1
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Xue Y, Xue C, Song W. Emerging roles of deubiquitinating enzymes in actin cytoskeleton and tumor metastasis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2024; 47:1071-1089. [PMID: 38324230 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-024-00923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastasis accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths. Actin dynamics and actin-based cell migration and invasion are important factors in cancer metastasis. Metastasis is characterized by actin polymerization and depolymerization, which are precisely regulated by molecular changes involving a plethora of actin regulators, including actin-binding proteins (ABPs) and signalling pathways, that enable cancer cell dissemination from the primary tumour. Research on deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) has revealed their vital roles in actin dynamics and actin-based migration and invasion during cancer metastasis. CONCLUSION Here, we review how DUBs drive tumour metastasis by participating in actin rearrangement and actin-based migration and invasion. We summarize the well-characterized and essential actin cytoskeleton signalling molecules related to DUBs, including Rho GTPases, Src kinases, and ABPs such as cofilin and cortactin. Other DUBs that modulate actin-based migration signalling pathways are also discussed. Finally, we discuss and address therapeutic opportunities and ongoing challenges related to DUBs with respect to actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, PR China.
| | - Cong Xue
- School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, PR China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, PR China.
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2
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Qin R, Fan X, Ding R, Qiu Y, Chen X, Liu Y, Lin M, Wang H. Research advancements on the involvement of E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR5 in gastrointestinal cancers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30284. [PMID: 38707379 PMCID: PMC11066684 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases comprise a family of ubiquitination-catalyzing enzymes that have been extensively researched and are considered crucial components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system involved in various diseases. The ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 component n-recognition 5 (UBR5) is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that has garnered considerable interest of late. Recent studies demonstrate that UBR5 undergoes high-frequency mutations, chromosomal amplification, and/or abnormalities during expression of various malignant tumors. These alterations correlate with the biological behaviors and prognoses of malignancies, such as tumor invasion, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. This study aimed to comprehensively elucidate the biological functions of UBR5, and its role and relevance in the context of gastrointestinal cancers. Furthermore, this article expounds a scientific basis to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal cancers and developing targeted therapeutic strategies for their remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Xirui Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Rui Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Yadan Qiu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Xujia Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Yanting Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Minjuan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650051, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650051, China
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3
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Gu M, Liu Y, Xin P, Guo W, Zhao Z, Yang X, Ma R, Jiao T, Zheng W. Fundamental insights and molecular interactions in pancreatic cancer: Pathways to therapeutic approaches. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216738. [PMID: 38401887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract can be affected by a number of diseases that pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant manifestation of them. The prognosis of PC patients is unfavorable and because of their diagnosis at advanced stage, the treatment of this tumor is problematic. Owing to low survival rate, there is much interest towards understanding the molecular profile of PC in an attempt in developing more effective therapeutics. The conventional therapeutics for PC include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as emerging immunotherapy. However, PC is still incurable and more effort should be performed. The molecular landscape of PC is an underlying factor involved in increase in progression of tumor cells. In the presence review, the newest advances in understanding the molecular and biological events in PC are discussed. The dysregulation of molecular pathways including AMPK, MAPK, STAT3, Wnt/β-catenin and non-coding RNA transcripts has been suggested as a factor in development of tumorigenesis in PC. Moreover, cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis and necroptosis demonstrate abnormal levels. The EMT and glycolysis in PC cells enhance to ensure their metastasis and proliferation. Furthermore, such abnormal changes have been used to develop corresponding pharmacological and nanotechnological therapeutics for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Peng Xin
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Zimo Zhao
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Pancreatic-Biliary Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China
| | - Ruiyang Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Taiwei Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, China.
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4
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Guo Z, Ashrafizadeh M, Zhang W, Zou R, Sethi G, Zhang X. Molecular profile of metastasis, cell plasticity and EMT in pancreatic cancer: a pre-clinical connection to aggressiveness and drug resistance. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:29-53. [PMID: 37453022 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The metastasis is a multistep process in which a small proportion of cancer cells are detached from the colony to enter into blood cells for obtaining a new place for metastasis and proliferation. The metastasis and cell plasticity are considered major causes of cancer-related deaths since they improve the malignancy of cancer cells and provide poor prognosis for patients. Furthermore, enhancement in the aggressiveness of cancer cells has been related to the development of drug resistance. Metastasis of pancreatic cancer (PC) cells has been considered one of the major causes of death in patients and their undesirable prognosis. PC is among the most malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and in addition to lifestyle, smoking, and other factors, genomic changes play a key role in its progression. The stimulation of EMT in PC cells occurs as a result of changes in molecular interaction, and in addition to increasing metastasis, EMT participates in the development of chemoresistance. The epithelial, mesenchymal, and acinar cell plasticity can occur and determines the progression of PC. The major molecular pathways including STAT3, PTEN, PI3K/Akt, and Wnt participate in regulating the metastasis of PC cells. The communication in tumor microenvironment can provide by exosomes in determining PC metastasis. The components of tumor microenvironment including macrophages, neutrophils, and cancer-associated fibroblasts can modulate PC progression and the response of cancer cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenli Guo
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, 128 Jinling Road, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, 341000, China
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongjun Zou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, Guangdong, China
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Xianbin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Gao ST, Xin X, Wang ZY, Hu YY, Feng Q. USP5: Comprehensive insights into structure, function, biological and disease-related implications, and emerging therapeutic opportunities. Mol Cell Probes 2024; 73:101944. [PMID: 38049041 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2023.101944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin specific protease 5 (USP5) is a vital deubiquitinating enzyme that regulates various physiological functions by removing ubiquitin chains from target proteins. This review provides an overview of the structural and functional characteristics of USP5. Additionally, we discuss the role of USP5 in regulating diverse cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA double-strand damage, methylation, heat stress, and protein quality control, by targeting different substrates. Furthermore, we describe the involvement of USP5 in several pathological conditions such as tumors, pathological pain, developmental abnormalities, inflammatory diseases, and virus infection. Finally, we introduce newly developed inhibitors of USP5. In conclusion, investigating the novel functions and substrates of USP5, elucidating the underlying mechanisms of USP5-substrate interactions, intensifying the development of inhibitors, and exploring the upstream regulatory mechanisms of USP5 in detail can provide a new theoretical basis for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, which is a promising research direction with considerable potential. Overall, USP5 plays a critical role in regulating various physiological and pathological processes, and investigating its novel functions and regulatory mechanisms may have significant implications for the development of therapeutic strategies for cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Ting Gao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xin
- Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo-Yuan Wang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Yang Hu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qin Feng
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; Central Laboratory, ShuGuang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Yang W, Wang S, Tong S, Zhang WD, Qin JJ. Expanding the ubiquitin code in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166884. [PMID: 37704111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a fundamental regulatory mechanism in cells, vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis, compiling signaling transduction, and determining cell fates. These biological processes require the coordinated signal cascades of UPS members, including ubiquitin ligases, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, deubiquitinases, and proteasomes, to ubiquitination and de-ubiquitination on substrates. Recent studies indicate that ubiquitination code rewriting is particularly prominent in pancreatic cancer. High frequency mutation or aberrant hyperexpression of UPS members dysregulates ferroptosis, tumor microenvironment, and metabolic rewiring processes and contribute to tumor growth, metastasis, immune evasion, and acquired drug resistance. We conduct an in-depth overview of ubiquitination process in pancreatic cancer, highlighting the role of ubiquitin code in tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressor pathways. Furthermore, we review current UPS modulators and analyze the potential of UPS modulators as cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313200, China; Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Shiqun Wang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Shengqiang Tong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313200, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310022, China.
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7
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Ashrafizadeh M, Mohan CD, Rangappa S, Zarrabi A, Hushmandi K, Kumar AP, Sethi G, Rangappa KS. Noncoding RNAs as regulators of STAT3 pathway in gastrointestinal cancers: Roles in cancer progression and therapeutic response. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1263-1321. [PMID: 36951271 DOI: 10.1002/med.21950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) tumors (cancers of the esophagus, gastric, liver, pancreas, colon, and rectum) contribute to a large number of deaths worldwide. STAT3 is an oncogenic transcription factor that promotes the transcription of genes associated with proliferation, antiapoptosis, survival, and metastasis. STAT3 is overactivated in many human malignancies including GI tumors which accelerates tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Research in recent years demonstrated that noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a major role in the regulation of many signaling pathways including the STAT3 pathway. The major types of endogenous ncRNAs that are being extensively studied in oncology are microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs. These ncRNAs can either be tumor-promoters or tumor-suppressors and each one of them imparts their activity via different mechanisms. The STAT3 pathway is also tightly modulated by ncRNAs. In this article, we have elaborated on the tumor-promoting role of STAT3 signaling in GI tumors. Subsequently, we have comprehensively discussed the oncogenic as well as tumor suppressor functions and mechanism of action of ncRNAs that are known to modulate STAT3 signaling in GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of General Surgery and Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors, Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chakrabhavi D Mohan
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, India
| | - Shobith Rangappa
- Adichunchanagiri Institute for Molecular Medicine, Adichunchanagiri University, Nagamangala Taluk, India
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Sariyer, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Yan B, Guo J, Deng S, Chen D, Huang M. A pan-cancer analysis of the role of USP5 in human cancers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8972. [PMID: 37268697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTM) such as acetylation, deubiquitination, and phosphorylation of proteins, play important roles in various kinds of cancer progression. Ubiquitin-specific proteinase 5 (USP5), a unique member of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) which recognizes unanchored polyubiquitin specifically, could regulate the stability of many tumorigenesis-associated proteins to influence cancer initiation and progression. However, the diverse biological significance of USP5 in pan-cancer has not been systematically and comprehensively studied. Here, we explored the role of USP5 in pan-cancer using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database, and we also acquired and analyzed data via various software and web platforms such as R, GEPIA2.0, HPA, TISIDB, cBioPortal, UALCAN, TIMER 2.0, CancerSEA and BioGRID. USP5 expression was high in most cancers and differed significantly in different molecular and immune subtypes of cancers. In addition, USP5 had certain diagnostic value in multiple cancers, and high expression of USP5 generally predicted poor prognosis for cancer patients. We also found that the most frequent genetic alterations type of USP5 was mutation, and the DNA methylation level of USP5 decreased in various cancers. Furthermore, USP5 expression correlated with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells (EC) and genetic markers of immunodulators in cancers. Moreover, the result from single cell sequencing showed that USP5 could regulate several tumor biological behaviors such as apoptosis, DNA damage and metastasis. Gene enrichment analysis indicated "spliceosome" and "RNA splicing" may be the critical mechanism for USP5 to involve in cancer. Taken together, our study elucidates the biological significance of USP5 in the diagnosis, prognosis and immune in human pan-cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokang Yan
- Department of Pathology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaxing Guo
- Department of Hematology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, Hunan, China
| | - Shuang Deng
- Department of Pathology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, Hunan, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, Hunan, China.
| | - Meiyuan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, Hunan, China.
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9
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Li X, Jiang W, Dong S, Li W, Zhu W, Zhou W. STAT3 Inhibitors: A Novel Insight for Anticancer Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1450. [PMID: 36291659 PMCID: PMC9599947 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) is a family of intracellular cytoplasmic transcription factors involved in many biological functions in mammalian signal transduction. Among them, STAT3 is involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. Despite the advances in the treatment of pancreatic cancer in the past decade, the prognosis for patients with pancreatic cancer remains poor. STAT3 has been shown to play a pro-cancer role in a variety of cancers, and inhibitors of STAT3 are used in pre-clinical and clinical studies. We reviewed the relationship between STAT3 and pancreatic cancer and the latest results on the use of STAT3 inhibitors in pancreatic cancer, with the aim of providing insights and ideas around STAT3 inhibitors for a new generation of chemotherapeutic modalities for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenkai Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shi Dong
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wancheng Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Weixiong Zhu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wence Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
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10
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Sadrkhanloo M, Entezari M, Orouei S, Ghollasi M, Fathi N, Rezaei S, Hejazi ES, Kakavand A, Saebfar H, Hashemi M, Goharrizi MASB, Salimimoghadam S, Rashidi M, Taheriazam A, Samarghandian S. STAT3-EMT axis in tumors: modulation of cancer metastasis, stemness and therapy response. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106311. [PMID: 35716914 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanism is responsible for metastasis of tumor cells and their spread to various organs and tissues of body, providing undesirable prognosis. In addition to migration, EMT increases stemness and mediates therapy resistance. Hence, pathways involved in EMT regulation should be highlighted. STAT3 is an oncogenic pathway that can elevate growth rate and migratory ability of cancer cells and induce drug resistance. The inhibition of STAT3 signaling impairs cancer progression and promotes chemotherapy-mediated cell death. Present review focuses on STAT3 and EMT interaction in modulating cancer migration. First of all, STAT3 is an upstream mediator of EMT and is able to induce EMT-mediated metastasis in brain tumors, thoracic cancers and gastrointestinal cancers. Therefore, STAT3 inhibition significantly suppresses cancer metastasis and improves prognosis of patients. EMT regulators such as ZEB1/2 proteins, TGF-β, Twist, Snail and Slug are affected by STAT3 signaling to stimulate cancer migration and invasion. Different molecular pathways such as miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs modulate STAT3/EMT axis. Furthermore, we discuss how STAT3 and EMT interaction affects therapy response of cancer cells. Finally, we demonstrate targeting STAT3/EMT axis by anti-tumor agents and clinical application of this axis for improving patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdokht Sadrkhanloo
- Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Orouei
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ghollasi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nikoo Fathi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamin Rezaei
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Sadat Hejazi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirabbas Kakavand
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Saebfar
- European University Association, League of European Research Universities, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.
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11
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Zhang Z, Cui Z, Xie Z, Li C, Xu C, Guo X, Yu J, Chen T, Facchinetti F, Bohnenberger H, Leong TL, Xie Y, Mao X, Zhao J. Deubiquitinase USP5 promotes non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation by stabilizing cyclin D1. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:3995-4011. [PMID: 34858787 PMCID: PMC8577967 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is overexpressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and contributes to its tumorigenesis and progression. Accumulating evidence shows that ubiquitin-specific protease 5 (USP5), an important member of the USP family, acts as a tumor promoter by deubiquitinating and stabilizing oncoproteins. However, neither the mechanism for dysregulated turnover of CCND1 protein nor the association of CCND1 with USP5 in NSCLC is well understood. Methods The association of USP5 with CCND1 in human NSCLC cells and clinical tissues was determined by immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and The Cancer Genome Atlas database analyses. The effect of USP5 knockdown or overexpression on NSCLC cell proliferation in vitro was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry-based cell cycle, and colony formation assays. The effect of the USP5 inhibitor EOAI3402143 (G9) on NSCLC proliferation in vitro was analyzed by CCK-8 assay. The effect of G9 on NSCLC xenograft tumor growth was also examined in vivo, using athymic BALB/c nude mice. Results USP5 physically bound to CCND1 and decreased its polyubiquitination level, thereby stabilizing CCND1 protein. This USP5-CCND1 axis promoted NSCLC cell proliferation and colony formation. Further, knockdown of USP5 led to CCND1 degradation and cell cycle arrest in NSCLC cells. Importantly, this tumor-suppressive effect elicited by USP5 knockdown in NSCLC cells was validated in vitro and in vivo through chemical inhibition of USP5 activity using G9. Consistently, G9 downregulated the protein levels of CCND1 in NSCLC cells and xenograft tumor tissues. Also, the expression level of USP5 was positively associated with the protein level of CCND1 in human clinical NSCLC tissues. Conclusions This study has provided the first evidence that CCND1 is a novel substrate of USP5. The USP5-CCND1 axis could be a potential target for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zihan Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhuolin Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chun Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xia Guo
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tengfei Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Francesco Facchinetti
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Gustave Roussy, Inserm, Biomarqueurs Prédictifs et Nouvelles, Stratégies Thérapeutiques en Oncologie, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Tracy L Leong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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12
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Mann MK, Zepeda-Velázquez CA, González-Álvarez H, Dong A, Kiyota T, Aman AM, Loppnau P, Li Y, Wilson B, Arrowsmith CH, Al-Awar R, Harding RJ, Schapira M. Structure-Activity Relationship of USP5 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15017-15036. [PMID: 34648286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
USP5 is a deubiquitinase that has been implicated in a range of diseases, including cancer, but no USP5-targeting chemical probe has been reported to date. Here, we present the progression of a chemical series that occupies the C-terminal ubiquitin-binding site of a poorly characterized zinc-finger ubiquitin binding domain (ZnF-UBD) of USP5 and competitively inhibits the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Exploration of the structure-activity relationship, complemented with crystallographic characterization of the ZnF-UBD bound to multiple ligands, led to the identification of 64, which binds to the USP5 ZnF-UBD with a KD of 2.8 μM and is selective over nine proteins containing structurally similar ZnF-UBD domains. 64 inhibits the USP5 catalytic cleavage of a di-ubiquitin substrate in an in vitro assay. This study provides a chemical and structural framework for the discovery of a chemical probe to delineate USP5 function in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep K Mann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | - Héctor González-Álvarez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Aiping Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Taira Kiyota
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Ahmed M Aman
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Peter Loppnau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Yanjun Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Brian Wilson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Rachel J Harding
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Matthieu Schapira
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, MaRS South Tower, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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13
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Li G, Yang T, Chen Y, Bao J, Wu D, Hu X, Feng C, Xu L, Li M, Li G, Jin M, Xu Y, Zhang R, Qian G, Pan J. USP5 Sustains the Proliferation of Glioblastoma Through Stabilization of CyclinD1. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720307. [PMID: 34483932 PMCID: PMC8415357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most malignant primary tumors in humans. Despite standard therapeutic strategy with tumor resection combined with radiochemotherapy, the prognosis remains disappointed. Recently, deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) has been reported as potential cancer therapy targets due to their multifunctions involved in the regulation of tumorigenesis, cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy. In this study, we found that knockdown of ubiquitin specific protease (USP5), a family member of DUB, could significantly suppress GBM cell line U251 and DBTRG-05MG proliferation and colony formation by inducing cell cycle G1/S arrest, which was correlated with downregulation of CyclinD1 protein level. CyclinD1 had been reported to play a critical role in the tumorigenesis and development of GBM via regulating cell cycle transition. Overexpression of USP5 could significantly extend the half-life of CyclinD1, while knockdown of USP5 decreased the protein level of CyclinD1, which could be restored by proteasome inhibitor MG-132. Indeed, USP5 was found to directly interact with CyclinD1, and decrease its K48-linked polyubiquitination level. Furthermore, knockdown of USP5 in U251 cells remarkably inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that USP5 plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and progression of GBM by stabilizing CyclinD1 protein. Targeting USP5 could be a potential therapeutic strategy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tianquan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianping Bao
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Hu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Feng
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lixiao Xu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meifang Jin
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yunyun Xu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Clinical Pediatrics School, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Qian
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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14
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Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 5 is Involved in the Proliferation of Trophoblast Cells by Regulating Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:686-693. [PMID: 33977498 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pathologic condition in pregnant women which accounts for the inhibition of proliferation, migration and invasion of trophoblast cells. This study aimed to investigate the regulation of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 5 (USP5) on the trophoblast cells in PE. Expressions of USP5 in the placentas of PE patients and healthy donors were examined by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model in trophoblast cells was further established. Cell viability was examined using CCK-8 assay. Finally, the effect of overexpression and silence of USP5 using lentivirus transduction was studied. Our results showed that USP5 was lowly expressed in the placentas of PE patients as well as in H/R-induced trophoblast cells. In the experiments of overexpression, USP5 promoted the proliferation of trophoblast cells, and up-regulated the expressions of β-catenin and the downstream signals c-Myc and Cyclin D1 in trophoblast cells. On the other hand, silence of USP5 elicited the opposite results. The overexpression of USP5 in the H/R model greatly released the H/R-induced inhibition in the trophoblast cells, and moderated the down-regulation of β-catenin and c-Myc induced by H/R. We concluded that USP5 promoted the proliferation of trophoblast cells via the up-regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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15
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Zuo H, Chen L, Li N, Song Q. Identification of a Ubiquitination-Related Gene Risk Model for Predicting Survival in Patients With Pancreatic Cancer. Front Genet 2020; 11:612196. [PMID: 33414811 PMCID: PMC7782244 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.612196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is known as "the king of cancer," and ubiquitination/deubiquitination-related genes are key contributors to its development. Our study aimed to identify ubiquitination/deubiquitination-related genes associated with the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients by the bioinformatics method and then construct a risk model. In this study, the gene expression profiles and clinical data of pancreatic cancer patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and the Genotype-tissue Expression (GTEx) database. Ubiquitination/deubiquitination-related genes were obtained from the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Univariate Cox regression analysis was used to identify differentially expressed ubiquitination-related genes selected from GSEA which were associated with the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. Using multivariate Cox regression analysis, we detected eight optimal ubiquitination-related genes (RNF7, NPEPPS, NCCRP1, BRCA1, TRIM37, RNF25, CDC27, and UBE2H) and then used them to construct a risk model to predict the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. Finally, the eight risk genes were validated by the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database, the results showed that the protein expression level of the eight genes was generally consistent with those at the transcriptional level. Our findings suggest the risk model constructed from these eight ubiquitination-related genes can accurately and reliably predict the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. These eight genes have the potential to be further studied as new biomarkers or therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zuo
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Luojun Chen
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Li
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
| | - Qibin Song
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Research Center for Precision Medicine of Cancer, Wuhan, China
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