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Emezue CN, Bishop-Royse J, Udmuangpia T, Dan-Irabor D, Anakwe A, Julion WA, Karnik NS. Risky Weapon Carrying Behaviors, Youth Violence, and Substance Use Among Young Black Males in Chicago: A Cross-sectional Analysis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4713374. [PMID: 39184099 PMCID: PMC11343294 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4713374/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives . The study evaluates the prevalence of risky weapon-carrying behaviors (WCB) among YBM in Chicago and examines their associations with various forms of direct and vicarious violence-youth violence, community violence, and partner abuse-as well as substance use and substance-related aggression. Methods . We performed Pearson Chi-square tests and multivariable negative binomial regression analysis on cross-sectional data from 266 violence-involved young Black males (YBM) in Chicago. This data was collected using a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Our dependent variable, weapon-carrying behavior, was measured by the frequency of weapon carrying, including items such as guns, knives, and clubs, over the past year. Results . In a sample of 266 YBM (ages 15-24, 99% African American), the mean age was 18.32 ± 3.10 years, and 42.7% had some high school education. The 30-day weapon-carrying incidence was 17.3%, with 19.1% threatening someone with a weapon ≥ 2-3 times in the past year. About one-third engaged in partner violence (30.4%), primarily psychological (36.7%) and physical (28.3%) abuse. Approximately 64.8% experienced some form of violence or aggression in the past year, and 76.4% witnessed community violence. Over 20.8% reported binge drinking, and 43.6% engaged in illicit drug use, with 37.2% participating in or initiating violent acts following alcohol or drug consumption. Negative binomial regression results revealed that exposure to direct and vicarious violence, along with substance use, significantly increased the likelihood of carrying weapons. Specific risk factors such as recent threats or injuries, witnessing violence, involvement in physical altercations, and substance-related aggression significantly predict WCB. Age and relationship dynamics also critically influence these behaviors. Additionally, for each year of age, the risk for WCB increased by 22%. Conclusions . This study identified significant associations between different types of violence, substance use, and risky WCB among YBM in Chicago. The results underscore the need for comprehensive, culturally sensitive, multifaceted interventions addressing both individual and psychosocial factors behind risky WCB. These interventions are crucial for reducing gun violence and improving urban community safety, offering vital data to inform policies and interventions for youth protection in similar environments.
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Ziminski D, Harmon-Darrow C, Westley-Henson K, Ross S. Exploring the Role of Fear, Civic Disengagement, and Economic Disenfranchisement Within Communities that Experience Gun Violence. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241269500. [PMID: 39096345 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241269500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
A growing body of research has documented how gun violence can affect mental and physical health outcomes among adults. Likewise, the literature is also beginning to reveal negative psychological effects related to distress and hypervigilance and sociological implications around diminished community engagement and economic opportunity. However, there remains a need to fully explore the role of fear related to the experience of gun violence. Through a qualitative inquiry consisting of community resident focus groups and community leader interviews, this study examined how participants' perceptions of fear related to their exposures to and experiences of gun violence. The findings highlight the pervasive emotional experience of existing in a fearful, distressed, and/or anxious state within certain communities, and how civic disengagement, neighborhood disconnection, and economic disenfranchisement exist in communities that disproportionately experience violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Ziminski
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Senator Walter Rand Institute for Public Affairs, Rutgers University - Camden, Camden, NJ, USA
- New Jersey Gun Violence Research Center, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Kiersten Westley-Henson
- Senator Walter Rand Institute for Public Affairs, Rutgers University - Cadmen, Camden, NJ, USA
- Department of Prevention Science, Rutgers University - Camden, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel Ross
- Senator Walter Rand Institute for Public Affairs, Rutgers University - Camden, Camden, NJ, USA
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Comer BP, Connolly EJ. Exposure to gun violence and handgun carrying from adolescence to adulthood. Soc Sci Med 2023; 328:115984. [PMID: 37245260 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE While empirical interest in understanding the mental health consequences surrounding gun violence has increased, currently there is much unknown about the long reach of childhood exposure to gun violence on handgun carrying across the life course. OBJECTIVE The current study aims to evaluate the relations between witnessing gun violence before age 12 and subsequent handgun-carrying behavior from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample of U.S. youth. METHODS Data from 15 waves from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997) are analyzed (Ns range from 5695 to 5875 participants). Categorical latent growth curve models are estimated to assess individual differences in handgun-carrying behavior over time and the relationships between childhood exposure to gun violence, initial levels during adolescence, and rates of change from adolescence to adulthood. RESULTS Participants who reported witnessing seeing someone shot or shot at in childhood demonstrated higher odds of carrying a handgun in adolescence. Exposure to gun violence was not associated with changes in the odds of handgun carrying from adolescence to adulthood after controlling for theoretically relevant covariates. CONCLUSIONS Childhood exposure to gun violence appears to be a risk factor for handgun carrying in adolescence. Nonetheless, other behaviors and demographic characteristics account for inter-individual differences in changes in handgun carrying across the life course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Comer
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, 76109, USA.
| | - Eric J Connolly
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77304, USA
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Understanding factors associated with firearm possession: Examining differences between male and female adolescents and emerging adults seeking emergency department care. Prev Med 2022; 165:107286. [PMID: 36202257 PMCID: PMC10368177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Firearm possession increases the likelihood of hospital visits among adolescents and emerging adults for both males and females. To better inform prevention practices, we examine data among adolescents and emerging adults (A/EAs; ages 16 to 29) presenting to an urban emergency department for any reason to understand the differences in firearm possession between males and females (N = 1312; 29.6% male; 50.5% Black). Regression identified firearm possession correlates, such as male sex (AOR = 2.26), firearm attitudes (AOR = 1.23), peer firearm possession (AOR = 9.84), and community violence exposure (AOR = 1.02). When stratified by sex (e.g., male vs female), regression results yielded differences in correlates for firearm possession: in males, peer firearm possession (AOR = 8.96) were significant, and in females, firearm attitudes (AOR = 1.33) and peer firearm possession (AOR = 11.24) were significant. An interaction between sex and firearm attitudes demonstrated that firearm attitudes were differentially associated with firearm possession between female and male A/EAs (AOR = 1.28). Overall, we found that females are more likely to endorse retaliatory firearm attitudes, and both males and females are highly influenced by their perception of peer firearm possession. These results help inform prevention strategies across multiple settings, especially for hospital-based violence interventions, and suggest that tailored approaches addressing differences between male and female A/EAs are appropriate when addressing firearm violence and injury risk among A/EAs.
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Yang Y, Liller KD, Coulter M, Salinas-Miranda A, Tyson DM, Chen H. How Community and Individual Risk Factors Mutually Impact Youth's Perceived Safety: A Syndemic Analysis Using Structural Equation Modeling. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17738-NP17757. [PMID: 34182798 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211028326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mutual impact of community and individual factors on youth's perceptions of community safety, using structural equation modeling (SEM) conceptualized by syndemic theory. This study used survey data collected from a county wide sample of middle and high school students (N=25,147) in West Central Florida in 2015. The outcome variable was youth's perceptions of community safety. Predictors were latent individual and community factors constructed from 14 observed variables including gun accessibility, substance use, depressive symptoms, and multiple neighborhood disadvantage questions. Three structural equation models were conceptualized based on syndemic theory and analyzed in Mplus 8 using weighted least squares (WLS) estimation. Each model's goodness of fit was assessed. Approximately seven percent of youth reported feeling unsafe in their community. After model modifications, the final model showed a good fit of the data and adhered to the theoretical assumption. In the final SEM model, an individual latent factor was implied by individual predictors measuring gun accessibility without adult's permission (β=0.70), sadness and hopelessness (β=0.52), alcohol use (β=0.79), marijuana use (β=0.94), and illegal drug use (β=0.77). Meanwhile, a community latent factor was indicated by multiple community problems including public drinking (β=0.88), drug addiction (β=0.96), drug selling (β=0.97), lack of money (β=0.83), gang activities (β=0.90), litter and trash (β=0.79), graffiti (β=0.91), deserted houses (β=0.86), and shootings (β=0.93). A second-order syndemic factor that represented the individual and community factors showed a very strong negative association with youth's safe perception (β=-0.98). This study indicates that individual risk factors and disadvantaged community conditions interacted with each other and mutually affected youth's perceptions of community safety. To reduce these co-occurring effects and improve safe perceptions among youth, researchers and practitioners should develop and implement comprehensive strategies targeting both individual and community factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abraham Salinas-Miranda
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, Managua, Nicaragua
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Lee DB, Schmidt CJ, Heinze JE, Carter PM, Cunningham RM, Walton MA, Zimmerman MA. Retaliatory attitudes as mediator of exposure to violence and firearm aggression among youth: The protective role of organized activity involvement. Dev Psychol 2022; 58:990-1002. [PMID: 35377700 PMCID: PMC9716642 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Firearm injury is a significant public health concern among youth living in the United States. Youth with exposure to violence (ETV) are more susceptible to carrying and using a firearm. Few researchers, however, have examined psychological mechanisms undergirding the association between ETV and firearm aggression. Retaliatory attitudes have been discussed as a potential mediator linking ETV with firearm aggression. Moreover, organized activity participation may disrupt direct and indirect pathways connecting ETV to firearm aggression. We tested: (a) the mediating role of retaliatory attitudes in the ETV-firearm aggression link, and (b) the moderating role of organized activity participation among 570 youth with past year illicit drug use and seeking emerging department care in an urban emergency department (ages 14-24; 58.8% males). Using multigroup path analysis, ETV indirectly influenced firearm aggression through retaliatory attitudes for youth not involved organized activities. Organized activities also buffered the association between retaliatory attitudes (mediator) and firearm aggression (outcome). Organized activities may, therefore, prevent firearm aggression by reducing retaliatory attitudes among youth contending with ETV. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Beardslee J, Kan E, Simmons C, Pardini D, Peniche M, Frick PJ, Steinberg L, Cauffman E. A Within-Individual Examination of the Predictors of Gun Carrying During Adolescence and Young Adulthood Among Young Men. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:1952-1969. [PMID: 34272654 PMCID: PMC8417009 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although prior studies have identified several risk factors for gun carrying, no prior longitudinal studies have examined a comprehensive set of explanatory factors together in within-individual change models or examined whether the predictors of gun carrying change across adolescence and early young adulthood. The present study fills these gaps by examining the predictive utility of several risk factors for gun carrying, and by examining whether any of the associations vary by age. The sample included 1216 young men who were arrested for the first time during adolescence (approximately 15 years old) and interviewed regularly for 5 years (until approximately 20 years old) after the first arrest. The outcome was youth-self-reported gun carrying and the risk factors included several variables consistent with various explanations for gun carrying (psychosocial maturity deficits; antisocial behavioral style; socialization; victimization). Research questions were addressed with fixed effects dynamic panel models (within-individual change models). Results showed that the most robust predictors of gun carrying were increased exposure to guns and gun-related violence and increased engagement in other antisocial and illegal behavior. The results emphasize the specific etiology of gun carrying and the potential social contagion effect of gun-related events. Overall, the study points to the need for prevention and intervention programs to specifically target the reduction of the real and perceived prevalence of gun-related events in young men's lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Beardslee
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, USA.
| | - Emily Kan
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, USA
| | | | - Dustin Pardini
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Monica Peniche
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, USA
| | - Paul J Frick
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
- Institute for Learning Sciences & Teacher Education, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laurence Steinberg
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elizabeth Cauffman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-7085, USA
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Pardini DA, Mulvey E. Special Section Introduction: Revitalizing Developmental Research on Adolescent Gun Involvement. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2021; 50:301-310. [PMID: 34086511 PMCID: PMC8863214 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1913742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although firearm violence is universally recognized as a paramount public health problem in the United States, for nearly two decades a Congressional budget amendment prevented federal agencies from funding research aimed at understanding the antecedents and consequences of gun violence. These restrictions have been lifted in recent years; however, the field is struggling to overcome a considerable lapse in developmentally-informed longitudinal research on adolescent gun involvement. Some key areas in need of further investigation include: (a) examining developmental and gender differences in risk factors for adolescent gun carrying, (b) clarifying the mechanisms through which socio-economic disadvantage confers risk for engaging in adolescent gun violence, (c) identifying proximal risk and protective factors that are associated with engagement in adolescent gun violence among high risk youth, and (d) delineating the unique effect the exposure to gun violence has on adolescents' emotional and behavioral problems. This special section was organized in an attempt to revitalize research on these issues using a diverse array of longitudinal data sets consisting of both epidemiological and juvenile justice samples. Collectively, the findings from these studies are based upon repeated assessments conducted from childhood through early adulthood, making this set of papers uniquely positioned to advance our understanding of adolescent gun involvement from a developmental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Pardini
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University
| | - Edward Mulvey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
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Carter PM, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham RM. Addressing Key Gaps in Existing Longitudinal Research and Establishing a Pathway Forward for Firearm Violence Prevention Research. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL FOR THE SOCIETY OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY, AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, DIVISION 53 2021; 50:367-384. [PMID: 34086512 PMCID: PMC8186821 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2021.1913741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The main purpose of this article and this special section is to encourage greater attention to the key gaps that exist in our understanding of the epidemiology of adolescent firearm violence and to provide a pathway forward for future longitudinal research that will inform prevention efforts. This increased attention is especially salient given: (a) firearms are the leading cause of death for adolescents and emerging adults in the United States, with the majority of these deaths due to interpersonal violence; (b) significant health and social disparities with regards to the populations that are most affected by interpersonal firearm violence have been documented; and, (c) limitations in federal research funding during the past 30 years have created a deficit of knowledge about key risk and protective factors necessary to inform evidence-based prevention efforts. We discuss the implications of the articles in this special edition for existing and novel prevention programs. We also identify key considerations for future epidemiological research, including the need for a greater focus on collecting longitudinal data among nationally representative samples enriched with subgroups of at-risk youth, the need to examine the role of protective factors and mediating variables within existing and novel theoretical models of firearm risk behaviors, the need to examine key factors across all levels of the socio-ecological model, and the need to incorporate novel and innovative research designs, methods and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Carter
- Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Firearm Safety among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine
- Department of Health Behavior/Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Public Health
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine
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Gunn JF, Boxer P. Gun Laws and Youth Gun Carrying: Results from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 2005-2017. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:446-458. [PMID: 33420890 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-020-01384-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Youth who carry guns are at increased risk of violence and premature death-but what impact firearm legislation plays in deterring this behavior is less known. The present study aims to fill this gap by exploring the associations between state gun laws and youth gun carrying behavior using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). This work builds on previous research but expands it by considering a greater number of years than previous work and using an academic, as opposed to an advocacy-based, gun law coding system. Two models were assessed using generalized estimating equations (GEE): (1) youth gun carrying, (2) youth weapon carrying at school (e.g., guns, knives, clubs). The sample for Model 1 included data for 20 of the 50 U.S. states with 1 state from the northeast, 4 from the midwest, 10 from the south, and 5 from the west. The sample for Model 2 included 33 of the 50 U.S. states with 3 states from the northeast, 9 from the midwest, 12 from the south, and 9 from the west. Data for each state across the 2005-2017 YRBSS biennial surveys were included in the analysis. For youth gun carrying and overall weapon carrying, the total gun regulation index was a significant predictor with lower gun regulation index scores associated with greater youth gun and weapon carrying behavior. The present study points to the potential of gun laws in reducing youth gun carrying behavior. States with more gun laws had fewer youth reporting gun-carrying behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Gunn
- Rutgers University, School of Public Health, Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Center on Gun Violence Research, 683 Hoes Lane West Piscataway, Newark, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Paul Boxer
- Rutger University - Newark, Department of Psychology, Newark, NJ, USA
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Docherty M, Mulvey E, Beardslee J, Sweeten G, Pardini D. Drug Dealing and Gun Carrying go Hand in Hand: Examining How Juvenile Offenders' Gun Carrying Changes Before and After Drug Dealing Spells across 84 Months. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2020; 36:993-1015. [PMID: 33814693 PMCID: PMC8011595 DOI: 10.1007/s10940-019-09442-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to examine whether periods of marijuana and other illicit drug dealing ("spells" of dealing) are associated with changes in young male offenders' gun carrying behavior. METHODS This paper uses 84 months of data from a sample of 479 serious juvenile male offenders who were assessed every six months for three years and then annually for four years. At each assessment, participants reported on engagement in illicit behaviors, including drug dealing and gun carrying, in each month since the prior interview. We used fixed effects models to assess within-individual changes in participants' gun carrying immediately before, during, and right after a dealing spell, while controlling for relevant time varying confounds (e.g., gang involvement, exposure to violence). Additionally, we tested moderation by type of drug sold. RESULTS There was a slight increase in gun carrying right before a drug dealing spell (OR = 1.3-1.4), then a more pronounced increase in gun carrying during the months of a drug dealing spell (OR = 8.0-12.8). Right after a dealing spell ends, youths' gun carrying dropped dramatically, but remained significantly elevated relative to their baseline levels (OR = 2.6-2.8). The association between drug dealing spells and increases in gun carrying was stronger when participants dealt hard drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin) relative to marijuana. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that designing and implementing programs to prevent the initiation of drug dealing and decrease involvement in drug dealing may help to substantially reduce illegal gun carrying and firearm violence among delinquent males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Docherty
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH
| | - Edward Mulvey
- Western Psychiatric Hospital, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jordan Beardslee
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Gary Sweeten
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Dustin Pardini
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ
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Sokol RL, Carter PM, Goldstick J, Miller AL, Walton MA, Zimmerman MA, Cunningham RM. Within-Person Variability in Firearm Carriage Among High-Risk Youth. Am J Prev Med 2020; 59:386-393. [PMID: 32430221 PMCID: PMC7483893 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth who carry firearms-and peers that surround them-are at increased risk for violent injuries. Because firearm carriage behaviors can change over time within an individual, it is important to identify individual and social-contextual determinants that explain this within-person variability in carriage. METHODS The authors identified individual and social-contextual determinants of firearm carriage in the past 6 months using multilevel logistic models on 5 waves of panel data from the Flint Youth Injury Study (n=597; ages 14-24 years), collected in 2009-2011 and analyzed in 2019. RESULTS Regarding within-person effects, when an individual had more positive peer affiliations than their average, their odds of carrying a firearm decreased (OR=0.88; 95% CI=0.81, 0.96). Conversely, an individual's odds of carrying a firearm increased when they had more negative peer affiliations (OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.02, 1.14), experienced more victimization (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01, 1.05), perceived greater community violence (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.05, 1.21), or exhibited greater retaliatory attitudes (OR=1.10, 95% CI=1.01, 1.19) than their average. CONCLUSIONS Peer affiliations, victimization, community violence perceptions, and retaliatory attitudes explain within-person variability in firearm carriage. Strategies for reducing carriage among youth should consider individual- and environmental-level interventions to address these individual and social-contextual determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah L Sokol
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jason Goldstick
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alison L Miller
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Maureen A Walton
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Emergency Medicine, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, Michigan
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13
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Lee DB, Hsieh HF, Stoddard SA, Heinze JE, Carter PM, Goldstick JE, Cunningham MC, Cunningham RM, Zimmerman MA. Longitudinal pathway from violence exposure to firearm carriage among adolescents: The role of future expectation. J Adolesc 2020; 81:101-113. [PMID: 32408115 PMCID: PMC7325611 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure to violence is a risk factor for firearm carriage. Youth exposed to violence also have difficulty envisioning positive future outcomes (e.g., educational outcomes), which can increase the likelihood of firearm carriage over time. Researchers, however, have not yet examined whether changes in exposure to violence over time can influence the developmental trajectories of firearm carriage. To address this gap, we (1) examined the longitudinal association between exposure to violence and firearm carriage (grades 9 to 12) and then (2) examined whether changes in future expectations mediated this longitudinal association. METHOD The longitudinal association between exposure to violence and firearm carriage through future expectations was examined among 850 adolescents from the Flint Adolescent Study. Participants were recruited from four high schools in a midwestern city in the United States. Parallel latent growth models and latent growth mediation models were estimated. RESULTS A positive association was observed between the rate of change in exposure to violence and firearm carriage. Exposure to violence also indirectly increased the risk for firearm carriage over time by decreasing future expectation in the 9th grade. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea that helping youth develop positive attitude about educational success may help reduce firearm carriage. Increasing positive expectations about future may help prevent firearm carriage within the context of violence exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Lee
- Children's Minnesota Research Institute, Children's Minnesota Hospitals and Clinics, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Hsing-Fang Hsieh
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah A Stoddard
- Department of Systems, Populations, and Leadership, University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Justin E Heinze
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jason E Goldstick
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mary C Cunningham
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Marc A Zimmerman
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Rowhani-Rahbar A, Oesterle S, Skinner ML. Initiation Age, Cumulative Prevalence, and Longitudinal Patterns of Handgun Carrying Among Rural Adolescents: A Multistate Study. J Adolesc Health 2020; 66:416-422. [PMID: 31987724 PMCID: PMC7156341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.11.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescent handgun carrying is a behavioral marker for youth interpersonal conflicts and an intervention point for violence prevention. Our knowledge about the epidemiology of adolescent handgun carrying mainly pertains to urban settings. Evidence on the initiation age, cumulative prevalence, and longitudinal patterns of this behavior and on handgun-related norms and peer behavior among male and female rural adolescents is scant. METHODS We used data from the control arm of the Community Youth Development Study, a community-randomized controlled trial of the Communities That Care prevention system. Annually, 1,039 males and 963 females were surveyed from Grade 6 (2005) to age 19 years (2012) in 12 rural towns across seven U.S. states. RESULTS In Grade 6, 11.5% of males and 2.8% of females reported past-year handgun carrying. Between Grade 6 and age 19 years, 33.7% of males and 9.6% of females reported handgun carrying at least once. Among participants who ever reported handgun carrying, 34.0% of males and 29.3% of females did so for the first time in Grade 6. Among participants who ever reported handgun carrying, 54.6% of males and 71.7% of females did so only one time over the seven study assessments. Greater proportions of participants who reported handgun carrying than those who did not do so endorsed prohandgun norms and had a peer who carried among both males (Grade 10: prevalence difference = 57%; 95% CI: 46%-67%) and females (Grade 10: prevalence difference = 45%; 95% CI: 12%-78%). CONCLUSIONS Rural adolescent handgun carrying is not uncommon and warrants etiologic research for developing culturally appropriate and setting-specific prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Sabrina Oesterle
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martie L Skinner
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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15
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Nickerson AB, Shisler SM, Eiden RD, Ostrov JM, Schuetze P, Godleski SA, Delmerico AM. A Longitudinal Study of Gun Violence Attitudes: Role of Childhood Aggression and Exposure to Violence, and Early Adolescent Bullying Perpetration and Victimization. JOURNAL OF SCHOOL VIOLENCE 2020; 19:62-76. [PMID: 35401061 PMCID: PMC8993126 DOI: 10.1080/15388220.2019.1703716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This prospective study examined the effects of early childhood physical aggression and violence exposure on bullying victimization/perpetration and attitudes toward guns and violence in early adolescence (EA) in a high-risk sample. Participants included 216 mother-child dyads from an ongoing longitudinal study using multi-method assessments (e.g., classroom observations, laboratory assessment, parent-, teacher-, and child self-reports). Results supported a developmental pathway from early adversity (i.e., prenatal substance use) to aggression at kindergarten age to bullying perpetration and gun violence attitudes (aggressive responses to shame) in EA. Higher peer victimization was also associated with aggressive responses to shame in EA. Results are discussed in light of the complexity of the motives for aggression and the need for prevention and early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B Nickerson
- Alberti Center for Bullying Abuse Prevention, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Shannon M Shisler
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions and Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Rina D Eiden
- Department of Psychology, Consortium for Combating Substance Abuse, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Jamie M Ostrov
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Pamela Schuetze
- Department of Psychology, Buffalo State, The State University of New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Alan M Delmerico
- Institute for Community Health Promotion, Buffalo State, The State University of New York, NY, USA
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16
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Oliphant SN, Mouch CA, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Hargarten S, Jay J, Hemenway D, Zimmerman M, Carter PM. A scoping review of patterns, motives, and risk and protective factors for adolescent firearm carriage. J Behav Med 2019; 42:763-810. [PMID: 31367939 PMCID: PMC7182091 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-019-00048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Firearm carriage is a key risk factor for interpersonal firearm violence, a leading cause of adolescent (age < 18) mortality. However, the epidemiology of adolescent firearm carriage has not been well characterized. This scoping review examined four databases (PubMed; Scopus; EMBASE; Criminal Justice Abstracts) to summarize research on patterns, motives, and underlying risk/protective factors for adolescent firearm carriage. Of 6156 unique titles, 53 peer-reviewed articles met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. These studies mostly examined urban Black youth, finding that adolescents typically carry firearms intermittently throughout adolescence and primarily for self-defense/protection. Seven future research priorities were identified, including: (1) examining adolescent carriage across age, gender, and racial/ethnic subgroups; (2) improving on methodological limitations of prior research, including disaggregating firearm from other weapon carriage and using more rigorous methodology (e.g., random/systematic sampling; broader population samples); (3) conducting longitudinal analyses that establish temporal causality for patterns, motives, and risk/protective factors; (4) capitalizing on m-health to develop more nuanced characterizations of underlying motives; (5) increasing the study of precursors for first-time carriage; (6) examining risk and protective factors beyond the individual-level; and, (7) enhancing the theoretical foundation for firearm carriage within future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen N Oliphant
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, 735 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Charles A Mouch
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Bldg, F-262, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research, Center University of Washington, 401 Broadway, 4th Floor, Seattle, WA, 98122, USA
| | - Stephen Hargarten
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Comprehensive Injury Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Jonathan Jay
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 3rd & 4th Floors, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - David Hemenway
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, 3rd & 4th Floors, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marc Zimmerman
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, Univ. of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Univ. of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Patrick M Carter
- Firearm Safety Among Children and Teens Consortium, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights 3790A SPH I, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Youth Violence Prevention Center, Univ. of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Univ. of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC 10-G080, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Rowan ZR, Schubert CA, Loughran TA, Mulvey EP, Pardini DA. Proximal predictors of gun violence among adolescent males involved in crime. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019; 43:250-262. [PMID: 30998029 PMCID: PMC8860145 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The growing public health and legal concerns regarding gun violence has led to a call for research that investigates risk factors for gun violence across a variety of domains. Individual and sociocontextual risk factors have been associated with violence more broadly, and in some instances gun-carrying, however no prior research has investigated the role of these factors in explaining gun violence using longitudinal data. The current study utilized a subsample (N = 161) from the Pathways to Desistance Study, which is a longitudinal sample of serious adolescent offenders to evaluate interindividual and intraindividual differences in relevant risk factors of gun violence. Results suggest that there are a few key proximal individual-level and sociocontextual predictors for gun violence, including witnessing nongun violence, future orientation, and perceived personal rewards to crime. Findings demonstrate the salience of exposure to violence in contributing to gun violence and identify levers of action for public policy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas A Loughran
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University
| | | | - Dustin A Pardini
- School of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Arizona State University
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Kagawa RMC, Gary DS, Wintemute GJ, Rudolph KE, Pear VA, Keyes K, Cerdá M. Psychiatric Disorders and Gun Carrying among Adolescents in the United States. J Pediatr 2019; 209:198-203. [PMID: 30850086 PMCID: PMC7027365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate associations between psychiatric disorders and gun carrying among adolescents and to estimate the total number of adolescents in the US who have psychiatric disorders and report carrying guns. STUDY DESIGN We used cross-sectional data from the National Comorbidity Survey - Adolescent Supplement, a nationally representative sample of adolescents age 13-18 years (N = 10 123; response rate = 75.6%). Psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Gun carrying in the 30 days prior to the interview was assessed by self-report. We used multivariable Poisson regression to test for associations. RESULTS The analytic sample included 10 112 adolescents, 2.4% of whom reported carrying a gun in the prior 30 days. The prevalence of gun carrying was greater among adolescents with conduct disorder (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR] = 1.88, 95% CI 1.38, 2.57), drug use disorders (APR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.05, 3.45), and specific phobias (APR = 1.54, 95% CI 1.07, 2.22) compared with adolescents without these disorders. We estimated that 1.1% (95% CI 0.77, 1.48) of adolescents with a disorder associated with self- or other-directed violence also carry guns. Nationally, that is approximately 272 000 adolescents with both risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Specific psychiatric disorders are associated with an increased risk of gun carrying among adolescents, but the vast majority of adolescents with psychiatric disorders did not report gun carrying. Targeted efforts to assess access to and use of firearms in mental healthcare and other clinical settings are important, as are efforts to identify population approaches to prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose M C Kagawa
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA.
| | - Dahsan S Gary
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Garen J Wintemute
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Kara E Rudolph
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Veronica A Pear
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Katherine Keyes
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Magdalena Cerdá
- Violence Prevention Research Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Reid JA, Loughran TA. Parallel-process trajectories of exposure to violence and psychological distress among justice-involved youth. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2019; 29:74-84. [PMID: 30648322 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researchers have raised awareness of high levels of violence exposure among justice-involved adolescents and its association with psychological distress, yet the relationship between the violence and psychological distress has rarely been studied longitudinally. AIM This study aimed to gain understanding of the relationship between long-term exposure to violence and the development of psychological distress among justice-involved adolescents. METHODS We examined exposure to violence and emergent psychological distress among adolescents using latent growth model analyses with a sample of 1,336 young people-male and female-who completed 10 follow-up interviews over 7 years as part of the Pathways to Desistance study. We tested four models: (a) changes in exposure to violence over time, (b) changes in psychological distress over time, (c) the contemporaneous, parallel processes of changes in exposure to violence and psychological distress over time, and (d) differences in the evolution of violence exposure and psychological distress across sex and race/ethnicity. RESULTS For the sample as a whole, exposure to violence decreased over time, as did psychological distress, but their relationship to each other was consistent. There were individual differences, however, and the subgroup of young African Americans did not experience the reduction in exposure to violence reported by the young Whites and Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Trajectories of exposure to violence and related psychological distress did not escalate over time as expected. In light of these findings, more research is needed on the heterogeneity of violence exposure and its negative psychological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan A Reid
- Department of Society, Culture and Language, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Thomas A Loughran
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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20
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Beardslee J, Mulvey E, Schubert C, Allison P, Infante A, Pardini D. Gun- and Non-Gun-Related Violence Exposure and Risk for Subsequent Gun Carrying Among Male Juvenile Offenders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2018; 57:274-279. [PMID: 29588053 PMCID: PMC5876872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although studies have found that youth exposed to violence are more likely to carry guns than non-exposed youth, this association could be due to common causal factors or other pre-existing differences between individuals. In this study, within-individual change models were used to determine whether juvenile offenders exhibit an increased propensity to carry a firearm after being exposed to gun violence and/or non-gun violence. The advantage of this approach is all time-invariant factors are eliminated as potential confounders. METHOD A sample of 1,170 racially/ethnically diverse male juvenile offenders was recruited in Arizona and Pennsylvania (14-19 years old at recruitment). Participants were interviewed every 6 months for 3 years followed by 4 annual assessments. The outcome was gun carrying and the primary predictors were exposure to gun violence and non-gun violence. Time-varying covariates included exposure to peers who carried guns, exposure to peers who engaged in other (non-gun) criminal acts, developmental changes in gun carrying, and changes in gun carrying from incarceration or institutionalization. RESULTS Adolescent offenders were significantly more likely to carry a gun in recall periods after exposure to gun violence, but not after exposure to non-gun violence. Effect of gun violence on carrying was significant throughout adolescence and young adulthood and could not be accounted for by time-varying and time-invariant confounders. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to decrease illegal gun carrying should target young men in medical and mental health settings who experience or witness gun violence and those living in communities with high rates of gun violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward Mulvey
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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21
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Tarantino N, Brown LK, Whiteley L, Fernández MI, Nichols SL, Harper G. Correlates of missed clinic visits among youth living with HIV. AIDS Care 2018; 30:982-989. [PMID: 29455553 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1437252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Youth living with HIV (YLH) have significant problems with attending their medical appointments. Poor attendance, consequently, predicts viral non-suppression and other negative health outcomes. To identity targets of intervention, this cross-sectional study examined correlates of past-year missed clinic visits among YLH (N = 2125) attending HIV clinics in the United States and Puerto Rico. Thirty-six percent of YLH missed two or more visits in the past year. Several factors were associated with missed visits in our regression model. Among sociodemographic characteristics and HIV disclosure status, females (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.63, compared to males), Black YLH or YLH of mixed racial heritage (AORs = 1.76, 1.71, respectively, compared to White YLH), YLH with an unknown route of infection (AOR = 1.86, compared to YLH with perinatal infection), and YLH endorsing HIV disclosure (AOR = 1.37, compared to YLH not endorsing disclosure) were at greater risk for missed visits. Among behavioral health risks, YLH who endorsed marijuana use (AOR = 1.42), frequent other drug use (AOR = 1.60), or a history of incarceration (AOR = 1.27) had greater odds of missed visits than youth not endorsing these risks. Finally, two social-cognitive resources emerged as protective factors: adherence self-efficacy (AOR = .28) and social support (AOR = .88). We discuss how providers working with YLH can improve this population's retention outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tarantino
- a Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , Rhode Island Hospital , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Larry K Brown
- a Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , Rhode Island Hospital , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Laura Whiteley
- a Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University , Providence , RI , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , Rhode Island Hospital , Providence , RI , USA
| | - M Isabel Fernández
- c Department of Public Health , Nova Southeastern University , Fort Lauderdale , FL , USA
| | - Sharon L Nichols
- d Department of Neurosciences , University of California, San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Gary Harper
- e Department of Health Behavior and Health Education , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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Laine C, Taichman DB. The Health Care Professional's Pledge: Protecting Our Patients From Firearm Injury. Ann Intern Med 2017; 167:892-893. [PMID: 29049687 DOI: 10.7326/m17-2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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