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Takeuchi H, Kawashima R. Effects of adult education on cognitive function and risk of dementia in older adults: a longitudinal analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1212623. [PMID: 37680542 PMCID: PMC10480502 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1212623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mid/late-life cognitive activities are associated with a lower rate of subsequent cognitive decline and lower subsequent dementia risk over time. Methods In this study, we investigated the association between adult education class participation and subsequent cognitive decline and dementia risk over time after adjusting for baseline cognitive function and genetic risk of dementia, correcting for several potential confounding variables, using a large prospective cohort data of participants from the UK Biobank study followed from 2006 to 2010. Results The results revealed that participation in adult education classes at baseline was associated with greater subsequent retention of fluid intelligence score. Cox proportional hazard models revealed that subjects who participated in adult education classes showed a significantly lower risk of incident dementia 5 years after baseline compared with those that did not at baseline. Discussion In this study, we show that participation in adult education classes preceded greater retention of subsequent fluid intelligence and a lower risk of developing dementia after 5 years: this association did not change after adjusting for cognitive function at baseline or genetic predisposition to dementia. Accordingly, participation in such classes could reduce the risk of developing dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Takeuchi
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Division of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Smart Aging Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Abramowicz K, Pini A, Schelin L, de Luna SS, Stamm A, Vantini S. Domain selection and family-wise error rate for functional data: a unified framework. Biometrics 2022. [PMID: 35352337 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional data are smooth, often continuous, random curves, which can be seen as an extreme case of multivariate data with infinite dimensionality. Just as component-wise inference for multivariate data naturally performs feature selection, subset-wise inference for functional data performs domain selection. In this paper, we present a unified testing framework for domain selection on populations of functional data. In detail, p-values of hypothesis tests performed on point-wise evaluations of functional data are suitably adjusted for providing a control of the family-wise error rate (FWER) over a family of subsets of the domain. We show that several state-of-the-art domain selection methods fit within this framework and differ from each other by the choice of the family over which the control of the FWER is provided. In the existing literature, these families are always defined a priori. In this work, we also propose a novel approach, coined threshold-wise testing, in which the family of subsets is instead built in a data-driven fashion. The method seamlessly generalizes to multidimensional domains in contrast to methods based on a-priori defined families. We provide theoretical results with respect to consistency and control of the FWER for the methods within the unified framework. We illustrate the performance of the methods within the unified framework on simulated and real data examples, and compare their performance with other existing methods. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Abramowicz
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alessia Pini
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Lina Schelin
- Department of Statistics, Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics, UmeåUniversity, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sara Sjöstedt de Luna
- Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aymeric Stamm
- Department of Mathematics Jean Leray, UMR CNRS 6629, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Simone Vantini
- MOX - Modelling and Scientific Computing Laboratory, Department of Mathematics, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Niiler T. Not the LAAST word, a response to Liebl's critique. Gait Posture 2022; 92:467-470. [PMID: 35153053 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Niiler
- Gait Laboratory, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, 1600 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803 United States.
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Munoz-Martel V, Santuz A, Bohm S, Arampatzis A. Proactive Modulation in the Spatiotemporal Structure of Muscle Synergies Minimizes Reactive Responses in Perturbed Landings. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:761766. [PMID: 34976964 PMCID: PMC8716881 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.761766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stability training in the presence of perturbations is an effective means of increasing muscle strength, improving reactive balance performance, and reducing fall risk. We investigated the effects of perturbations induced by an unstable surface during single-leg landings on the mechanical loading and modular organization of the leg muscles. We hypothesized a modulation of neuromotor control when landing on the unstable surface, resulting in an increase of leg muscle loading. Fourteen healthy adults performed 50 single-leg landings from a 30 cm height onto two ground configurations: stable solid ground (SG) and unstable foam pads (UG). Ground reaction force, joint kinematics, and electromyographic activity of 13 muscles of the landing leg were measured. Resultant joint moments were calculated using inverse dynamics and muscle synergies with their time-dependent (motor primitives) and time-independent (motor modules) components were extracted via non-negative matrix factorization. Three synergies related to the touchdown, weight acceptance, and stabilization phase of landing were found for both SG and UG. When compared with SG, the motor primitive of the touchdown synergy was wider in UG (p < 0.001). Furthermore, in UG the contribution of gluteus medius increased (p = 0.015) and of gastrocnemius lateralis decreased (p < 0.001) in the touchdown synergy. Weight acceptance and stabilization did not show any statistically significant differences between the two landing conditions. The maximum ankle and hip joint moment as well as the rate of ankle, knee, and hip joint moment development were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the UG condition. The spatiotemporal modifications of the touchdown synergy in the UG condition highlight proactive adjustments in the neuromotor control of landings, which preserve reactive adjustments during the weight acceptance and stabilization synergies. Furthermore, the performed proactive control in combination with the viscoelastic properties of the soft surface resulted in a reduction of the mechanical loading in the lower leg muscles. We conclude that the use of unstable surfaces does not necessarily challenge reactive motor control nor increase muscle loading per se. Thus, the characteristics of the unstable surface and the dynamics of the target task must be considered when designing perturbation-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Munoz-Martel
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Santuz
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Adamantios Arampatzis,
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Houston A, Fong DTP, Bennett AN, Walters V, Barker-Davies RM. Biomechanical differences between military patients with patellar tendinopathy and asymptomatic controls during single-leg squatting and gait - A statistical parametric mapping study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 90:105514. [PMID: 34757256 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior identification of biomechanical differences between patients with patellar tendinopathy and healthy controls has utilised time-discrete analysis which is susceptible to type I error when multiple comparisons are uncorrected. We employ statistical parametric mapping to minimise the risk of such error, enabling more appropriate clinical decision-making. METHODS Lower-limb biomechanics of 21 patients with patellar tendinopathy and 22 controls were captured during walking and three types of squats. A statistical parametric mapping two-sample t-test was used to identify kinematic and kinetic differences between groups for each joint. Paired t-tests were used to compare pain before and after tasks, in patients with patellar tendinopathy. FINDINGS During walking, cases demonstrated reduced knee joint power during initial contact and hip joint power during terminal stance. In squatting, cases demonstrated increased knee abduction angles at various time points of the small knee bend and single-leg squat. Cases demonstrated reduced knee internal rotation moment during the deepest portion of the single-leg squat and single-leg decline squat. INTERPRETATION Gait appears unaffected by patellar tendinopathy, likely due to low task difficulty. Elevated knee abductions angles during squatting were confirmed as a key difference in patients with patellar tendinopathy. Reduced knee internal rotation moments in patients were attributed to a potential reduction in hip external rotator strength and possible pain avoidance strategy; however further evidence is required to substantiate these claims. Findings provide a clear rationale for rehabilitation programs to focus on knee stabilisation and strengthening of the muscles surrounding the hip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Houston
- Academic Department of Military Rehabilitation, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
| | - Daniel T P Fong
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Alexander N Bennett
- Academic Department of Military Rehabilitation, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK; National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK
| | - Vanessa Walters
- Academic Department of Military Rehabilitation, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK; Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Robert M Barker-Davies
- Academic Department of Military Rehabilitation, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK; National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK.
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Pataky TC, Abramowicz K, Liebl D, Pini A, de Luna SS, Schelin L. Simultaneous inference for functional data in sports biomechanics. ASTA ADVANCES IN STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10182-021-00418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Robinson MA, Vanrenterghem J, Pataky TC. Sample size estimation for biomechanical waveforms: Current practice, recommendations and a comparison to discrete power analysis. J Biomech 2021; 122:110451. [PMID: 33933866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Testing a prediction is fundamental to scientific experiments. Where biomechanical experiments involve analysis of 1-Dimensional (waveform) data, sample size estimation should consider both 1D variance and hypothesised 1D effects. This study exemplifies 1D sample size estimation using typical biomechanical signals and contrasts this with 0D (discrete) power analysis. For context, biomechanics papers from 2018 and 2019 were reviewed to characterise current practice. Sample size estimation occurred in approximately 4% of 653 papers and reporting practice was mixed. To estimate sample sizes, common biomechanical signals were sourced from the literature and 1D effects were generated artificially using the open-source power1d software. Smooth Gaussian noise was added to the modelled 1D effect to numerically estimate the sample size required. Sample sizes estimated using 1D power procedures varied according to the characteristics of the dataset, requiring only small-to-moderate sample sizes of approximately 5-40 to achieve target powers of 0.8 for reported 1D effects, but were always larger than 0D sample sizes (from N + 1 to >N + 20). The importance of a priori sample size estimation is highlighted and recommendations are provided to improve the consistency of reporting. This study should enable researchers to construct 1D biomechanical effects to address adequately powered, hypothesis-driven, predictive research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Robinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK.
| | - Jos Vanrenterghem
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Leuven KU, Belgium
| | - Todd C Pataky
- Department of Human Health Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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Kim SE, Lee J, Lee SY, Lee HD, Shim JK, Lee SC. Small changes in ball position at address cause a chain effect in golf swing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2694. [PMID: 33514759 PMCID: PMC7846748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how the ball position along the mediolateral (M-L) direction of a golfer causes a chain effect in the ground reaction force, body segment and joint angles, and whole-body centre of mass during the golf swing. Twenty professional golfers were asked to complete five straight shots for each 5 different ball positions along M-L: 4.27 cm (ball diameter), 2.14 cm (ball radius), 0 cm (reference position at preferred ball position), - 2.14 cm, and - 4.27 cm, while their ground reaction force and body segment motions were captured. The dependant variables were calculated at 14 swing events from address to impact, and the differences between the ball positions were evaluated using Statistical Parametric Mapping. The left-sided ball positions at address showed a greater weight distribution on the left foot with a more open shoulder angle compared to the reference ball position, whereas the trend was reversed for the right-sided ball positions. These trends disappeared during the backswing and reappeared during the downswing. The whole-body centre of mass was also located towards the target for the left-sided ball positions throughout the golf swing compared to the reference ball position, whereas the trend was reversed for the right-sided ball positions. We have concluded that initial ball position at address can cause a series of chain effects throughout the golf swing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, #321 Sports Science Complex, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Frontier Research Institute of Convergence Sports Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jangyun Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae Yong Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, #321 Sports Science Complex, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Dong Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, #321 Sports Science Complex, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Frontier Research Institute of Convergence Sports Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Kun Shim
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, 0110F School of Public Health (Bldg #255), 4200 Valley Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. .,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Maryland Robotics Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Sung-Cheol Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, #321 Sports Science Complex, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea. .,Frontier Research Institute of Convergence Sports Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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Trunk, pelvis and lower limb walking biomechanics are similarly altered in those with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome regardless of cam morphology size. Gait Posture 2021; 83:26-34. [PMID: 33069126 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of walking in those with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome have found altered pelvis and hip biomechanics. But a whole body, time-contiuous, assessment of biomechanical parameters has not been reported. Additionally, larger cam morphology has been associated with more pain, faster progression to end-stage osteoarthritis and increased cartilage damage but differences in walking biomechanics between large compared to small cam morphologies have not been assessed. RESEARCH QUESTION Are trunk, pelvis and lower limb biomechanics different between healthy pain-free controls and individuals with FAI syndrome and are those biomechanics different between those with larger, compared to smaller, cam morphologies? METHODS Twenty four pain-free controls were compared against 41 participants with FAI syndrome who were stratified into two groups according to their maximum alpha angle. Participants underwent three-dimensional motion capture during walking. Trunk, pelvis, and lower limb biomechanics were compared between groups using statistical parametric mapping corrected for walking speed and pain. RESULTS Compared to pain-free controls, participants with FAI syndrome walked with more trunk anterior tilt (mean difference 7.6°, p < 0.001) as well as less pelvic rise (3°, p < 0.001), hip abduction (-4.6°, p < 0.05) and external rotation (-6.5°, p < 0.05). They also had lower hip flexion (-0.06Nm⋅kg-1, p < 0.05), abduction (-0.07Nm⋅kg-1, p < 0.05) and ankle plantarflexion moments (-0.19Nm⋅kg-1, p < 0.001). These biomechanical differences occurred throughout the gait cycle. There were no differences in walking biomechanics according to cam morphology size. SIGNIFICANCE Results do not support the hypothesis that larger cam morphology is associated with larger differences in walking biomechanics but did demonstrate general differences in trunk, pelvis and lower limb biomechanics between those with FAI sydrome and pain-free controls. Altered external biomechanics are likely the result of complex sensory-motor strategy resulting from pain inhibition or impingement avoidance. Future studies should examine internal loading in those with FAI sydnrome.
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