Ichthyophonus sp. (Ichthyophonae, Ichthyophonida) infection in a South American amphibian, the hylid frog Hypsiboas pulchellus

Amphibian Dermatology

Amphibians are susceptible to a multitude of skin disorders, many of which can appear grossly similar. The most common clinical presentations include hyperemia, discoloration, dermal mass, ulceration, and necrosis. Many amphibian skin diseases are related to captive husbandry. The diagnostic process starts with environmental evaluations, a full history, physical examination and sampling for direct observation, histology, polymerase chain reaction testing, and bacterial and fungal culture. This review emphasizes the main conditions encountered in amphibian dermatology.