Lin YC, Ling HH, Chang PH, Pan YP, Wang CH, Chou WC, Chen FP, Yeh KY. Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy Induces Body Composition Changes in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Comparison between Oral Cavity and Non-Oral Cavity Cancer. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13092969. [PMID: 34578846 PMCID: PMC8472371 DOI: 10.3390/nu13092969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Few prospective cohort trials have evaluated the difference in treatment-interval total body composition (TBC) changes assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) between two patient subgroups with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC) receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT): oral cavity cancer with adjuvant CCRT (OCC) and non-oral cavity with primary CCRT (NOCC). This study prospectively recruited patients with LAHNSCC. Clinicopathological variables, blood nutritional/inflammatory markers, CCRT-related factors, and TBC data assessed by DXA before and after treatment were collected. Multivariate linear regression analysis identified the factors associated with treatment-interval changes in body composition parameters, including lean body mass (LBM), total fat mass (TFM), and bone mineral content (BMC). A total of 127 patients (OCC (n = 69) and NOCC (n = 58)) were eligible. Body composition parameters were progressively lost during CCRT in both subgroups. Extremities lost more muscle mass than the trunk for LBM, whereas the trunk lost more fat mass than the extremities for TFM. BMC loss preferentially occurred in the trunk region. Different factors were independently correlated with the interval changes of each body composition parameter for both OCC and NOCC subgroups, particularly mean daily calorie intake for LBM and TFM loss, and total lymphocyte count for BMC loss. In conclusion, treatment-interval TBC changes and related contributing factors differ between the OCC and NOCC subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Keelung & Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan;
- Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan;
| | - Hang Huong Ling
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Keelung & Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan; (H.H.L.); (P.-H.C.); (C.-H.W.)
| | - Pei-Hung Chang
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Keelung & Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan; (H.H.L.); (P.-H.C.); (C.-H.W.)
| | - Yi-Ping Pan
- Department of Nutrition, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Hsu Wang
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Keelung & Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan; (H.H.L.); (P.-H.C.); (C.-H.W.)
| | - Wen-Chi Chou
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Linkou & Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan;
| | - Fang-Ping Chen
- Osteoporosis Prevention and Treatment Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yun Yeh
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Keelung & Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333007, Taiwan; (H.H.L.); (P.-H.C.); (C.-H.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2432-9292 (ext. 2360); Fax: +886-2-243-5342
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31
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Worakhajit P, Fuangtharnthip P, Khovidhunkit SOP, Chiewwit P, Klongnoi B. The Relationship of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Betel Quid with the Formation of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Community-Based Study from Northeastern Thailand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8738. [PMID: 34444487 PMCID: PMC8392647 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This study's objective was to describe the relationship between the main risk factors for oral cancer, including tobacco (in the form of cigarettes, smokeless tobacco (SLT), secondhand smoking (SS)), alcohol, and betel quid (BQ), and the occurrence of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). A community-based case-control study was conducted with a population of 1448 adults aged 40 years or above in northeastern Thailand. Patients aged 60 years or above (OR 1.79, p < 0.001) and female patients (OR 2.17, p < 0.001) had a significant chance of having OPMDs. Our multivariate analysis showed that the most potent risk factor for OPMDs occurrence was betel quid (BQ) (adjusted OR 4.65, p < 0.001), followed by alcohol (OR 3.40, p < 0.001). Even former users were at risk of developing OPMDs. The synergistic effect between these main risk factors was significantly shown in the group exposed to SLT, SS, BQ, and alcohol. The most potent synergistic effect was found in the group exposed to SLT, BQ and alcohol with the OR = 20.96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prangtip Worakhajit
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Pornpoj Fuangtharnthip
- Department of Advanced General Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.F.); (S.-o.P.K.)
| | | | - Pim Chiewwit
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.W.); (P.C.)
| | - Boworn Klongnoi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; (P.W.); (P.C.)
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Cheng AJ, You GR, Lee CJ, Lu YC, Tang SJ, Huang YF, Huang YC, Lee LY, Fan KH, Chen YC, Huang SF, Chang JTC. Systemic Investigation Identifying Salivary miR-196b as a Promising Biomarker for Early Detection of Head-Neck Cancer and Oral Precancer Lesions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081411. [PMID: 34441345 PMCID: PMC8392418 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Liquid biopsy is a rapidly growing field, for it may provide a minimally invasive way to acquire pathological data for personalized medicine. This study developed a systemic strategy to discover an effective salivary biomarker for early detection of patients with head-neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC) and oral precancer lesion (OPC). Methods: A total of 10 miRNAs were examined in parallel with multiple independent cohorts. These included a training set of salivary samples from HNSC patients, the TCGA-HNSC and GSE31277 cohorts to differentiate miRNAs between tumor and normal tissues, and groups of salivary samples from healthy individuals, patients with HNSC and OPC. Results: The combined results from the salivary training set and the TCGA-HNSC cohort showed that four miRNAs (miR-148b, miR-155, miR-196b, and miR-31) consistently increased in HNSC patients. Further integration with the GSE31277 cohort, two miRNAs (miR-31 and miR-196b) maintained at high significances. Further assessment showed that salivary miR-196b was a prominent diagnostic biomarker, as it remarkably discriminated between healthy individuals and patients with HNSC (p < 0.0001, AUC = 0.767, OR = 5.64) or OPC (p < 0.0001, AUC = 0.979, OR = 459). Conclusion: Salivary miR-196b could be an excellent biomarker for diagnosing OPC and early detection of HNSC. This molecule may be used for early screening high-risk groups of HNSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Proton Therapy Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (A.-J.C.); (K.-H.F.); (S.-F.H.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (S.-J.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Rung You
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (S.-J.T.)
| | - Che-Jui Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (S.-J.T.)
| | - Ya-Ching Lu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (S.-J.T.)
| | - Shang-Ju Tang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (G.-R.Y.); (C.-J.L.); (Y.-C.L.); (S.-J.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Huang
- Department of General Dentistry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Yu Lee
- Department of Pathology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan;
| | - Kang-Hsing Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Proton Therapy Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (A.-J.C.); (K.-H.F.); (S.-F.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City 236017, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan;
| | - Shiang-Fu Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Proton Therapy Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (A.-J.C.); (K.-H.F.); (S.-F.H.)
| | - Joseph Tung-Chieh Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Proton Therapy Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (A.-J.C.); (K.-H.F.); (S.-F.H.)
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-328-1200
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Overview of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: From Risk Factors to Specific Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153696. [PMID: 34359597 PMCID: PMC8345150 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a very aggressive cancer, representing one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) regroup a variegate set of different histological lesions, characterized by the potential capacity to transform in OSCC. Most of the risk factors associated with OSCC are present also in OPMDs' development; however, the molecular mechanisms and steps of malignant transformation are still unknown. Treatment of OSCC, including surgery, systemic therapy and radiotherapy (alone or in combination), has suffered a dramatic change in last years, especially with the introduction of immunotherapy. However, most cases are diagnosed during the advanced stage of the disease, decreasing drastically the survival rate of the patients. Hence, early diagnosis of premalignant conditions (OPMDs) is a priority in oral cancer, as well as a massive education about risk factors, the understanding of mechanisms involved in malignant progression and the development of specific and more efficient therapies. The aim of this article is to review epidemiological, clinical, morphological and molecular features of OPMDs, with the purpose to lay the foundation for an exhaustive comprehension of these lesions and their ability of malignant transformation and for the development of more effective and personalized treatments.
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You GR, Chang JT, Li YL, Chen YJ, Huang YC, Fan KH, Chen YC, Kang CJ, Cheng AJ. Molecular Interplays Between Cell Invasion and Radioresistance That Lead to Poor Prognosis in Head-Neck Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:681717. [PMID: 34307149 PMCID: PMC8299304 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.681717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer metastasis and recurrence after radiotherapy are the significant causes of poor prognosis in head-neck cancer (HNC). Clinically, it is commonly found that patients with either condition may accompany the outcome of the other. We hypothesized that HNC cells might exhibit a cross-phenotypic attribute between cell invasion and radioresistance. To discover effective biomarkers for the intervention of aggressive cancer at one time, the potential molecules that interplay between these two phenotypes were investigated. Materials and Methods Three isogenic HNC cell sublines with high invasion or radioresistance properties were established. Transcriptomic and bioinformatic methods were used to globally assess the phenotypic-specific genes, functional pathways, and co-regulatory hub molecules. The associations of gene expressions with patient survival were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier plotter, a web-based tool, using the HNSCC dataset (n=500). The molecular and cellular techniques, including RT-qPCR, flow cytometry, cell invasion assay, and clonogenic survival assay, were applied. Results The phenotypic crosstalk between cell invasion and radioresistance was validated, as shown by the existence of mutual properties in each HNC subline. A total of 695 genes was identified in associations with these two phenotypes, including 349 upregulated and 346 downregulated in HNC cells. The focal adhesion mechanism showed the most significant pathway to co-regulate these functions. In the analysis of 20 up-regulatory genes, a general portrait of correlative expression was found between these phenotypic cells (r=0.513, p=0.021), and nine molecules exhibited significant associations with poor prognosis in HNC patients (HR>1, p<0.050). Three hub genes were identified (ITGA6, TGFB1, and NDRG1) that represented a signature of interplayed molecules contributing to cell invasion, radioresistance and leading to poor prognosis. The ITGA6 was demonstrated as a prominent biomarker. The expression of ITGA6 correlated with the levels of several extracellular and apoptotic/anti-apoptotic molecules. Functionally, silencing ITGA6 suppressed cell migration, invasion, and attenuated radioresistance in HNC cells. Conclusions A panel of interplay molecules was identified that contribute to cell invasion and radioresistance, leading to poor prognosis. These panel molecules, such as ITGA6, may serve as predictive markers of radioresistance, prognostic markers of metastasis, and molecular therapeutic targets for refractory HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Rung You
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Joseph T Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Liang Li
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Huang
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hsing Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, New Taipei Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Keelung, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jan Kang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-LinKou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Joy Cheng
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Genetic and Proteinic Linkage of MAO and COMT with Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders and Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133268. [PMID: 34209963 PMCID: PMC8268107 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The prevention and treatment of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx are currently important issues for national health. Currently, the incidence of oral cavity and pharynx cancers is globally the highest in Taiwanese men. Regarding the occurrence of oral cavity and pharynx cancers and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), no report has ascertained how betel quid (BQ) can induce the expression of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). We aimed to explore the role and clinical significance of specific markers of BQ exposure and human susceptibility to MAO and COMT. Our findings highlight the association of MAO and COMT biomarkers to risks of oral and pharyngeal cancers and OPMD. These novel findings will provide important strategies for disease prevention, early clinical diagnosis, and treatment effectiveness, and will offer a strong foundation to reduce BQ-related cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx and OPMD. Abstract Betel quid (BQ), a group I human carcinogen, strongly contributes to an increased risk of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx. This study was conducted to discover whether monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) variants play a potential role in the risk assessment of oral cavity and pharynx cancers and OPMD, particularly among BQ users. We applied a case–control study to confirm the polymorphism of MAO and COMT using single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We used qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine MAO and COMT expression. Carriers of the MAOA rs6323 G-allele, MAOB rs6324 G-allele, and COMT rs4633 C/C-genotype had a prominently increased risk of oral cavity and pharynx cancers (AOR = 56.99; p < 0.001). Compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues, a significant downregulation of MAO and COMT expression was exhibited in cancerous tissues (p < 0.01). Furthermore, in different cell models, MAO and COMT expression was significantly downregulated with an increased dose of arecoline (p < 0.01). In personalized preventive medicine for oral and pharyngeal cancers, our findings are the first to demonstrate the potential role of lower MAO and COMT expression levels, with the risk polymorphisms utilized as clinical biomarkers.
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Campos MC, Tubau C, Segura S, González-Farré M, Iglesias-Sancho M, Fernández-Figueras MT, Garcia-Muret MP, Mozos A. Oral submucous fibrosis presenting with histopathological lichenoid changes as predominant feature: Report of five cases and review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2021; 48:1392-1396. [PMID: 34151457 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a precancerous condition of the oral cavity associated with habitual chewing of quid, with a high incidence among populations of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. Clinically, its initial manifestation may mimic oral lichen planus or lichen sclerosus. If the habit is not halted, the mucosa gets leathery and thickened, and fibrous bands form causing significant morbidity. Microscopically, it is characterized by atrophic epithelium, loss of rete ridges, and hyalinization of lamina propria. Of note, these hallmark histopathological features may be overlooked in the unusual presence of lichenoid interface changes, which may lead to the wrong diagnosis. We present herein five cases in which the rare joint appearance of OSF and lichenoid reaction features posed a diagnostic challenge. Due to its progressive nature and malignant potential, the presence of oral lichenoid changes overlying submucous hyalinization, in the right clinical and demographic setting, should raise suspicion of OSF and prompt actions directed at quid-chewing discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Campos
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Tubau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Segura
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maribel Iglesias-Sancho
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Sagrat Cor-Grupo Quironsalud, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria Pilar Garcia-Muret
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Mozos
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma, Barcelona, Spain
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Lien MY, Wang TH, Hsieh CY, Tsai MH, Hua CH, Cheng FM, Chung WH, Tang CH, Chia-Hsun Hsieh J. Both combined or sequential use with immune checkpoint inhibitors on cetuximab-treated patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma improve the overall survival. Oral Oncol 2021; 119:105380. [PMID: 34146822 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the introduction of ICI treatment, data about feasibility and activity of a cetuximab-containing first-line therapy in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck cancer (R/M HNSCC) are still not available. We sought to analyze the clinical outcomes in the real-world setting. MATERIAL METHODS This retrospective study was conducted at two tertiary medical centers in Taiwan. Patients with R/M HNSCC receiving cetuximab-containing first-line therapy were included between January 2017 and July 2019. The study endpoints were the response, Progression-Free Survival (PFS), and Overall Survival (OS). Subgroup analyses were conducted to evaluate survival outcomes by platinum resistance and the use of immunotherapy. RESULTS We identified 290 patients treated with cetuximab-containing first-line therapy. The most primary tumor site was oral cavity cancer (59.3%). 44% of patients were resistant to platinum. The median PFS and OS were 5.0 months and 9.1 months, respectively, for the total population. In patients with platinum resistance, the median OS was 10.4 months with ICIs versus 6.3 months without ICIs; p = 0.01. In patients with platinum sensitivity, the median OS was 20.6 months with ICIs versus 9.1 months without ICs; p < 0.01. OS benefit with ICIs was similar between patients who received ICIs after progression on Cetuximab and receiving Cetuximab in combination with ICIs. Independent favorable prognostic factors for OS were platinum-sensitive, better response to cetuximab, and ICIs use. CONCLUSION ICIs are indicated to improve OS in R/M HNSCC receiving cetuximab-containing first-line therapy, even in platinum-resistant populations. The reduction in risk of death with ICIs was similar regarding the combination or sequencing of cetuximab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yu Lien
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan; School and Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ti-Hao Wang
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yun Hsieh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsui Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Hua
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ming Cheng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hui Chung
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- School and Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Jason Chia-Hsun Hsieh
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, New Taipei City Municipal TuCheng Hospital, New Taipei City 236, Taiwan; Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Liu S, Liu Z, Shan Z, Liu Y, Chen T, Fang L, Quan H. Skewed Th17/Treg balance during progression and malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis. Oral Dis 2021; 28:2119-2130. [PMID: 33749974 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to determine the impact of Th17/Treg imbalance on the progression and malignant transformation of oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF). MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess Th17 and Treg expression, overall 52 peripheral blood samples from OSF, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, and healthy donors were analyzed by flow cytometry. Thirty normal oral mucosa, 72 OSF, and 90 OSCC samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In peripheral blood samples, in OSCC with OSF, Th17 and Treg expression were significantly higher than those in OSF and OSCC without OSF as confirmed by immunohistochemistry. During OSF progression, Th17 and Th17/Treg ratio showed an increasing trend, while Treg expression showed a decreasing trend. Treg expression was significantly higher in OSCC with OSF than in OSF and OSCC without OSF, whereas the Th17/Treg ratio was significantly lower in OSCC with OSF. Treg expression was significantly correlated with smoking and clinical stage. Th17/Treg ratio was significantly associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage. A low Th17/Treg ratio was significantly associated with poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Th17/Treg ratio is a potential diagnostic indicator for OSF occurrence and malignant transformation and was an independent prognostic factor for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixuan Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianjun Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangjuan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongzhi Quan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Chou YT, Li CH, Sun ZJ, Shen WC, Yang YC, Lu FH, Chang CJ, Wu JS. A Positive Relationship between Betel Nut Chewing and Significant Liver Fibrosis in NAFLD Subjects, but Not in Non-NAFLD Ones. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030914. [PMID: 33799865 PMCID: PMC7998430 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Betel nut chewing is associated with oral cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to explore the association of betel nut chewing with liver fibrosis in subjects with and without nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Method: A total of 5967 subjects were enrolled. NAFLD was diagnosed with ultrasonography. Betel nut chewing was classified into non-chewing, ex-chewing, and current chewing, and cumulative dosages were calculated. The aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/platelet ratio index and NAFLD fibrosis scores (NFS) were calculated for evaluation of liver fibrosis. Results: NAFLD increased the associated risk of liver fibrosis in those with (odds ratio (OR): 5.51, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.09–9.80) and without betel nut chewing (OR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.64–3.29). In subjects without NAFLD, betel nut chewing was not associated with liver fibrosis (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.44–2.86). In subjects with NAFLD, cumulative betel nut chewing and ex- and current chewing were positively associated with NFS and significant liver fibrosis. Conclusions: In subjects with NAFLD, betel nut chewing, even ex-chewing, was associated with a higher risk of liver fibrosis, where higher cumulative levels were found to increase the risk of significant liver fibrosis. However, the associated risk of liver fibrosis due to betel nut chewing was insignificant in subjects without NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tsung Chou
- Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (Y.-T.C.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (Z.-J.S.); (W.-C.S.); (Y.-C.Y.); (F.-H.L.)
| | - Chung-Hao Li
- Department of Health Management Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (Y.-T.C.); (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (Z.-J.S.); (W.-C.S.); (Y.-C.Y.); (F.-H.L.)
| | - Zih-Jie Sun
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (Z.-J.S.); (W.-C.S.); (Y.-C.Y.); (F.-H.L.)
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital Dou-Liou Branch, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Yunlin 64043, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chen Shen
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (Z.-J.S.); (W.-C.S.); (Y.-C.Y.); (F.-H.L.)
| | - Yi-Ching Yang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (Z.-J.S.); (W.-C.S.); (Y.-C.Y.); (F.-H.L.)
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Hwa Lu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (Z.-J.S.); (W.-C.S.); (Y.-C.Y.); (F.-H.L.)
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (Z.-J.S.); (W.-C.S.); (Y.-C.Y.); (F.-H.L.)
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.C.); (J.-S.W.); Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5210) (J.-S.W.)
| | - Jin-Shang Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan; (Z.-J.S.); (W.-C.S.); (Y.-C.Y.); (F.-H.L.)
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital Dou-Liou Branch, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Yunlin 64043, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-J.C.); (J.-S.W.); Tel.: +886-6-2353535 (ext. 5210) (J.-S.W.)
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Chen SH, Hsiao SY, Chang KY, Chang JY. New Insights Into Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Clinical Aspects to Molecular Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052252. [PMID: 33668218 PMCID: PMC7956378 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a prevalent malignant disease worldwide, especially so in Taiwan. Early- or even preclinical-stage detection is critical for reducing morbidity and mortality from oral SCC. Epidemiological and genome association studies are useful for identifying clinicopathological risk factors for preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches of oral SCC. For advanced oral SCC, effective treatments are critical to prolonging survival and enhancing quality of life. As oral SCC is characteristic of regional invasion with lymph node metastases, understanding the aggressive features of oral SCC, particularly in lymphangiogenesis, is essential for determining effective treatments. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastases. Recent clinical successes in immune checkpoint inhibitors either alone or combined with chemotherapy have also supported the therapeutic value of immunotherapy in oral SCC. This review summarizes critical advances in basic knowledge of oral SCC from the perspective of clinicopathological risk factors, molecular tumorigenesis, and the TME. We also highlight our recent investigations on the microbiome, genome association studies, lymphangiogenesis, and immunomodulation in oral SCC. This review may provide new insights for oral SCC treatment by systematically interpreting emerging evidence from various preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hung Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan; (S.-H.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yen Hsiao
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan 736402, Taiwan;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Yu Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan; (S.-H.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- Department of Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Subramaniam N, Dhar SK, Rao R, Prasad K, Das M. Novel tyrosine metabolites in the transcriptomic profiling of smokeless tobacco related oral cancer and their potential implications. Oral Oncol 2020; 113:105027. [PMID: 33012656 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narayana Subramaniam
- MSMF, MSMC, Narayana Health City, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560099, India; MAHE, Manipal, India
| | - Sujan K Dhar
- Sankhya Sciences, S-005 Krishna Greens, Dodda Bommasandra, Bangalore 560097, India
| | - Roopa Rao
- Department of Oral Pathology, M.S. Ramaiah Dental College, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Kavitha Prasad
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore 560054, India.
| | - Manjula Das
- MSMF, MSMC, Narayana Health City, Bommasandra, Bangalore 560099, India.
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Li P, Zhang S, Mo Y, Zhang L, Wang Y, Xiong F, Zhang S, Liu J, Xu Y, Zeng Z, Xiong W, Li Y, Gong Z. Long non-coding RNA expression profiles and related regulatory networks in areca nut chewing-induced tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:302. [PMID: 33093911 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Areca nut chewing is an important risk factor for developing tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), although the underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. To determine the potential molecular mechanisms of areca nut chewing-induced TSCC, the present study performed whole-genome detection with five pairs of TSCC and adjacent normal tissues, via mRNA- and long non-coding (lnc)RNA-gene chip analysis. A total of 3,860 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 2,193 lncRNAs and 1,667 mRNAs. Gene set-enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed mRNAs were enriched in chromosome 22q13, 8p21 and 3p21 regions, and were regulated by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). The results of ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that these mRNAs were significantly enriched for inflammatory immune-related signaling pathways. A co-expression network of mRNAs and lncRNAs was constructed by performing weighted gene co-expression network analysis. The present study focused on NF-κB-, IRF- and Th cell-signaling pathway-related lncRNAs and the corresponding mRNA-lncRNA regulatory networks. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to investigate differential mRNA- and lncRNA-expression profiles in TSCCs induced by areca nut chewing. Inflammation-related mRNA-lncRNA regulatory networks driven by IRFs and NF-κB were identified, as well as the Th cell-related signaling pathways that play important carcinogenic roles in areca nut chewing-induced TSCC. These differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs, and their regulatory networks provide insight for further analysis on the molecular mechanism of areca nut chewing-induced TSCC, candidate molecular markers and targets for further clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchun Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhen Mo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Lishen Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xiong
- Department of Stomatology, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of The Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Loss of oral mucosal stem cell markers in oral submucous fibrosis and their reactivation in malignant transformation. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:23. [PMID: 32826859 PMCID: PMC7442837 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the basal stem cell layer is critical for epithelial homoeostasis. In this paper, we review the expression of oral mucosal stem cell markers (OM-SCMs) in oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) to understand the role of basal cells in potentiating cancer stem cell behaviour in OSF. While the loss of basal cell clonogenicity triggers epithelial atrophy in OSF, the transition of the epithelium from atrophic to hyperplastic and eventually neoplastic involves the reactivation of basal stemness. The vacillating expression patterns of OM-SCMs confirm the role of keratins 5, 14, 19, CD44, β1-integrin, p63, sex-determining region Y box (SOX2), octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct-4), c-MYC, B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukaemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi-1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) in OSF, OPMDs and OSCC. The downregulation of OM-SCMs in the atrophic epithelium of OSF and their upregulation during malignant transformation are illustrated with relevant literature in this review.
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Paranagama MP, Piyarathne NS, Nandasena TL, Jayatilake S, Navaratne A, Galhena BP, Williams S, Rajapakse J, Kita K. The Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibitory effects, antioxidant effects and the safety of a Sri Lankan traditional betel quid - an in vitro study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:259. [PMID: 32819379 PMCID: PMC7439561 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03048-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Sri Lankan traditional betel quid (TBQ) which had been extensively used in the country before its colonization is claimed to have antiperiodontopathic effects in the Sri Lankan folklore. However, there is no reported scientific evidence to support the claimed antiperiodontopathic effects mediated by this TBQ. The present study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of the Sri Lankan TBQ in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Methods We investigate the ethyl acetate extract of the Sri Lankan TBQ for its antibacterial effects against the keystone periodontopathic bacterium, P. gingivalis and also its antioxidant potential, which is important to protect the periodontium from oxidative stress. Further, its safety was analyzed using the cytokinesis block micronucleus assay on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Results Ethyl acetate extract of this TBQ inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis with a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 125 μg/ml. It was found to be a rich source of polyphenols and displayed considerable DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and a strong ferric reducing antioxidant power. This extract could protect the cultured human gingival fibroblasts from H2O2 induced oxidative stress. In addition, this TBQ extract was not genotoxic to human PBLs even at a concentration of 2.5 mg/ml. Moreover, it exhibited protective effects against bleomycin induced genotoxicity in PBLs. Conclusion Ethyl acetate extract of the Sri Lankan TBQ is a source of natural antibacterial compounds against P. gingivalis. It is also a source of natural antioxidants which can protect human gingival fibroblasts from H2O2 induced oxidative stress. These properties of the TBQ may have contributed to its claimed antiperiodontopathic effects. Besides, it was found to be relatively non-toxic to human cells. Thus this TBQ extract has a huge potential to be developed as a novel adjunctive therapeutic lead against periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tharanga Lakmali Nandasena
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Sumedha Jayatilake
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Ayanthi Navaratne
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Bandula Prasanna Galhena
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Senani Williams
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Jayantha Rajapakse
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
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Gupta SR, Sharma A, Gupta N, Mani K. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and serologic levels of hypoxia-inducible factor1 α and vascular endothelial growth factor are associated with increased risk of oral submucous fibrosis in gutka users among a North Indian population. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2020; 130:557-564. [PMID: 32981864 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tissue hypoxia in oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) induces hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), causing angiogenesis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may predict susceptibility to environmental carcinogens and to development of OSMF, as well as its severity and malignant transformation. This study aimed to determine the serologic levels and frequencies of SNPs of HIF-1 α and VEGF in OSMF. STUDY DESIGN In this prospective pilot study, the frequencies of SNPs of HIF-1 α (C1772 T, G1790 A); VEGF-A 936 C/T; and VEGF-C (rs7664413, rs1485766) in patients with OSMF or oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and in healthy controls were determined by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (n = 100 each), and serologic levels were determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA (n = 50 each), in a North Indian population. RESULTS Heterozygous forms of HIF-1 α C1772 T (CT: odds ratio [OR] 5.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.24-11.16; P < .001); HIF-1 α G1790 A (GA: OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.62-5.16; P < .001); and VEGF-C rs1485766 (AC: OR 2.18; 95% CI 1.19-3.99; P < .05) were associated with OSMF. The mean serologic levels of HIF-1 α, VEGF-A, and VEGF-C were significantly raised in patients with OSMF compared with healthy controls (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The SNPs of HIF-1 α, VEGF-A, and VEGF-C and their serologic levels can act as prognostic biomarkers and aid in the development of specialized anti-HIF-1 α or anti-VEGF drugs for the management and prevention of OSCC in patients with OSMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini R Gupta
- Associate Professor, Oral Medicine & Radiology, Centre for Dental Education Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Alpana Sharma
- Professor, Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Gupta
- Research Associate, Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalaivani Mani
- Scientist III, Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Anwar N, Pervez S, Chundriger Q, Awan S, Moatter T, Ali TS. Oral cancer: Clinicopathological features and associated risk factors in a high risk population presenting to a major tertiary care center in Pakistan. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236359. [PMID: 32760151 PMCID: PMC7410283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has the highest prevalence in head and neck cancers and is the first and second most common cancer in males and females of Pakistan respectively. Major risk factors include peculiar chewing habits like areca nut, betel quid, and tobacco. The majority of OSCC presents at an advanced stage with poor prognosis. On the face of such a high burden of this preventable cancer, there is a relative lack of recent robust data and its association with known risk factors from Pakistan. The aim of this study was to identify the socioeconomic factors and clinicopathological features that may contribute to the development of OSCC. A total of 186 patients diagnosed and treated at a tertiary care hospital, Karachi Pakistan were recruited. Clinicopathological and socioeconomic information was obtained on a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was done for demographics and socioeconomic status (SES) while regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between SES and chewing habits, tumor site, and tumor stage. The majority of patients were males and the mean age of OSCC patients was 47.62±12.18 years. Most of the patients belonged to low SES (68.3%) and 77.4% were habitual of chewing. Gender (male) and SES were significantly associated with chewing habits (p<0.05). Odds of developing buccal mucosa tumors in chewers (of any type of substance) and gutka users were 2 and 4 times higher than non-chewers respectively. Middle age, chewing habits, and occupation were significantly associated with late stage presentation of OSCC (p<0.05). In conclusion, male patients belonging to low SES in their forties who had chewing habits for years constituted the bulk of OSCC. Buccal mucosa was the most common site in chewers and the majority presented with late stage tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namrah Anwar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Pervez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Qurratulain Chundriger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Awan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Moatter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Tazeen Saeed Ali
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
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Shirzaiy M, Neshat F. Effect of Areca Nut on Oral Health: A Review. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN DENTAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.29252/jrdms.5.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Chiu CT, Lin CY, Yen CY, Tsai MT, Chang HC, Liu YC, Lin MH. Mechanistic and compositional studies of the autophagy-inducing areca nut ingredient. J Dent Sci 2020; 15:526-535. [PMID: 33505626 PMCID: PMC7816039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose We previously found that the partially purified 30–100 kDa fraction of areca-nut-extract (ANE 30–100K) induces autophagy in different types of cells including oral carcinoma OECM-1 cells. This study was to analyze the composition and possible mechanisms of ANE 30-100K-induced autophagy (AIA). Materials and methods Phenol-sulfuric acid method and high performance anion exchange chromatography were utilized to analyze the composition of ANE 30–100K. OECM-1 and esophageal CE81T/VGH cells were taken as the experimental models. Microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to observe morphological changes. Cell viability and specific proteins were respectively measured by XTT and Western bot assay. shRNA and chemical inhibitors were applied to assess the involvement of Atg5, caveolin, and proteasome in AIA. Results ANE 30–100K contains ∼67% carbohydrate, which is composed of fucose (5.938%), arabinose (24.631%), glucosamine (8.066%), galactose (26.820%), glucose (21.388%), and mannose (13.157%). After ANE 30–100K stimulation, CE81T/VGH cells showed intracellular vacuoles, acidic vesicles, double-membrane vacuoles, and elevated LC3-II level. ANE 30-100K-induced cytotoxicity and LC3-II accumulation were significantly inhibited by Atg5 knockdown. Furthermore, the endocytosis inhibitor (methyl-β-cyclodextrin) and two caveolin shRNAs, as well as two proteasome inhibitors (lactacystin and epoxomicin), were shown to significantly attenuate ANE 30-100K-induced cytotoxicity and LC3-II accumulation in both OECM-1 and CE81T/VGH cells. Conclusion The major components of ANE 30–100K are carbohydrates. CE81T/VGH also exhibited autophagic responses to ANE 30–100K. Caveolin-mediated endocytosis and proteasome are involved in AIA. This study may have provided new knowledges of the action mechanisms and compositions of ANE 30–100K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ta Chiu
- Department of Dentistry, Tainan Municipal An-Nan Hospital China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Che-Yi Lin
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Yu Yen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Meng-Ting Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Huei-Cih Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Young-Chau Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Natural Science, College of Liberal Education, Shu-Te University, Yanchao District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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