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Chelliah SS, Paul EAL, Kamarudin MNA, Parhar I. Challenges and Perspectives of Standard Therapy and Drug Development in High-Grade Gliomas. Molecules 2021; 26:1169. [PMID: 33671796 PMCID: PMC7927069 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their low incidence rate globally, high-grade gliomas (HGG) remain a fatal primary brain tumor. The recommended therapy often is incapable of resecting the tumor entirely and exclusively targeting the tumor leads to tumor recurrence and dismal prognosis. Additionally, many HGG patients are not well suited for standard therapy and instead, subjected to a palliative approach. HGG tumors are highly infiltrative and the complex tumor microenvironment as well as high tumor heterogeneity often poses the main challenges towards the standard treatment. Therefore, a one-fit-approach may not be suitable for HGG management. Thus, a multimodal approach of standard therapy with immunotherapy, nanomedicine, repurposing of older drugs, use of phytochemicals, and precision medicine may be more advantageous than a single treatment model. This multimodal approach considers the environmental and genetic factors which could affect the patient's response to therapy, thus improving their outcome. This review discusses the current views and advances in potential HGG therapeutic approaches and, aims to bridge the existing knowledge gap that will assist in overcoming challenges in HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Sundramurthi Chelliah
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ervin Ashley Lourdes Paul
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
| | - Muhamad Noor Alfarizal Kamarudin
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (S.S.C.); (E.A.L.P.); (M.N.A.K.)
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Yang F, Zhang C, Xu C, Fu F, Han D, Li H. MicroRNA-559 plays an inhibitory role in the malignant progression of glioblastoma cells by directly targeting metadherin. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4415-4426. [PMID: 31239710 PMCID: PMC6556469 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s202309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Several microRNAs (miRNAs) that are aberrantly expressed in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) play a significant role in GBM formation and progression. The expression profile and functions of miR-559 in GBM remain unclear. Here, we quantified the expression and investigated the involvement of miR-559 in the oncogenicity of GBM cells in vitro and in vivo. Material and methods: Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was carried out to determine miR-559 expression in GBM tissues and cell lines. A series of functional assays was performed to evaluate the effects of miR-559 overexpression on GBM cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion in vitro and on GBM tumor growth in vivo. The regulatory mechanisms of miR-559 action in GBM cells were then explored. Results: The expression of miR‑559 was lower in GBM tissues and cell lines and significantly correlated with the Karnofsky performance score and tumor size among patients with GBM. Exogenous miR‑559 expression inhibited GBM cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and promoted apoptosis. MiR-559 overexpression decreased tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistic experiments confirmed metadherin (MTDH) as a direct target gene of miR-559 in GBM. Silencing of MTDH induced effects similar to those of miR-559 upregulation in GBM cells, whereas MTDH expression restoration attenuated the antitumor effects of miR‑559 in GBM cells. Protein kinase B (AKT) in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)–AKT signaling pathway was found to be deactivated in GBM cells after upregulation of miR-559 both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: MiR-559 acts as a tumor suppressor in GBM cells in vitro and in vivo, at least in part through the downregulation of MTDH and inhibition of AKT in the PTEN–AKT pathway. Therefore, targeting the miR-559–MTDH axis may be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Congbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shandong 276023, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Emergency, The People's Hospital of Linyi East Medical District, Linyi, Shandong 276000, People's Republic of China
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Zhao H, Heimberger AB, Lu Z, Wu X, Hodges TR, Song R, Shen J. Metabolomics profiling in plasma samples from glioma patients correlates with tumor phenotypes. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20486-95. [PMID: 26967252 PMCID: PMC4991469 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-based molecular biomarkers have redefined in the classification gliomas. However, the association of systemic metabolomics with glioma phenotype has not been explored yet. Methods In this study, we conducted two-step (discovery and validation) metabolomic profiling in plasma samples from 87 glioma patients. The metabolomics data were tested for correlation with glioma grade (high vs low), glioblastoma (GBM) versus malignant gliomas, and IDH mutation status. Results Five metabolites, namely uracil, arginine, lactate, cystamine, and ornithine, significantly differed between high- and low-grade glioma patients in both the discovery and validation cohorts. When the discovery and validation cohorts were combined, we identified 29 significant metabolites with 18 remaining significant after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Those 18 significant metabolites separated high- from low-grade glioma patients with 91.1% accuracy. In the pathway analysis, a total of 18 significantly metabolic pathways were identified. Similarly, we identified 2 and 6 metabolites that significantly differed between GBM and non-GBM, and IDH mutation positive and negative patients after multiple comparison adjusting. Those 6 significant metabolites separated IDH1 mutation positive from negative glioma patients with 94.4% accuracy. Three pathways were identified to be associated with IDH mutation status. Within arginine and proline metabolism, levels of intermediate metabolites in creatine pathway were all significantly lower in IDH mutation positive than in negative patients, suggesting an increased activity of creatine pathway in IDH mutation positive tumors. Conclusion Our findings identified metabolites and metabolic pathways that differentiated tumor phenotypes. These may be useful as host biomarker candidates to further help glioma molecular classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Division of Neuro-Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhimin Lu
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xifeng Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tiffany R Hodges
- Division of Neuro-Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Renduo Song
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Zhang Z, Lei B, Wu H, Zhang X, Zheng N. Tumor suppressive role of miR-194-5p in glioblastoma multiforme. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9317-9322. [PMID: 29152664 PMCID: PMC5779985 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is defined by the World Health Organization as the most aggressive form of grade IV glioma, characterized by unrestrained cellular proliferation. microRNAs (miRs) serve important roles in the pathogenesis of GBM. However, the function of miR-194-5p in GBM remains unknown. In the present study, the miR-194-5p levels in GBM tissues and cells were evaluated using the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cellular proliferation was tested by MTT analysis. Cellular apoptosis was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The protein level of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, the target gene of miR-194-5p, was evaluated by western blotting. The interaction between miR-194-5p and the target gene was confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. It was demonstrated that miR-194-5p inhibited cell growth and promoted apoptosis. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated the tumor suppressive role of miR-194-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Leshan City, Leshan, Sichuan 614000, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Leshan City, Leshan, Sichuan 614000, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Leshan City, Leshan, Sichuan 614000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Leshan City, Leshan, Sichuan 614000, P.R. China
| | - Niandong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Leshan City, Leshan, Sichuan 614000, P.R. China
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Jin F, Han GK, Zhang H, Zhang R, Li GH, Feng S, Qin XY, Kong LS, Nie QM, Li HR, Zhao L. Difference in the Inhibitory Effect of Temozolomide on TJ905 Glioma Cells and Stem Cells. Front Neurol 2017; 8:474. [PMID: 28955297 PMCID: PMC5601416 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to determine the difference in the inhibitory effect of temozolomide (TMZ) on TJ905 glioma cells and stem cells. TJ905 cancer stem cells were isolated. Livin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family. The TJ905 cells and cancer stem cells were transfected with a Livin-shRNA and negative-shRNA, respectively, and then treated with TMZ. At 48 h post-transfection, a cell counting kit 8 assay, flow cytometry, and real-time qPCR were performed to detect cell proliferation, the cell cycle, and the expression of the Caspase-3, -7, and -9 mRNAs, respectively. As a result, the suppressive effect of TMZ on TJ905 cells was more significant than its effect on TJ905 cancer stem cells. TMZ exerted an inhibitory effect on the growth of TJ905 glioma cells by arresting them at G0/G1 phase and arresting cancer stem cells at S phase in a dose-dependent manner. TMZ inhibited Livin mRNA expression and increased the expression of the Caspase-3, -7, and -9 mRNAs. Low Livin mRNA expression induced high levels of Caspase-3, -7, and -9 expressions, thus promoting the apoptosis of both TJ905 cells and cancer stem cells in response to TMZ treatment. The TJ905 cells transfected with the Livin-shRNA were more sensitive to TMZ, whereas the TJ905 glioma stem cells transfected with the Livin-shRNA showed no significant changes in their sensitivity to TMZ. In conclusion, the Livin gene may play an important role in the resistance mechanisms of TJ905 glioma cells and cancer stem cells. However, Livin had a more distinct role in TMZ resistance, cell proliferation, and the cell cycle in TJ905 glioma cells than in cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-Oncology, Jining, China
| | - Guang-Kui Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-Oncology, Jining, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-Oncology, Jining, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-Oncology, Jining, China
| | - Gen-Hua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-Oncology, Jining, China
| | - Song Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-Oncology, Jining, China
| | - Xian-Yun Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-Oncology, Jining, China
| | - Ling-Sheng Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-Oncology, Jining, China
| | - Quan-Min Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuro-Oncology, Jining, China
| | - Hua-Rong Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Krishnamoorthy A, Witkowski A, Ryan RO. Nutlin-3a Nanodisks Induce p53 Stabilization and Apoptosis in a Subset of Cultured Glioblastoma Cells. JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE & NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:454. [PMID: 28966869 PMCID: PMC5619870 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7439.1000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanodisks (ND) are ternary complexes of phospholipid, one or more hydrophobic bioactive agents and an apolipoprotein scaffold. These nanoscale assemblies are organized as a disk-shaped lipid bilayer whose perimeter is stabilized by an apolipoprotein scaffold. Solubilization of hydrophobic bioactive agents is achieved by their integration into the ND lipid milieu. When the cis-imidazoline, nutlin-3a, was incubated with phosphatidylcholine and apolipoprotein A-I, it was conferred with aqueous solubility as judged by spectroscopic analysis. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yielded evidence of a homogeneous population of ND particles ~9 nm in diameter. Gel filtration chromatography experiments revealed the association of nutlin-3a with ND is reversible. Biological activity of nutlin-3a ND was examined in three distinct glioblastoma cell lines, U87MG, SF763 and SF767. Incubation of U87MG cells with nutlin-3a ND induced concentration-dependent cell growth arrest and apoptosis. SF763 cells demonstrated modest cell growth arrest only at high concentrations of nutlin-3a ND and no apoptosis. SF767 cells were unaffected by nutlin-3a ND. Immunoblot analysis revealed nutlin-3a ND induced time-dependent stabilization of the master tumor suppressor, p53, and up regulation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, murine double minute 2 in U87MG cells, but not the other glioma cell lines. The nanoscale size of the formulation particles, their facile assembly and nutlin-3a solubilization capability suggest ND represent a potentially useful vehicle for in vivo administration of this anti-tumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A Witkowski
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland CA, USA
| | - RO Ryan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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Zhang M, Guo Y, Wu J, Chen F, Dai Z, Fan S, Li P, Song T. Roles of microRNA-99 family in human glioma. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:3613-9. [PMID: 27382299 PMCID: PMC4920231 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s99363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Deregulation of microRNA (miR)-99 family members (miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100) has been reported to play a crucial role in many cancer types. However, their roles in human gliomas have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the expression patterns of miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 in glioma tissues and to evaluate their expression profiles with respect to tumor progression. Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression levels of miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 in glioma and matched non-neoplastic brain tissues. Then, the associations of their expression with various clinicopathological features of glioma patients were statistically analyzed. Moreover, the roles of miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 in regulating glioma cell migration and invasion were determined via transwell assay in vitro. Results Compared with non-neoplastic brain tissues, miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 expression levels were all significantly decreased in glioma tissues (all P<0.001). miR-99a-low, miR-99b-low, and miR-100-low expression more frequently occurred in glioma patients with low Karnofsky performance score (<90) and high World Health Organization grade (III–IV). Further functional experiments revealed that the enforced expression of miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 resulted in the inhibition of cellular migration and invasion in glioma cells. Conclusion Our results strongly suggest that the aberrant expression of miR-99a, miR-99b, and miR-100 may be a common feature in human gliomas with aggressive clinicopathological features and may participate in malignant phenotypes of the tumors. These findings highlight the potential of the three miR-99 family members as novel therapeutic targets for human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha
| | - Zhijie Dai
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshi Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha
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Xu C, Liu Y, Xiao L, Guo C, Deng S, Zheng S, Zeng E. The involvement of anterior gradient 2 in the stromal cell-derived factor 1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of glioblastoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6091-7. [PMID: 26608373 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has been widely identified that the stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) were implicated in the development of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cancers. However, the involvement of SDF-1-AGR2 pathway in the EMT of glioblastoma has not been investigated. In the present study, the in vitro assays were used to investigate the role of AGR2 in cell cycle, migration, and invasion. We found that the expressions of AGR2 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) were obviously upregulated in glioblastoma cells T98G, A172, U87, and U251 than those in normal human astrocytes (NHA) (all p < 0.01), among which both U87 and U251 cells presented the highest expression (p > 0.05). Western blot revealed that SDF-1 induced the expression of p-AKT, AGR2, and EMT markers (N-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), and Slug) in a dose-dependent manner in U87 and U251 cells. However, the depletion of AGR2 reversed SDF-1-induced upregulation of EMT markers rather than p-AKT. Furthermore, functional analysis identified that knockdown of AGR2 induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and suppressed the migration and invasion of U87 and U251 cells. Taken together, SDF-1-CXCR4 pathway induced the expression of AGR2 to control the progression of EMT likely via AKT pathway in the development of glioblastoma. Our findings lay a promising foundation for the SDF-1-AGR2 axis-targeting therapy in patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Limin Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Changgui Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Shengze Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Suyue Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Erming Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, No. 17, Yongwaizheng Street, Jiangxi, 330006, China.
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